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Current Zoology 2010年第6期56卷 703-713页

作者： Jesper Givskov SφRENSEN National Environmental Research Institute Aarhus UniversityDepartment of Terrestrial Ecology

Heat-shock proteins （HSPs） play an undisputed role for maintaining cellular functioning under environmental challenges and protein denaturing conditions. Compelling evidence points to an evolutionary important role of HSPs and a strict evolutionary control of these proteins as a balance between benefits and costs. While there is a great potential for using HSP expression for detecting natural adaptation and exposure to stress in natural populations, some obstacles and key issues await investigation. From an ecological perspective these key issues needs to be resolved in order to fully appreciate the complex responses and adaptations to stress and to increase our understanding of HSPs and other molecular chaperones for stress adaptation and potential use as biomarkers. Here, the current knowledge and understanding of HSPs is reviewed and a number of key issues including the interpretation of elevated HSP levels, the complications of extrapolating between laboratory and field conditions, the effects of choice of traits and methodology and the larger intra-and extracellular networks of interactions that HSPs participate in are discussed [Current Zoology 56 （6）： 703-713, 2010].

关键词： Biomarker Hsp Molecular chaperone Thermal adaptation Thermal stress

Does drought stress modify the effects of plant-growth promoting rhizobacteria on an aboveground chewing herbivore？

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Insect Science 2017年第6期24卷 1034-1044页

作者： Maite Fernandez de Bobadilla Julia Friman Nurmi Pangesti Marcel Dicke Joop J.A. van Loon Ana Pineda Laboratory of Entomology Wageningen University Wageningen The Netherlands Netherlands Institute of ecology (NIOO-KNA W) Department of Terrestrial Ecology Wageningen The Netherlands

Soil microbes have important effects on the interactions of plants with their environment, by promoting plant growth, inducing resistance to pests or by conferring tolerance to abiotic stress. However, their effects are variable and the factors responsible for this variation are mainly unknown. Our aim was to assess how drought stress modifies the effect of the nonpathogenic rhizobacterium Pseudomonas simiae WCS417r on plant growth and resistance against the generalist leaf-chewing caterpillar Mamestra brassicae. We studied Arabidopsis tha/iana Col-0 plants, as well as mutants altered in the biosyn- thesis of the phytohormones jasmonic acid （JA） and abscisic acid （ABA）. Caterpillars did not prefer rhizobacteria-treated plants, independently of drought stress. Rhizobacteria colonization had a variable effect on caterpillar performance, which ranged from positive in one experiment to neutral in a second one. Drought had a consistent negative effect on herbivore performance; however, it did not modify the effect of rhizobacteria on herbivore performance. The effect of drought on herbivore performance was JA-mediated （confirmed with the use of the dde2-2 mutant）, but it was still present in the ABA-deficient mutant aba2-1. Plant biomass was reduced by both drought and herbivory but it was enhanced by rhizobacterial colonization. Pseudomonas simiae WCS417r is able to promote plant growth even when plants are suffering herbivory. Nevertheless, the microbial effect on the herbivore is variable, independently of drought stress. To get the best possible outcome from the rhizobacteria-plant mutualism it is important to understand which other factors may be responsible for its context-dependency.

关键词： abiotic stress abscisic acid crosstalk induced systemic resistance jasmonic acid Pseudomonas simiae

Effects of cultivation on N_2O emission and seasonal quantitative variations of related microbes in a temperate grassland soil

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2001年第3期13卷 376-379页

作者： HUANG Bin CHEN Guan xiong Laboratory of terrestrial Ecological Process Institute of Applied EcologyChinese Academy of SciencesShenyang 110016China.

Laboratory and in situ experiments were done to investigate the influences of cultivation on temperate semi arid grassland (for 17 years spring wheat planted once every two years without fertilization) on soil N 2O emission and quantitative variations of related soil microbes. In the laboratory (25℃ and soil moisture 18%), cultivation increased soil transformations of fertilizer nitrogen (100 μg N/g as NaNO 3, urea, or as urea with dicyandiamide 1 μg N/g). The N 2O emissions from the cultivated and uncultivated soils with or without nitrogen additions were relatively low, and mainly originated from the nitrification. The soil N 2O emission due to cultivation decreased somewhat upon no fertilization or NaNO 3 addition, but significantly upon urea addition. The role of dicyandiamide as nitrification inhibitor was only considerable in the cultivated soil, and had small influence on decreasing N 2O emission in the two soils. The influence of cultivation on soil N 2O emission was also reflected by the number variations of microbes related with soil nitrogen transformation in the two soils. Compared to the uncultivated grassland, in situ ammonifiers and denitrifiers in the cultivated grassland quantitatively averagely increased, and aerobic no symbiotic azotobacters were quantitatively similar, leading to the continued decrease of organic matter content and the decrease of N 2O emission from the cultivated grassland soil.

关键词： grassland cultivation N 2O emission nitrogen fertilizer microbes

Do birds in flight respond to(ultra)violet lighting?

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Avian Research 2017年第4期8卷 192-201页

作者： Roel May Jens Astrom Oyvind Hamre Espen Lie Dahl terrestrial ecology Department Norwegian Institute for Nature Research(NINA)TrondheimNorway Steinoysund SmolaNorway.

Background: Concerns for bird collisions with wind turbines affect the deployment of onshore and offshore windpower *** avoid delays in consenting processes and to streamline the construction and operation phase,functional mitigation measures are required which efficiently reduces bird *** is the primary sensory system in birds,which for a number of species also includes the ultraviolet *** bird species that are known to collide with offshore wind turbines are sensitive in the violet or ultraviolet *** species that are mainly active at lower ambient light levels,lighting may deter birds from the lit ***(ultra)violet lights may in addition not disturb ***,we do not know whether UV-sensitive birds in flight actually respond behaviourally to UV ***: We therefore tested the efficacy of two types of lights within the violet(400 nm) and ultraviolet(365 nm) spectrum to deter birds from the lit *** lights were placed vertically and monitored continuously between dusk and dawn using an avian radar ***: Relative to control nights,bird flight activity(abundance) was 27% lower when the ultraviolet light was *** light resulted in a 12% decrease in overall abundance,and in addition,a vertical displacement was seen,increasing the average flight altitude by 7 *** temporal changes occurred,this effect persisted over the season below 40 m above sea ***: Although the results from this pilot study are promising,we argue there still is a long way to go before a potentially functional design to mitigate collisions that has proven to be effective in situ may be in place.

关键词： Avian radar Displacement Habituation Mitigation Seabirds Ultraviolet Wind turbine

Quantitative analyses of relationships between ecotoxicological effects and combined pollution

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Science China(Life Sciences) 2004年第4期47卷 332-339页

作者： ZHOU Qixing CHENG Yun ZHANG Qianru LIANG Jidong Key Laboratory of terrestrial ECological Process Institute of Applied EcologyChinese Academy of SciencesShenyang 110016China

The responses of wheat Triticum aestivum, rice Oryza sativa, earthworms Eisenia foetida, and prawns Penaeus japonicus to combined acetochlor-Cu, Cd-Zn were studied in hy-droponic and soil-culturing systems using the methods of ecotoxicology. In particular, system-atically quantitative analyses were documented by field experiments. Results showed that ecotoxicological effects under the combined pollution were not only related to chemical proper-ties of pollutants but also dependent on the concentration level of pollutants, in particular on the combination of concentrations of pollutants in ecosystems. Additionally, species of organisms, especially the type of ecosystem, determined the influences. To some extent, biological tissue targets attacked by pollutants were an important factor.

关键词： combined pollution ecotoxicological effect pollutant biological toxicity quantitative analysis

PCR-DGGE Analysis of Nematode Diversity in Cu-Contaminated Soil

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Pedosphere 2008年第5期18卷 621-627页

作者： WANG Shi-Bin LI Qi LIANG Wen-Ju JIANG Yong JIANG Si-Wei Key Laboratory of terrestrial Ecological Process Institute of Applied Ecology Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang110016 （China）.

A wheat pot experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions to assess the effect of copper contamination on soil nematode diversity by polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （PCR-DGGE） method and morphological analysis. The soil was treated with CuSO4.5H2O at the following concentrations： 0, 50, 100, 200, 400, and 800 mg kg^-1 dry soil, and the soil samples were collected at wheat jointing and ripening stages. Nematode diversity index （H′） from morphological analysis showed no difference between the control and the treated samples in either of the sampling dates. At the wheat ripening stage, nematode diversity obtained by the PCR-DGGE method decreased noticeably in the Cu800 treatment in comparison with the control. With optimization of the method of nematode DNA extraction, PCR-DGGE could give more information on nematode genera, and the intensity of the bands could reflect the abundance of nematode genera in the assemblage. The PCR-DGGE method proved promising in distinguishing nematode diversity in heavy metal coritaminated soil.

关键词： copper contamination morphological analysis nematode diversity PCR-DGGE

Effect of host-cocoon mass on adult size in the secondary hyperparasitoid wasp, Pteromalus semotus （Hymenoptera： Pteromalidae）

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Insect Science 2012年第3期19卷 383-390页

作者： Jeffrey A. Harvey Alex Gumovsky Rieta Gols Netherlands Institute of ecology Department of Terrestrial Ecology Wageningen The Netherlands Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology Kiev Ukraine Laboratory of Entomology Plant Science Group Wageningen University Wageningen The Netherlands

Parasitoids have long proven to be model organisms in studying resourcerelated constraints on immature development. Here we examine the relationship between host cocoon （= pupal） size in the gregarious endoparasitoid wasp, Cotesia glomerata, and development time and adult size in the solitary idiobiont hyperparasitoid, Pteromalus semotus. Little is known about the biology or ecology of this ecto-hyperparasitoid species, although it is one of the major secondary hyperparasitoids of C. glomerata. The size of the adult wasp covaried with the size of the host cocoon at parasitism. Moreover, female wasps were larger than male wasps for a given cocoon size. Adult wasps have remarkably long life-spans, 3 months on average. Longevity did not significantly differ with sex. We also examined how larvae of P. semotus exclude other potential competitors. P. semotus is protandrous, with females taking significantly longer to complete their development than males. In experiments where several eggs of P. semotus were placed on individual pupae of C. glomerata, newly hatched hyperparasitoid larvae moved rapidly over the surface of the host and destroyed the eggs of any conspecifics by biting them before they would initiate feeding on host tissues. Our results are discussed in relation to those with other studies with solitary ichneumonid idiobiont hyperparasitoids of C. glomerata.

关键词： Cotesia glomerata growth idiobiont longevity protandry trade-off

Light Fraction Carbon and Water-Stable Aggregates in Black Soils

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Pedosphere 2007年第1期17卷 97-100页

作者： SHI Yi CHEN Xin SHEN Shan-Min Key Laboratory of terrestrial Ecological Process Institute of Applied Ecology Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang 110016 （China）

The distribution of light fraction carbon （LF-C） in the various size classes of aggregates and its relationship to water- stable aggregates as well as the influence of cultivation on the organic components in virgin and cultivated black soils were studied by wet sieving and density separation methods. The total organic carbon （TOC） and LF-C were significantly higher （P≤ 0.05） in the virgin soils than in the cultivated soils. The LF-C in aggregates of different size classes varied from 0.9 to 2.5 g kg^-1 in the cultivated soils and from 2.5 to 7.1 g kg^-1 in the virgin soils, whereas the ratio of LF-C to TOC varied from 1.9% to 7.3% and from 5.0% to 12.2%, respectively. After being incubated under constant temperature and controlled humidity for three months, the contribution of LF-C to TOC sharply decreased to an amount （1.7%4.5%） close to the level in soils that had been cultivated for 20 to 25 years （1.3%-8.8%）. As a result, the larger water-stable macro-aggregates （especially 〉 1 mm） decreased sharply, indicating that the LF-C pool in virgin soils declined quickly after cultivation, which reduced the water stability of soil aggregates.

关键词： black soil light fraction carbon water-stable aggregates

Short-term toxic effects of chlorobenzenes on broadbean (Vicia faba) seedlings

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Science China(Life Sciences) 2005年第Z1期48卷 33-39页

作者： LIU Wan LI Peijun ZHOU Qixing SUN Tieheng TAI Peidong XU Huaxia Key Laboratory of terrestrial Ecological Process Institute of Applied EcologyChinese Academy of SciencesShenyang 110016China

The root growth,changes in superoxide dismutase(SOD,EC 1.***.1.1)activity,malonyldialdehyde(MDA)and total soluble protein level of broadbean(Vicia faba)seedlings were researched at different soil concentrations of chlorobenzene(CB),1,2,4-trichlorobenzene(TCB)and hexachlorobenzene(HCB).The results showed that root growth of seedlings was interrupted after 5d of 50-200μg·g^(-1)TCB *** a 3 d of recovery period,root growth was,however,restored to some extent although there was a delay in returning to the control *** total soluble protein content in seedlings increased with TCB concentration and duration of *** of TCB stress on SOD activity in seedlings displayed a significant dose-effect relationship for 1-5 d of 50-200μg·g^(-1)*** broadbean seedlings were placed in clean tap water for 3 d following exposure to 5 d of TCB stress to clear tap water for 3 d,SOD activity at 50μg·g^(-1)TCB recovered towards control level(P>0.05)while a significant increase in SOD activity was observed at 100 and 200μg·g^(-1)TCB compared to control(P<0.05).The experiments also revealed that a significant increase of MDA level in seedlings occurred after 3 and 5 d of 100 and 200μg·g^(-1)TCB treatment(P<0.05 and P<0.01),and there was a positive correlation between TCB concentration and MDA *** the above results showed that SOD activity and MDA level of broadbean seedlings might be proposed as the biomarkers for short-term TCB contamination in *** to TCB,the toxicity of 50-1000μg·g^(-1)CB or HCB in soil to broadbean seedlings was not observed after a 3 d exposure.

关键词： soil chlorobenzenes contamination broadbean SOD activity Biomarkers recovery

Impacts of methamidophos,copper,and their combinations on bacterial community structure and function in black soil

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Science China(Life Sciences) 2005年第Z1期48卷 14-25页

作者： ZHANG Huiwen ZHOU Qixing ZHANG Qianru ZHANG Chenggang Key Laboratory of terrestrial Ecological Process Institute of Applied EcologyChinese Academy of ScienceShenyang 110016China

The potential ecotoxicologial risks of methamidophos,copper,and their combinations on microbial community of black soil ecosystem in the Northeast China were assessed in species richness and structures by using 16S rDNA-PCR-DGGE analysis approach,and functional characteristics at community levels by using BIOLOG^(GN) system analysis method as well as two conventional methods(DHA and SIR).All results of DGGE banding fingerprint patterns(amplified by bacterial specific 16S rDNA V_(3) high variable region universal primer)indicated that the species richness of bacterial community in tested soil was significantly decreased to different extents by using different concentrations of single methamidophos,copper,especially some of their combinations had worse effects than their corresponding single *** addition,the structures of soil bacterial community had been disturbed under all stresses applied in this study because of the enrichment of some species and the disappearance of other species from the bacterial *** effects of the single factors with lower concentrations on the communiy structure were weaker than those with higher ***,the bacterial community structures under the combined stresses of methamidophos and copper were significantly different from those of control and their corresponding single *** change of DHA and carbon source substrate utilizing fingerprint patterns based on BIOLOG^(GN)system were two relatively sensitive directors corresponding to the stress presented in this *** methamodophos and copper,there happened the significant joint-toxic actions when they were used in combination on DHA and carbon source substrate utilizing fingerprint patterns of soil bacterial *** DHA of soil under the combined stresses was lower than that of the control and that under the single factors,and the BIOLOG^(GN) substrate utilizing patterns of soil treated by combinations were distinctively differentiated f

关键词： and their combinations on bacterial community structure and function in black soil Impacts of methamidophos copper