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Geographic patterns and ecological causes of phylogenetic structure in mosses along an elevational gradient in the central Himalaya

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Plant Diversity 2025年第1期47卷 98-105页

作者： Hong Qian Oriol Grau Research and Collections Center Illinois State Museum1011 East Ash StreetSpringfieldIL 62703USA Parc natural de l’Alt Pirineu Llavorsí25595CataloniaSpain CREAF Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplicacions ForestalsBellaterra 08193CataloniaSpain

Understanding the underlying mechanisms driving species assembly along elevational gradients is of great interest in ecology and *** Himalaya is one of the world’s hotspots of biodiversity,and the elevational gradient of the central Himalaya in Nepal is one of the longest elevational gradients in the *** are important constituents of vegetation in the Himalaya,and knowledge of geographic patterns and ecological causes of phylogenetic structure of mosses along elevational gradients in the Himalaya is critical to understanding the assembly of plant diversity in general,and moss diversity in particular,in the ***,we investigate the relationships of phylogenetic structure metrics reflecting different evolutionary depths with elevation and climatic variables representing mean temperature and precipitation conditions,climate extremes,and climate seasonality for mosses distributed along an elevational gradient spanning about 5000 m in the central Himalaya,*** a given climatic variable,different metrics of phylogenetic structure show different spatial and climatic patterns,but all phylogenetic metrics standardized for species richness show that phylogenetic dispersion in moss assemblages tend to increase with increasing elevation and decreasing *** standardized effect size of mean pairwise distance of moss assemblages shows a triphasic(zig-zag)pattern,which is generally consistent with the triphasic patterns previously found in angiosperms and ferns along the same elevational *** study shows that temperature-related variables and climate seasonality variables are more important drivers of phylogenetic dispersion in mosses in Nepal,compared with precipitation-related variables and climate extreme variables,respectively.

关键词： Bryophyte Climatic gradient Nepal Niche evolution Phylogenetic diversity Phylogenetic relatedness

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The ethics of theft:Reevaluating the impacts of floral larceny on plant reproductive success

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Plant Diversity 2025年第1期47卷 148-158页

作者： Jin-Ru Zhong Xiao-Fang Jin Michael C.Orr Xiao-Qing Li Yong-Deng He Sheng-Wei Wang Qing-Feng Wang Chun-Feng Yang Zhong-Ming Ye College of Life Science Wuhan UniversityWuhan 430072China Entomologie Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde StuttgartStuttgart 70191Germany Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China state Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops Wuhan Botanical GardenChinese Academy of SciencesWuhan 430074China

Plants and their interaction partners offer unparalleled views of evolutionary *** larceny,entailing nectar extraction without pollinating,is thought to be an example of a harmful,antagonistic behavior,but the precise consequences of floral larceny on plant reproductive success remain *** conducted a comprehensive meta-analysis of 153 studies across 120 plant species,using 14 moderators to assess the effects of floral larceny on plant reproductive success and examine the key *** found that floral larceny negatively impacts flower traits,pollinator visitation,pollen deposition,and fruit set,while having a neutral effect on critical female fitness indicators,such as seed set and seed quality,as well as on male *** altering pollinator behavior,floral larceny may reduce geitonogamy,potentially enhancing genetic ***,factors such as pollinator type,plant mating system,and pollen limitation were identified as key moderators of these *** analysis reveals an ultimately neutral effect of floral larceny on plant reproductive success,with potential benefits in certain *** findings suggest that floral larceny plays a complex and multifaceted role within plant-pollinator interactions,facilitating the evolutionary stability and coexistence of floral larcenists and host plants.

关键词： Floral larceny Nectar robbing Nectar thief Plant-pollinator interactions Plant reproductive success Indirect effects

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“Pachyostosis” in aquatic amniotes: a review

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Integrative Zoology 2009年第4期4卷 325-340页

作者： Alexandra HOUSSAYE Department of Earth history Museum of Natural HistoryParisFrance

During the course of amniote evolution,numerous taxa secondarily adapted to an aquatic *** appears that many of these taxa primitively display“pachyostosis,”an osseous specialization characterized by an increase in bone compactness and/or *** term“pachyostosis”is used in morphological and histological descriptions to describe what in fact corresponds to different *** aim of this paper is to present the current state of knowledge relative to this adaptation among aquatic *** the taxa that have returned to an aquatic environ-ment are ***,their degree of adaptation to the marine environment,their life environment,and the nature of their“pachyostotic”pattern,when present,are *** inventory enables the evaluation of the current quality of the data relative to this specialization and provides an indication of the work that remains to be *** functional consequences of“pachyostosis,”and notably its importance for buoyancy control in the context of hydrostatic regulation of the body trim,are discussed and opposed to the requirement of improved swimming abilities in the case of a hydrodynamic mode of trim *** are posed about the significa-tion of the polymorphism displayed by this specialization between different taxa,different specimens of the same taxon and different bones of the same specimen,and the problem of quantification of pachyostosis is discussed.

关键词： buoyancy control life environment locomotion “pachyostosis”sensu lato polymorphism.

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Are hyoliths Palaeozoic lophophorates?

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National Science Review 2020年第2期7卷 453-469页

作者： Fan Liu Christian B Skovsted Timothy P Topper Zhifei Zhang Degan Shu state Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Early Life and Environments Department of Geology Northwest University Department of Palaeobiology Swedish Museum of Natural History

The phylogenetic position of hyoliths has long been unsettled, with recent discoveries of a tentaculate feeding apparatus(‘lophophore’) and fleshy apical extensions from the shell(‘pedicle’) suggesting a lophophorate affinity. Here, we describe the first soft parts associated with the feeding apparatus of an orthothecid hyolith, Triplicatella opimus from the Chengjiang biota of South China. The tuft-like arrangement of the tentacles of T. opimus differs from that of hyolithids, suggesting they collected food directly from the substrate. A reassessment of the feeding organ in hyolithids indicates that it does not represent a lophophore and our analysis of the apical structures associated with some orthothecids show that these represent crushed portions of the shell and are not comparable to the brachiopod pedicle. The new information suggests that hyoliths are more likely to be basal members of the lophotrochozoans rather than lophophorates closely linked with the Phylum Brachiopoda.

关键词： orthothecid the Chengjiang Lagerst¨atte Cambrian soft parts lophophore

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A new institution devoted to insect science： The Florida museum of natural history, McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity

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Insect Science 2012年第3期19卷 426-428页

作者： Akito Y. Kawahara Thomas C. Emmel Jacqueline Miller Andrew D. Warren McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity Florida Museum of Natural History University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA

The Florida museum of natural history＇s McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, on the University of Florida campus in Gainesville, Florida, has become one of the world＇s largest institutions for research on butterflies and moths, and an important research facility for insect science. The facility was constructed by combining the staff and merging the Lepidoptera holdings from the Allyn museum of Entomology, the Florida state Collection of Arthropods and other University of Florida collections, and now includes over ten million specimens from all over the world, rivaling some of the largest Lepidoptera research collections globally. The facility includes a team of domestic and international researchers studying many areas of lepidopterology, including behavior, biodiversity, biogeography, ecology, genomics, physiology, systematics and taxonomy. In this paper, we introduce the McGuire Center, its staff, and the many research activities for researchers across entomological disciplines.

关键词： Florida museum of natural history Lepidoptera lepidopterology McGuireCenter moth new research facility

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Effects of diurnal temperature range on adult size and emergence times from diapausing pupae in Papilio glaucus and R canadensis （Papilionidae）

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Insect Science 2011年第4期18卷 435-442页

作者： J. Mark Scriber Brittany Sonke Department of Entomology Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity Flonda Museum of Natural History University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA

With recent climate warming trends, both the increase in thermal variance （i.e., diurnal temperature range; DTR） as well as increased mean temperature may impact many different organisms, especially poikilothermic invertebrates. Predictions of insect developmental rates using degree-days （thermal unit accumulations above the developmental base threshold of the insect） are based on daily mean temperatures, regardless of DTR. However, non-linearity and variance in the means and extremes are often ignored. The role of thermal variance （e.g., daily temperature extremes and DTR） was evaluated experimentally for two swallowtail butterfly sister species using a common day/night photoperiod of 18 ： 6 h photo ： scoto-phase and corresponding daytime thermophase and nighttime cryophase periods of 22 ： 22℃ （constant 22℃）, 24 ： 16℃, and 26 ： 10℃（all three treatments had the same daily mean and the same degree-day accumulations）. Although developmental rates ofpost-diapause pupae were largely unaffected for both species, our results show that sizes in P canadensis females （but not males） were smaller in the treatments with more variance （26℃ ： 10℃） compared to constant 22℃. Such potentially significant impacts of size reduction in P canadensis females were not observed in P glaucus males or females under the same series ofthermo-period treatments.

关键词： climate warming degree-days diurnal temperature range (DTR) photoperiods swallowtail butterflies thermoperiods

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Impacts of climate warming on hybrid zone movement： Geographically diffuse and biologically porous ＂species borders＂

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Insect Science 2011年第2期18卷 121-159页

作者： J. Mark Scriber Department of Entomology Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity Flonda Museum of Natural History University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA

The ecology and evolutionary biology of insect-plant associations has real- ized extensive attention, especially during the past 60 years. The classifications （categorical designations） of continuous variation in biodiversity, ranging from global patterns （e.g., lat- itudinal gradients in species richness/diversity and degree of herbivore feeding specialization） to localized insect-plant associations that span the biospectrum from polyphenisms, polymorphisms, biotypes, demes, host races, to cryptic species, remain academically contentious. Semantic and biosystematic （taxonomical） disagreements sometimes detract from more important ecological and evolutionary processes that drive diversification, the dynamics of gene flow and local extinctions. This review addresses several aspects of insect specialization, host-associated divergence and ecological （including ＂hybrid＂） speciation, with special reference to the climate warming impacts on species borders of hybridiz- ing swallowtail butterflies （Papilionidae）. Interspecific hybrid introgression may result in collapse of multi-species communities or increase species numbers via homoploid hybrid speciation. We may see diverging, merging, or emerging genotypes across hybrid zones, all part of the ongoing processes of evolution. Molecular analyses of genetic mosaics and genomic dynamics with ＂divergence hitchhiking＂, combined with ecological, ethological and physiological studies of＂species porosity＂, have already begun to unveil some answers for some important ecological/evolutionary questions. （i） How rapidly can host-associated divergence lead to new species （and why doesn＇t it always do so, e.g., resulting in ＂incom- plete＂ speciation）？（ii） How might ＂speciation genes＂ function, and how/where would we find them？（iii） Can oscillations from specialists to generalists and back to specialists help explain global diversity in herbivorous insects？（iv） How could recombinant interspecific hybridization lead to divergence an

关键词： cryptic species divergence hitchhiking ecologiealspeciation host associateddivergence mosaic genomes range limits recombinant hybrid species phylogeography,polyspecialists species boundaries

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Integrating ancient patterns and current dynamics of insect-plant interactions＂ Taxonomic and geographic variation in herbivore specialization

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Insect Science 2010年第6期17卷 471-507页

作者： J. Mark Scriber Department of Entomology Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity Florida Museum of Natural History University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA

The search for pattern in the ecology and evolutionary biology of insect-plant associations has fascinated biologists for centuries. High levels of tropical （tow-latitude） plant and insect diversity relative to poleward latitudes and the disproportionate abundance of host-specialized insect herbivores have been noted. This review addresses several aspects of local insect specialization, host use abilities （and loss of these abilities with specialization）, host-associated evolutionary divergence, and ecological （including ＂hybrid＂） speciation, with special reference to the generation of biodiversity and the geographic and taxonomic identification of ＂species borders＂ for swallowtail butterflies （Papilionidae）. From ancient phytochemically defined angiosperm affiliations that trace back millions of years to recent and very local specialized populations, the Papilionidae （swallowtail butterflies） have provided a model for enhanced tmderstanding of localized ecological patterns and genetically based evolutionary processes. They have served as a useful group for evaluating the feeding specialization/physiological efficiency hypothesis. They have shown how the abiotic （thermal） environment interacts with host nutritional suitability to generate ＂voltinisrn/suitability＂ gradients in specialization or preference latitudinally, and geographical mosaics locally. Several studies reviewed here suggest strongly that the oscillation hypothesis for speciation does have considerable merit, but at the same time, some species-level host specializations may lead to evolutionary dead-ends, especially with rapid environmental/habitat changes involving their host plants. Latitudinal gradients in species richness and degree of herbivore feeding specialization have been impacted by recent developments in ecological genetics and evolutionary ecology. Localized insect- plant associations that span the biospectrum from polyphenisms, polymorphisms, biotypes, demes, host races, to cryptic speci

关键词： evolutionary dead-ends key innovations latitudinal gradients oscillation hypothesis of speciation polyspecialists preference/performance specialization/physiological efficiency hypothesis voltinism-suitability hypothesis

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Assessing ecological and physiological costs of melanism in North American Papilio glaucus females: two decades of dark morph frequency declines

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Insect Science 2020年第3期27卷 583-612页

作者： J.Mark Scriber Department of Entomology Michigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity Florida Museum of Natural HistoryUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA

Polymorphisms for melanic form of insects may provide various selective ***,melanic alleles may have significant/subtle pleiotrophic“costs.”Several potential pleiotrophic effects of the W(=Y)‐linked melanism gene in Papilio glaucus L.(Lepidoptera)showed no costs for melanic versus yellow in adult size,oviposition preferences,fecundity,egg viability,larval survival/growth rates,cold stress tolerance,or postdiapause emergence *** selection(males choosing yellow rather than mimetic dark females)had been suggested to provide a balanced polymorphism in ***,but spermatophore counts in wild females and direct field tethering studies of size‐matched pairs of virgin females(dark and yellow),show that male preferences are random or frequency‐dependent from Florida to Michigan,providing no yellow counter‐*** frequency declines of dark(melanic/mimetic)females in *** populations are shown in several major populations from Florida(27.3°N latitude)to Ohio(38.5°N).Summer temperatures have increased significantly at all these locations during this time(1999–2018),but whether dark morphs may be more vulnerable(in any stage)to such climate warming remains to be *** potential reasons for the frequency declines in mimetic females are discussed:(i)genetic introgression of Z‐linked melanism suppressor genes from ***(R&J)and the hybrid species,***(Pavulaan&Wright),(ii)differential developmental incompatibilities,or Haldane effects,known to occur in hybrids,(iii)selection against intermediately melanic(“dusty”)females(with the W‐linked melanic gene,b+)which higher temperatures can cause.

关键词： climate warming ecology of melanism incomplete mimicry pleiotrophic costs

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Applying Methods from Differential Geometry to Devise Stable and Persistent Air Layers Attached to Objects Immersed in Water

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Journal of Bionic Engineering 2009年第4期6卷 350-356页

作者： Wilfried Konrad Christian Apeltauer Jrg Frauendiener Wilhelm Barthlott Anita Roth-Nebelsick Institute for Geosciences University of Tubingen D-72016 Tubingen Germany Department of Mathematics and Statistics University of Otago Dunedin 9054 New Zealand Centre of Mathematics for Applications University of Oslo NO-0317 Oslo Norway Nees Institute for Biodiversity of Plants University of Bonn D-53115 Bonn Germany state museum of natural history stuttgart Rosenstein 1 D-70191 Stuttgart Germany

We describe a few mathematical tools which allow to investigate whether air-water interfaces exist(under prescribed conditions)and are mechanically stable and temporally *** terms of physics,air-water interfaces are governed by the Young-Laplace *** they are surfaces of constant mean curvature which represent solutions of a nonlinear elliptic partial differential *** explicit solutions of this equation can be obtained only in very special cases,it is -under moderately special circumstances-possible to establish the existence of a solution without actually solving the differential *** also derive criteria for mechanical stability and temporal persistence of an air *** we calculate the lifetime of a non-persistent air ***,we apply these tools to two examples which exhibit the symmetries of 2D *** examples can be viewed as abstractions of the biological model represented by the aquatic fern Salvinia.

关键词： interfaces air layers differential geometry stability persistence Salvinia

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