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Variability in permeability and integrity of cell membrane and depletion of food reserves in neem(Azadirachta indica) seeds from trees of different age classes

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Journal of Forestry Research 2014年第1期25卷 147-153页

作者： evendra Kumar Dhruv Kumar Mishra Seed Testing Laboratory Silviculture DivisionArid Forest Research Institute

We quantified cell membrane permeability （electrical conduc-tivity-EC, water soluble sugar-WSS, and amino acids-AA） and integrity （phospholipids,α-tocopherol and lipid peroxidation） along with food reserve deterioration （total proteins, total sugar, and total starch） of neem seeds collected from various mother tree age classes and stored for 65 days in airtight plastic containers at ambient room temperature （35±5°C）. Results show that the activities were higher in fresh seeds （EC 267.56-2950.01 μS/g, WSS 19.96-19.48 mg/g and AA 5.40-5.35 mg/g） and declined with increasing duration of storage period （EC 153.37-195.17 μS/g, WSS 3.13-4.17 mg/g and AA 4.29-4.49 mg/g after 35 days and EC 144.02-161.56 μS/g, WSS 2.06-2.40 mg/g and AA 3.98-4.27 mg/g after 65 days of storage）. Phospholipids andα-tocopherol were higher in fresh seed （0.073-0.093 OD at 710 nm and 0.080-0.105 OD, respectively） and declined as storage duration in-creased （0.033-0.042 OD at 710 nm and 00.0010-0.0020 OD, respec-tively）. Dead seeds showed reduced amounts of phospholipids and minimum activity ofα- tocopherol （antioxidants）. The level of MDA was lower in fresh seeds （0.0066-0.0087 OD at 600-535 nm） and increased as storage duration increased （0.0248-0.0268 OD after 65 days of stor-age）. The higher amount of MDA indicated that seeds died due to rancid-ity of the oil inside the seed. Neem seed cake was assessed for deteriora-tion of food reserves （total proteins, total sugar, and total starch）, concen-trations of which were higher in fresh seed and declined as storage dura-tion increased. Germination was higher in fresh seeds and after 65 days, no germination was received perhaps due to deterioration of biochemi-cals in seeds. Patterns of seed deterioration were similar across all seed lots.

关键词： phospholipids α-Tocopherol Lipid peroxidation Azadirachta indica

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Litter production, decomposition and nutrient mineralization dynamics of Ochlandra setigera: A rare bamboo species of Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, India

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Journal of Forestry Research 2014年第3期25卷 579-584页

作者： Kuruvilla Thomas C.M. Jijeesh K.K. Seethalakshmi SFM division Kerala Forest Research Institute Dept of silviculture & Agroforestry College of Forestry

Litter production, decomposition and nutrient release dynam-ics of Ochlandra setigera, a rare endemic bamboo species of Nilgiri biosphere were studied during 2011-2012 using the standard litter bag technique. Annual litter production was 1.981 t？ha-1 and was continuous throughout the year with monthly variations. Litterfall followed a tri-phasic pattern with two major peaks in November, 2011 and January, 2012 and a minor peak in July, 2011. The rate of decomposition in O. setigera was a good fit to the exponential decay model of Olson （1963）. Litter quality and climatic conditions of the study site （maximum tem-perature, monthly rainfall and relative humidity） influenced the rate of decomposition. Nutrient release from the decomposing litter mass was in rank order N=Mg＆gt;K=Ca＆gt;P. Nutrient release from litter was con-tinuous and it was in synchrony with growth of new culms. Study of litter dynamics is needed before introduction of a bamboo species into degraded or marginal lands or Agroforestry systems.

关键词： Ochlandra setigera litter fall litter decomposition nutrientrelease decomposition rate

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Variability in cone,seed and seedling characteristics of Pinus kesiya Royle ***

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Journal of Forestry Research 2015年第2期26卷 331-337页

作者： Ombir Singh Satyam Bordoloi N.Mahanta Forest Tree Seed Laboratory Silviculture DivisionForest Research Institute Biotechnology and Genetics division Rain Forest Research Institute

Investigations were made to determine the nature and extent of variations present for 10 morphological characters of cone,seed and seedlings of 17 plus trees（PTs）of Pinus kesiya growing in eastern Himalayas（Meghalaya state） of *** significant variations has been observed in cone weight,cone length,cone diameter,seed length,seed diameter,seed weight,number of seeds per cone,seed germination,seedling height and seedling collar diameter among different PTs of the *** positive correlation（p ／ 0.01） between seed weight,cone length and cone diameter showed that seed weight in *** depend more on the cone *** germination is found positively correlated（p ／ 0.01） with seed weight,seed diameter,cone size and number of seeds per cone in the *** geographical factors,latitude and altitude are found positively correlated（p ／ 0.05） with cone weight and seed diameter,*** genetic parameters for seed,cone and seedlings of PTs of *** also showed a wide range of variability in terms of variance,coefficient of variability,broad sense heritability,genetic advance and genetic *** weight,seeds per cone and seedling diameter showed high heritability values（[75） coupled with maximum genetic *** with such values indicate the presence of good amount of heritable additive components and are under strong genetic *** findings of the study revealed that PTs expressed both phenotypic and genotypic differences in the seed,cone and seedling characters,which may be attributed to the differences in genetic makeup of various PTs and environmental factors *** and environmental *** presence of high variability in *** PTs for different characters provide further opportunities to improve the population in subsequent generations so as to establish this species as an important timber tree to be grown on less fertile and degraded soils in its distributional ranges.

关键词： Plus trees Seed traits Heritability Genetic gain Improvement

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Variability in seed traits and genetic divergence in a clonal seed orchard of Dalbergia sissoo Roxb.

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Journal of Forestry Research 2012年第1期23卷 109-114页

作者： Ombir singh Altaf Hussain Sofi Forest Tree Seed Laboratory Silviculture DivisionForest Research InstituteDehradun-248006India

The variations in seed and pod traits, genetic superiority and genetic divergence were evaluated for a Clonal Seed Orchard （CSO） of Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. at Bithmera, India consisting of 20 clones from different agro-climatic conditions of four northern states （Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Haryana and Rajasthan）. The seeds and pods of various clones in the orchard exhibited significant variability in size, weight and other characters. Significant positive correlations were observed between seed length and seed width （p〈0.05）, seed length and sccd thickness （p〈0.01）, seed length and seed weight （p〈0.01）, seed thickness and seed weight （p〈0.01）, seed length and germination value （p〈0.05）. The ge- netic parameters for seed and pod traits also showed a wide range of variations in the orchard. Heritability values were found to be over 50 percent for most of ~e seed and pod traits. Seed weight, seed length and seed thickness showed high heritability values coupled with maximum genetic gain for these characters. Ward＇s minimum variance dendrogram of clones of D. sissoo showed three distinct clusters; cluster I was the largest with 12 better clones whereas cluster 2 and 3 consisting of seven moderate clones and one poor clone, respectively. Mean cluster values showed sufficient variation among the clusters for seed weight, germina- tion value and seed length. The possible hybridization between best clones of cluster I to the disease resistant clone of cluster 2 （resistant against deadly Gandoderma lucidum root rot disease of D. sissoo） is also suggested for further breeding programmes of the species. The deploy- ment of clone 194 （better performed and disease resistant） is also rec- ommended in future plantation programmes of D. sissoo in northern India.

关键词： clones Dalbergia sissoo divergence seed traits variability

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Variation in cone and seed characters in blue pine (Pinus wallichiana) across natural distribution in western Himalayas

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Journal of Forestry Research 2012年第2期23卷 235-239页

作者： Ombir Singh Manisha Thapliyal Forest Tree Seed Laboratory Silviculture DivisionForest Research InstituteDehradun 248006India

We analyzed 17 seed sources （seed stands） ofPinus wallichiana for variations present in cone and seed characters, scattered over natural distribution in north-west Himalayan states （Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh） of India. The significant variations were observed in cone weight, cone length, cone width, seed length, seed width, seed weight, seed germination, radicle length, and plumule length among different seed sources of the species. Significant positive correlation between seed weight, cone weight and cone width showed that seed weight in the species depend more on the cone size. Seed germination was also positively correlated with seed weight, cone weight and radicle length in the study. The estimates of variability with regard to genetic parameters for seed weight, seed germination, cone length, cone width, cone weight showed wide range of variation in the study. Seed weight showed high heritability values coupled with maximum genetic gain. Traits with such values indicate presence of good amount of heritable additive components and are under strong genetic control. The findings of the study revealed that seed sources expressed both phenotypic and genotypic differences in the seed and cone traits which might be due to the differences in genetic make up of various seed sources and environmental factors i,e. genotypic and environmental interaction, The study suggests that the seed weight should be given the top priority for the further improvement of this species.

关键词： seed sources seed traits heritability genetic gain improve-ment.

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Root Structure,Distribution and Biomass in Five Multipurpose Tree Species of Western Himalayas

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Journal of Mountain Science 2014年第2期11卷 519-525页

作者： Kartar Singh VERMA Sandeep KOHLI Rajesh KAUSHAL Om Parkash CHATURVEDI Department of silviculture and Agroforestry Dr Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture & Forestry Plant Science division Central Soil and Water Conservation Reserach & Training Institute

【Title】【Author】【Addresses】1The tree root distribution pattern and biomass of seventeen year old trees of Grewia optiva, Morus alba, Celtis australis, Bauhinia variegata and Robinia pseudoacacia were studied by excavation method. B. variegata roots penetrated to a maximum depth of 4.78 m, whereas, M. alba roots were found down to 1.48 m depth. Lateral spread was minimum in B. variegata （1.10 m）and maximum inR. pseudoacacia （7.33 m）. Maximum root biomass of 6.30 kg was found in R. pseudoacacia and minimum （2.43 kg） was found in M. alba. For four species viz.,G. optiva, M. alba, C. australis andR. pseudoacacia, 68%-87% root biomass occurred within top 0-30 cm soil depth, but forB. variegata this was only45%. The soil binding factor was maximum in G. optiva and minimum in B. variegata. Soil physico-chemical properties also showed wide variation. The study suggests thatB. variegata with a deep root system is the most suitable species for plantation under agroforestry systems. R. pseudoacacia and G. optiva with deep root systems, more lateral spread and high soil binding factor are suitable for plantation on degraded lands for soil conservation.

关键词： Root categories Root distribution Root biomass Soil binding factor Soil conservation Nutrients

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Multi-temporal forest cover dynamics in Kashmir Himalayan region for assessing deforestation and forest degradation in the context of REDD+ policy

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Journal of Mountain Science 2016年第8期13卷 1431-1441页

作者： Akhlaq Amin WANI Pawan Kumar JOSHI Ombir SINGH Sumera SHAFI Faculty of Forestry Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir School of Environmental Sciences Jawaharlal Nehru University silviculture division Forest Research Institute (FRI) KVK Pulwama Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir

The role of forests is being actively considered under the agenda of REDD＋（Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation plus） aimed at reducing emissions related to changes in forest cover and forest quality. Forests in general have undergone negative changes in the past in the form of deforestation and degradation, while in some countries positive changes are reported in the form of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of carbon stock. The present study in the Kashmir Himalayan forests is an effort to assess historical forest cover changes that took place from 1980 to 2009 and to predict the same for 2030 on the basis of past trend using geospatial modeling approach. Landsat data （Multispectral Scanner （MSS）, Thematic Mapper （TM） and Enhanced Thematic Mapper （ETM＋）） was used for the years 1980, 199o and （2001, 2009） respectively and change detection analysis between the dates was performed. The maps generated were validated through ground truthing. The study area （3375.62 km^2） from 1980-2009 has uffered deforestation and forest degradation of about 126 km^2 and 239.02 km^2 respectively which can be claimed under negative options of REDD＋, while as the area that experienced no change （1514 km^2） can be claimed under conservation. A small area （23.31 km^2） observed as positive change can be claimed under positive options. The projected estimates of forest cover for 2030 showed increased deforestation and forest degradation on the basis of trend analysis using Cellular Automata （CA） Markov modeling. Despite the fact that country as a whole has registered a net positive change in the past few decades, but there are regions like Kashmir region of western Himalaya which have constantly undergoing deforestation as well as degradation in the past few decades.

关键词： Deforestation Degradation Coniferous forests Carbon emission Himalaya

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Stage-specific appearance of cytoplasmic microtubules around the surviving nuclei during the third prezygotic division of Paramecium

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Zoological Research 2012年第6期33卷 98-103页

作者： Yiwen WANG Jinqiang YUAN Xin GAO Xianyu YANG The Nurturing Station for the State Key Laboratory of Subtropical silviculture Zhejiang A&F UniversityLin’an 311300China

There are six micronuclear divisions during conjugation of Paramecium caudatum:three prezygotic and three postzygotic *** haploid nuclei are formed during the first two meiotic prezygotic *** only one meiotic product is located in the paroral cone(PC)region at the completion of meiosis,which survives and divides mitotically to complete the third prezygotic division to yield a stationary and a migratory *** remaining three located outside of the PC *** migratory pronuclei are then exchanged between two conjugants and fuse with the stationary pronuclei to form synkarya,which undergo three successive divisions(postzygotic divisions).However,little is known about the surviving mechanism of the PC *** the current study,stage-specific appearance of cytoplasmic microtubules(cMTs)was indicated during the third prezygotic division by immunofluorescence labeling with anti-alpha tubulin antibodies surrounding the surviving nuclei,including the PC nuclei and the two types of prospective *** suggested that cMTs were involved in the formation of a physical barrier,whose function may relate to sequestering and protecting the surviving nuclei from the major cytoplasm,where degeneration of extra-meiotic products occurs,another important nuclear event during the third prezygotic division.

关键词： Paramecium Conjugation Meiosis Paroral cone region Cytoplasmic microtubules

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Land use change detection in Solan Forest division,Himachal Pradesh,India

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Forest Ecosystems 2015年第4期2卷 327-338页

作者： Shipra Shah DP Sharma Department of Forestry College of AgricultureFisheries and ForestryFiji National University Department of silviculture and Agroforestry Dr.Y.S.Parmar University of Horiculture and Forestry

Background： Monitoring the changing pattern of vegetation across diverse landscapes through remote sensing is instrumental in understanding the interactions of human activities and the ecological environment. Land use pattern i the state of Himachal Pradesh in the Indian Western Himalayas has been undergoing rapid modifications due to changing cropping patterns, rising anthropogenic pressure on forests and government policies. We studied land use change in Solan Forest division of Himachal Pradesh to assess species wise area changes in the forests of the region. Methods： The supervised classification （Maximum likelihood） on two dates of IRS （LISS III） satellite data was performed to assess land use change over the period 1998-2010. Results： Seven land use categories were identified namely, chir pine （Pinus roxburghii） forest, broadleaved forest, bamboo （Dendrocolamus strictus） forest, ban oak （Quercus leucotrichophora） forest, khair （Acacia catechu） forest, culturable blank and cultivation. The area under chir pine, cultivation and khair forests increased by 191 ha （4.55 %）, 129 ha （13.81%） and 77 ha （23.40 %）, whereas the area under ban oak, broadleaved, culturable blank and bamboo decreased by 181 ha （16.58 %）, 152 ha （6.30 %）, 71 ha （2.72 %） and 7 ha （0.47 %）, respectively. Conclusions： The study revealed a decrease in the area under forest and culturable blank categories and a simultaneous increase in the area under cultivation primarily due to the large scale introduction of horticultural cash crops in the state. The composition of forests also exhibited some major changes, with an increase in the area of commercially important monoculture plantation species such as pine and khair, and a decline in the area of oak, broadleaved and bamboo which are facing a high anthropogenic pressure in meeting the livelihood demands of forest dependent communities. In time deforestation, forest degradation and ecological imbalances due to the changing forest species compositio

关键词： Land use Solan Forest division Supervised Classification Maximum likelihood

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Provenance variation in cone and seed characteristics of Cedrus deodara (***) *** in Jammu and Kashmir

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Forestry Studies in China 2012年第3期14卷 193-199页

作者： A.H.MUGHAL R.C.THAPLIYAL Faculty of Forestry Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of KashmirShalimarSrinagar 191121India Seed Technology Laboratory Division of SilvicultureForest Research InstituteDehradunUttranchal 248006India

The present study was carried out in Jammu and Kashmir （India） and twelve sites spread across the entire state were selected. Variability studies in different seed sources of Cedrus deodara with respect to cone, seed and seedling traits were studies. The studies revealed significant variation in different cone and seed characteristics studied. A negative correlation existed in cone diam- eter and cone weight with altitude. Seed morphological characteristics （seed length, width and weight）, seed germination and number of cotyledons which form the basis of selecting and delineating provenances also correlated negatively with altitude. Cone length and diameter, seed length and width and hypocotyl length increased from North to South and correlated negatively with latitude. The results further revealed the superiority ＆heavier cones and seeds with respect to seed germination. The study reveals that for delineating seed zones, provenance selection should be within an altitudinal range of 1500-1900 m a.s.l, and northern aspect seed sources be preferred.

关键词： Cedrus deodara provenance altitude latitude cone seed

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