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Evolving perspectives on biofuels in the United States

Frontiers in Energy 2012年第4期6卷 379-393页

作者： Lisa C. DIRKS Gary W. DIRKS Jianguo WU global institute of sustainability and school of life sciences ArizonaState University Tempe Arizona 85287 USA global institute of sustainability and school of life sciences ArizonaState University Tempe Arizona 85287 USA Sino-US Center forConservation Energy and Sustainability Science (SUCCESS) InnerMongolia University Hohhot 010021 China

Biofuels represent an important source of renewable energy and may play a crucial role in developing sustainable energy strategies for many countries and the world as a whole. The pros and cons of biofuels, however, have been debated both scientifically and politically. They remain a topic of controversy. In this paper, the evolvement of the perspectives and policies on biofuels in the United States in the past several decades was reviewed. Four different periods, that is, the period prior to 1978 （marked by the passage of the Energy Act in 1978）; 1978-1989 （ending with the passage of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990）; 1990-2004 （ending with the passage of the energy act of 2005）; and 2005 to the present, which were characterized by defining events of major policy importance were identified. Each time period was assessed using the Ostrom institutional analysis and development （IAD） framework to show the impact of the evolving interests and influences of global players on policy choices related to biofuels in the United States. The US has a long history of supporting corn-based ethanol and more recently advanced biofuels. Changes in perspectives on biofuels from largely unrelated groups led to changes in policy and market dynamics. Until the late 1990s, most perspectives and policies tended to be aligned and significantly supportive of corn-based ethanol in the United States. In the early 2000s, it became clear that the complications associated with first generation biofuels and corn-based ethanol in particular, were too numerous and too severe to overlook. The need for better options has spurred interest in new technologies and more environmentally benign feedstocks, but, there is little prospect forbiofuels playing a significant role in the near term without greater alignment among key players.

关键词： renewable energy biofuels energy sustain-ability

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Revenue Sharing in Dairy Industry Supply Chain-A Case Study of Hohhot,China

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2013年第12期12卷 2300-2309页

作者： QIAN Gui-xia ZHANG Yi-pin WU Jian-guo PAN Yue-hong school of Economics & Management Inner Mongolia University Sino-US Center for Conservation Energy and Sustainability Science in Inner Mongolia school of life Science & global institute of sustainability Arizona State University Agricultural Information institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences

Dairy industry has become an increasingly important enterprise in China as people＇s dietary preferences and composition have changed dramatically with rapid economic development in the past several decades.A number of problems,however,exist in China＇s relatively young dairy industry,including the imbalanced allocation of profits throughout the dairy supply *** of the root causes of the melamine infant powered milk scandal in 2008 was the unfair profit allocation mechanism in dairy supply *** revenue sharing contract approach has proven to be effective in generating market shares and total *** this study,we apply the three-stage revenue sharing contract model of Giannoccaro and Pontrandolfo（2004） in an analysis of dairy supply chain to explore its problems in profit allocation and possible solutions to *** analysis was conducted by a case study of Hohhot,often called as ＂milk capital of China＂.Our results show that the current profit distribution in the dairy supply chain is not balanced：the supermarket＇s profitfarmer＇s profitmanufacturer＇s *** the revenue sharing contract setting,the dairy industry＇s total profit increased by 12.49%.By exploring different parameters in the revenue sharing contract model,we have found that a win-win situation can be created among all the members of the supply *** dairy supply chain,the ratio of the revenue reserved for the supermarket itself is equal or greater than 47% and the ratio of the revenue reserved for the manufacturer itself is between 46.4 and 50.2%.The values of the parameters that generate a sustainable or win-win situation are related to the bargaining position in the dairy supply *** revenue sharing contract has proven to be effective and desirable by all the dairy chain partners in dairy supply *** results of this study provide relevant information for improving the dairy supply chain structure and the revenue sharing contract model can be applied to other industries,s

关键词： Hohhot dairy industry revenue sharing contract win-win

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Solution‑Processed Thin Film Transparent Photovoltaics:Present Challenges and Future Development

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Nano-Micro Letters 2025年第2期17卷 566-600页

作者： Tianle Liu Munerah M.S.Almutairi Jie Ma Aisling Stewart Zhaohui Xing Mengxia Liu Bo Hou Yuljae Cho UM-SJTU Joint institute Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai 200240People’s Republic of China school of Physics and Astronomy Cardiff UniversityCardiff CF243AAWalesUK Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Yale UniversityNew HavenCT 06511USA Energy sciences institute Yale UniversityWest HavenCT 06516USA Future Photovoltaics Research Center Global Institute of Future TechnologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai 200240People’s Republic of China

Electrical energy is essential for modern society to sustain economic *** soaring demand for the electrical energy,together with an awareness of the environmental impact of fossil fuels,has been driving a shift towards the utilization of solar ***,traditional solar energy solutions often require extensive spaces for a panel installation,limiting their practicality in a dense urban *** overcome the spatial constraint,researchers have developed transparent photovoltaics(TPV),enabling windows and facades in vehicles and buildings to generate electric *** TPV advancements are focused on improving both transparency and power output to rival commercially available silicon solar *** this review,we first briefly introduce wavelength-and non-wavelengthselective strategies to achieve *** of merit and theoretical limits of TPVs are discussed to comprehensively understand the status of current TPV *** we highlight recent progress in different types of TPVs,with a particular focus on solution-processed thin-film photovoltaics(PVs),including colloidal quantum dot PVs,metal halide perovskite PVs and organic *** applications of TPVs are also reviewed,with emphasis on agrivoltaics,smart windows and ***,current challenges and future opportunities in TPV research are pointed out.

关键词： Transparent semiconductors Solution-processable transparent solar cell Emerging solar cell materials Buildingintegrated photovoltaics

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Advances in photocatalytic disinfection of bacteria:Development of photocatalysts and mechanisms

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Journal of Environmental sciences 2015年第8期27卷 232-247页

作者： Wanjun Wang Guocheng Huang Jimmy C.Yu Po Keung Wong Department of Chemistry The Chinese University of Hong Kong school of life sciences The Chinese University of Hong Kong institute of Environment Energy and Sustainability The Chinese University of Hong Kong

Photocatalysis has attracted worldwide attention due to its potential in solar energy *** a ＂green＂ advanced oxidation technology, it has been extensively used for water disinfection and wastewater treatment. This article provides a review of the recent progress in solar energy-induced photocatalytic disinfection of bacteria, focusing on the development of highly efficient photocatalysts and their underlying mechanisms in bacterial inactivation. The photocatalysts are classified into Ti O2-based and non-Ti O2-based systems, as Ti O2 is the most investigated photocatalyst. The synthesis methods, modification strategies, bacterial disinfection activities and mechanisms of different types of photocatalysts are reviewed in *** is given to the modified Ti O2, including noble metal deposition, non-metal doping,dye sensitization and composite Ti O2, along with typical non-Ti O2-based photocatalysts for bacterial disinfection, including metal oxides, sulfides, bismuth metallates, graphene-based photocatalysts, carbon nitride-based photocatalysts and natural photocatalysts. A simple and versatile methodology by using a partition system combined with scavenging study is introduced to study the photocatalytic disinfection mechanisms in different photocatalytic systems. This review summarizes the current state of the work on photocatalytic disinfection of bacteria, and is expected to offer useful insights for the future development in the field.

关键词： Photocatalysis Bacterial disinfection TiO2 Bismuth metallates Partition system Disinfection mechanism

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Urbanization affects plant flowering phenology and pollinator community:effects of water availability and land cover

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Ecological Processes 2014年第1期3卷 83-94页

作者： Kaesha Neil Jianguo Wu Christofer Bang Stanley Faeth school of life sciences Arizona State UniversityP.O.Box 874501TempeAZ 85287-4501USA school of sustainability Global Institute of SustainabilityArizona State UniversityTempeAZ 85287USA Department of Biology University of North Carolina-GreensboroGreensboroNC 27402USA.

Introduction:Climate change and urbanization have been shown to alter plant ***,a mechanistic understanding of these changes in flowering phenology and associated pollinator communities is ***,this study was designed to examine finer scale flowering phenological patterns and driving processes in an arid urban ***,we tested the effect of water availability and land cover type on the flowering phenology of brittlebush(Encelia farinosa)and investigated the arthropod pollinator community associated with ***:The fieldwork was carried out as part of a larger community ecology experiment following a factorial nested *** chose three land cover types,each of which had three replicates,resulting in a total of nine *** water availability manipulations,60 genetically different 5-gallon potted plants were placed on the ground within each ***-trapping was used to collect potential ***:Our results showed that water availability did not produce significant differences in flowering ***,brittlebush planted in mesiscaped urban sites bloomed later,longer,and at a higher percentage than those planted in desert remnant sites and desert fringe ***,desert remnant sites were significantly lower in pollinator abundance than desert fringe *** richness varied over time in all land cover ***:This study provides empirical evidence that land cover type,which is strongly correlated to temperature,is the primary cause for altered flowering phenology of brittlebush in the Phoenix area,although water availability may also be ***,land cover affects total abundance of bee pollinators.

关键词： Urban ecology Urban heat island effects Flowering phenology Land cover Pollinators

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On the effects of landscape configuration on summer diurnal temperatures in urban residential areas: application in Phoenix, AZ

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Frontiers of Earth Science 2019年第3期13卷 445-463页

作者： Yiannis KAMARIANAKIS Xiaoxiao LI B. L. TURNER II Anthony J. BRAZEL school of Mathematical and Statistical sciences Arizona State UniversityTempe AZ 85287USA school of Geographical sciences and Urban Planning Arizona State UniversityTempe AZ 85298USA school of sustainability Arizona State UniversityTempe AZ 85298USA global institute of sustainability Arizona State UniversityTempe AZ 85287USA

The impacts of land-cover composition on urban temperatures, including temperature extremes, are well documented. Much less attention has been devoted to the consequences of land-cover configuration, most of which addresses land surface temperatures. This study explores the role of both composition and configuration—or land system architecture—of residential neighborhoods in the Phoenix metropolitan area, on near-surface air temperature. It addresses two-dimensional, spatial attributes of buildings, impervious surfaces, bare soil/ rock, vegetation and the “urbanscape” at large, from 50 m to 550 m at 100 m increments, for a representative 30-day high sun period. Linear mixed-effects models evaluate the significance of land system architecture metrics at different spatial aggregation levels. The results indicate that, controlling for land-cover composition and geographical variables, land-cover configuration, specifically the fractal dimension of buildings, is significantly associated with near-surface temperatures. In addition, statistically significant predictors related to composition and configuration appear to depend on the adopted level of spatial aggregation.

关键词： land system architecture urban heat island effect linear mixed-effects models near-surface air temperature land-cover configuration

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Changing perspectives on biodiversity conservation： from species protection to regional sustainability

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生物多样性 2008年第3期16卷 205-213页

作者： Jianguo Wu Sino-US Center for Conservation Energy and Sustainability Science Inner Mongolia University Hohhot China school of life sciences and global institute of sustainability Arizona State University P.O. Box 874501 Tempe AZ85287 USA

Biodiversity is the basis for ecosystem goods and services that provide for human survival and prosperity. With a rapidly increasing human population and its demands for natural resources, landscapes are being fragmented, habitats are being destroyed, and biodiversity is declining. How can biodiversity be effec- tively conserved in the face of increasing human pressures? In this paper, I review changing perspectives on biodiversity conservation, and discuss their relevance to the practice of biodiversity conservation. The major points include: The notion of balance of nature is a myth rather than a scientific concept; the theory of island biogeography is useful heuristically but flawed practically; the SLOSS debate is intriguing in theory but ir- relevant in reality; the concept of minimum viable population and population viability analysis are useful, but technically inefficient and conceptually inadequate; metapopulation theory is mathematically elegant but ecologically oversimplistic; and integrative perspectives and approaches for biodiversity conservation are needed that incorporate insights from landscape ecology and sustainability science. I further discuss some key principles for regional conservation planning, and argue that the long-term success of biodiversity con- servation in any region will ultimately depend on the economic and social sustainability of that region. Both research and practice in biodiversity conservation, therefore, need to adopt a broader perspective of sustain- ability.

关键词：生物多样性环境保护生态系统物种

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The Effect of Transient Eddy on Interannual Meridional Displacement of Summer East Asian Subtropical Jet

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Advances in Atmospheric sciences 2012年第3期29卷 484-492页

作者：向洋杨修群 institute for Climate and global Change Research School of Atmospheric Sciences Nanjing University

Using ERA-40 reanalysis daily data for the period 1958-2002, this study investigated the effect of tran- sient eddy （TE） on the interannual meridional displacement of summer East Asian subtropical jet （EASJ） by conducting a detailed dynamical diagnosis. The summer EASJ axis features a significant interannual coherent meridional displacement. Associated with such a meridional displacement, the TE vorticity forcing anomalies are characterized by a meridional dipole pattern asymmetric about the climatological EASJ axis. The TE vorticity forcing anomalies yield barotropic zonal wind tendencies with a phase meridionally lead- ing the zonal wind anomalies, suggesting that they act to reinforce further meridional displacement of the EASJ and favor a positive feedback in the TE and time-mean flow interaction. However, The TE thermal forcing anomalies induce baroclinic zonal wind tendencies that reduce the vertical shear of zonal wind and atmospheric baroclinicity and eventually suppress the TE activity, favoring a negative feedback in the TE and time-mean flow interaction. Although the two types of TE forcing tend to have opposite feedback roles, the TE vorticity forcing appears to be dominant in the TE effect on the time-mean flow.

关键词： East Asian subtropical jet transient eddy vorticity forcing transient eddy thermal forcing

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Industrial land expansion in rural China threatens environmental securities

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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2021年第2期15卷 127-139页

作者： Chi Zhang Wenhui Kuang Jianguo Wu Jiyuan Liu Hanqin Tian Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water and Soil Conservation and Environmental Protection Linyi UniversityLinyi 276000China Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China school of life sciences&school of sustainability Arizona State UniversityTempeAZ 85287USA International Center for Climate and global Change Research School of Forestry and Wildlife SciencesAuburn UniversityAuburnAL 36849USA

China’s rural industrialization has been a major driver for its rapid economic growth during the recent decades,but its myriad environmental risks are yet to be fully *** on a comprehensive national land-use data set,our study shows that the area of China’s rural industrial land(RIL)quadrupled during 1990–2015,reaching 39338 km2 in 2015,comparable to urbanization in magnitude but with a much greater degree of landscape fragmentation which implies stronger ecological and environmental *** 91%of the protected areas in the central China were within 50 km from rural industrial land,thus exposed to industrial *** rural industrial land expansion,particularly in regions under high geo-hazard risks,led to dramatically increased environmental risks,threatening the safety and health of both rural industrial workers and ***,negative effects from rural industrial land expansion could partially offset the crop production growth in recent *** underprivileged rural population in the west bears a disproportionally large share of the increased environmental *** urgently needs to design and implement sustainable policies to restrict and reshape its rural *** study aims to inspire policy makers and researchers to rethink the current model of industrial expansion and improve rural industrial land planning,which is important for achieving the sustainable development goals of China.

关键词： Industrialization Land-use change Environment risks Environmental security Urbanization China

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Assessing the spatio-temporal variability of vegetation productivity in Africa: quantifying the relative roles of climate variability and human activities

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International Journal of Digital Earth 2017年第9期10卷 879-900页

作者： Sabastine U.Ugbaje Inakwu O.A.Odeh Thomas F.A.Bishop Jianlong Li Faculty of Agriculture and Environment The University of SydneyEveleighAustralia The global Change Research institute School of Life SciencesNanjing UniversityNanjingPeople’s Republic of China

Quantitative attribution at the individual pixel level of the relative contributions of climate variability and human activities to vegetation productivity dynamics across Africa is generally *** is because of the difficulty in establishing a baseline or potential vegetation against which the relative impacts of these factors can be *** study addresses these ***,annual potential net primary productivity(NPP_(P))for 2000–2014 was estimated for Africa using a model constructed from samples of NPP and environmental covariates from protected ***,trends in NPP_(P),actual NPP(NPP_(A)),and human-appropriated NPP(NPP_(H)=NPP P−NPP_(A))were estimated and used in quantifying the relative contributions of climate and human activities to NPP *** 2000–2014,NPP improvement was largely concentrated in equatorial and northern Africa,while subequatorial Africa exhibited the most NPP *** of Mali,Burkina Faso,and the central Africa region are associated with the greatest influence of climate-driven NPP *** where humans dominated NPP decline include parts of Ethiopia and South *** had a stronger role in driving NPP decline in subequatorial ***,further work is required to validate the results of this study with high-resolution imagery and field information.

关键词： NPP trend analysis vegetation dynamics protected areas Random Forest

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