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New insights into hydraulic fracturing fluids used for hightemperature wells

Petroleum 2021年第1期7卷 70-79页

作者： Tariq Almubarak Leiming Li Jun Hong Ng Hisham Nasr-El-Din Mohammed AlKhaldi Texas A&M University USA aramco Services company Saudi Arabia saudi aramco EXPEC ARC Saudi Arabia

Current interest in deep,low-permeability formations(<10 md)demands accelerated development of high-temperature hydraulic fracturing *** guar systems break down above 300°F and require higher polymer loadings to maintain thermal ***,higher polymer loadings generate more residue and damage to the proppant pack and the *** resolve these problems,a variety of high-temperature stabilizers are added to enhance the thermal stability of these fracturing fluids at temperatures above 300*** focus of this work is to:(1)identify those additives that best enhance temperature stability of fracturing fluids and(2)study the rheological influence of incorporating these additives on the fracturing fluid *** experimental fracturing-fluid solutions were prepared at a total polymer concentration of 30 and 40 lb/1000 *** such as synthetic polymer,oxygen scavengers,crosslinkers,crosslinker delay additives,and pH buffers were examined in this *** polymer solutions were crosslinked with a metallic crosslinker between 200 and 400°*** measurements were carried out in a highpressure/high-temperature(HP/HT)rheometer to evaluate rheology and thermal *** show that adding a synthetic polymer and a crosslinker with the slowest reaction rate improves the fracturing fluid thermal *** the three other additives tested,oxygen scavengers showed the greatest enhancement to thermal stability while pH buffers showed the *** the addition of high-temperature stabilizing additives,the fracturing fluid in this work was able to maintain a stable performance at temperatures up to 400°*** the thermal stability of fracturing fluids at a lower polymer loading remains a challenge in the *** work proposes techniques that can be used to enhance the thermal stability of fracturing *** knowledge about these different techniques will allow for better additive development and a

关键词： Oxygen scavenger Crosslinker Crosslinker delay Shear tolerance High temperature Synthetic polymer CMHPG Buffers

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Automatic Channel Detection Using DNN on 2D Seismic Data

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Computer Systems Science & Engineering 2021年第1期36卷 57-67页

作者： Fahd A.Alhaidari Saleh A.Al-Dossary Ilyas A.Salih Abdlrhman M.Salem Ahmed S.Bokir Mahmoud O.Fares Mohammed I.Ahmed Mohammed S.Ahmed Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University College of Computer Science and Information TechnologyDammam34212Saudi Arabia saudi aramco oil company EXPEC-IIDhahranSaudi Arabia

Geologists interpret seismic data to understand subsurface properties and subsequently to locate underground hydrocarbon *** are among the most important geological features interpreters analyze to locate petroleum ***,manual channel picking is both time consuming and ***,similar to any other process dependent on human intervention,manual channel picking is error prone and *** address these issues,automatic channel detection is both necessary and important for efficient and accurate seismic *** systems make use of real-time image processing techniques for different *** channel detection is a combination of different mathematical methods in digital image processing that can identify streaks within the images called channels that are important to the oil *** this paper,we propose an innovative automatic channel detection algorithm based on machine learning *** new algorithm can identify channels in seismic data/images fully automatically and tremendously increases the efficiency and accuracy of the interpretation *** algorithm uses deep neural network to train the classifier with both the channel and non-channel *** provide a field data example to demonstrate the performance of the new *** training phase gave a maximum accuracy of 84.6%for the classifier and it performed even better in the testing phase,giving a maximum accuracy of 90%.

关键词： Deep neural networks deep learning channel detection image processing two-dimensional seismic data

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Efficient anti-aliasing and anti-leakage Fourier transform for high-dimensional seismic data regularization using cube removal and GPU

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Petroleum Science 2024年第5期21卷 3079-3089页

作者： Lu Liu Sindi Ghada Fu-Hao Qin Youngseo Kim Vladimir Aleksic Hong-Wei Liu aramco Research Center-Beijing Beijing100102China KAUST Research Center Group Saudi AramcoThuwal23955-6900Saudi Arabia EXPEC Advanced Research Center Saudi AramcoDhahran31311Saudi Arabia Geophysical Imaging Department Saudi AramcoDhahran31311Saudi Arabia National Key Laboratory of Deep oil and Gas China University of Petroleum(East China)Qingdao266580ShandongChina

Seismic data is commonly acquired sparsely and irregularly, which necessitates the regularization of seismic data with anti-aliasing and anti-leakage methods during seismic data processing. We propose a novel method of 4D anti-aliasing and anti-leakage Fourier transform using a cube-removal strategy to address the combination of irregular sampling and aliasing in high-dimensional seismic data. We compute a weighting function by stacking the spectrum along the radial lines, apply this function to suppress the aliasing energy, and then iteratively pick the dominant amplitude cube to construct the Fourier spectrum. The proposed method is very efficient due to a cube removal strategy for accelerating the convergence of Fourier reconstruction and a well-designed parallel architecture using CPU/GPU collaborative computing. To better fill the acquisition holes from 5D seismic data and meanwhile considering the GPU memory limitation, we developed the anti-aliasing and anti-leakage Fourier transform method in 4D with the remaining spatial dimension looped. The entire workflow is composed of three steps: data splitting, 4D regularization, and data merging. Numerical tests on both synthetic and field data examples demonstrate the high efficiency and effectiveness of our approach.

关键词： High-dimensional regularization GPU Anti-aliasing Anti-leakage

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A review of crosslinked fracturing fluids prepared with produced water

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Petroleum 2016年第4期2卷 313-323页

作者： Leiming Li Ghaithan A.Al-Muntasheri Feng Liang aramco Services company:aramco Research Center-Houston HoustonUnited States saudi aramco DhahranSaudi Arabia

The rapidly increasing implementations of oilfield technologies such as horizontal wells and multistage hydraulic fracturing,particularly in unconventional formations,have expanded the need for fresh water in many oilfield *** the meantime,it is costly for services companies and operators to properly dispose large volumes of produced water,generated annually at about 21 billion barrels in the United States *** high operating costs in obtaining fresh water and dealing with produced water have motivated scientists and engineers,especially in recent years,to use produced water in place of fresh water to formulate well treatment *** objective of this brief review is to provide a summary of the up-to-date technologies of reusing oilfield produced water in preparations of a series of crosslinked fluids implemented mainly in hydraulic fracturing *** crosslinked fluids formulated with produced water include borate-and metalcrosslinked guar and derivatized guar fluids,as well as other types of crosslinked fluid systems such as crosslinked synthetic polymer fluids and crosslinked derivatized cellulose *** boratecrosslinked guar fluids have been successfully formulated with produced water and used in oilfield operations with bottomhole temperatures up to about 250*** produced water sources involved showed total dissolved solids(TDS)up to about 115,000 mg/L and hardness up to about 11,000 mg/*** metal-crosslinked guar fluids prepared with produced water were successfully used in wells at bottomhole temperatures up to about 250F,with produced water TDS up to about 300,000 mg/L and hardness up to about 44,000 mg/*** Zr-crosslinked carboxymethyl hydroxypropyl guar(CMHPG)fluids have been successfully made with produced water and implemented in operations with bottomhole temperatures at about 250tF,with produced water TDS up to about 280,000 mg/L and hardness up to about 91,000 mg/*** most of the cases investigated,the produced water

关键词： Produced water Produced water reuse Seawater Fracturing fluid Crosslinked fluid Borate crosslinker Metal crosslinker Guar Derivatized guar

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Microbial Monitoring and Mitigaiton in Cementing Operations

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Journal of Physical Science and Application 2021年第2期11卷 27-32页

作者： Abdulmohsen A.Al-Humam Abdalla M Ezzat Abdulaziz A Ba Hamdan Mohammed E.Sindi Ghassan A.Al-Humaid Mohammed A.Subhi Xiangyang Zhu saudi Arabian oil company(saudi aramco) DhahranSaudi Arabia

Microbial contamination and bacteria growth in the cementing makup water impact cementing operation and *** avoid the premature cement setting caused by microbial growth,the water is usually treated with biocides for microbial control before *** treatment will also prevent biodegradation of the added polymers and stabilize the slurry rheological ***-up water and cementing mix samples were collected from active drilling rigs in the *** 12 hours biocide addition program,the tested biocide at 50,100,250,and 500 ppm for cementing operations revealed acceptable control of both GAB and SRB numbers in one Field,but not in another *** 24 hours biocide addition program,revealed varying levels for control microbial contamination in cementing operations,with higher efficiency with Field B samples opposed to field A,and with better control at higher concentrations of tested biocide at 250,and 500 *** a recommendation therefore,usage of another biocide with a different chemistry at Field A is encouraged once a new biocide is selected.

关键词： Cementing operations microbial contamination mitigaiton.

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Core-scale modeling of surfactant-assisted spontaneous water imbibition in carbonates

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Petroleum 2022年第4期8卷 458-465页

作者： Xingang Bu Ming Han Abdulkareem M.AlSofi Beijing Research Center Aramco AsiaBeijing100102China EXPEC Advanced Research Center Saudi AramcoDhahran31311Saudi Arabia

This work numerically investigates surfactant effects on spontaneous water imbibition in oil-wet *** open boundary core-scale imbibition model with 9×9×10 gridblocks was used in UTCHEM to simulate carbonate core plug exposure to a vast water *** simulation models were developed based on surfactant-assisted imbibition tests that were conducted in secondary and tertiary oil production modes using Amott cells at 75℃.Capillary and gravity forces were captured by history matching the *** history matching,the inputs for surfactant adsorption and diffusion,capillary pressure and relative permeability were *** tertiary mode,the surfactants-assisted imbibition process presents the performance in mixed-wet state rather than oil-wet state,which is governed by wettability alteration.A simulation model for surfactant-assisted imbibition in secondary mode was used to investigate the effects of various factors including interfacial tension(IFT)reduction,wettability alteration,adsorption,volume of surrounding water and capillary *** simulation results suggest that surfactant-assisted water imbibition in secondary mode is gravity dominant,which is facilitated by both IFT reduction and wettability alteration caused by addition of proper *** from water imbibition in water-wet core,it presents vertically dominant oil flow with a hemispherical oil-rich area and uneven remaining oil *** is obvious that sufficient surfactant supply in vast water is required to make effective imbibition,in consideration of surfactant consumption and changes in concentration *** core-scale modeling provides insights of surfactant-assisted imbibition in initially oil-wet carbonates and helps scale up the application in a cost-effective way.

关键词： Surfactant Imbibition Core-scale modeling Simulation Wettability alteration Interfacial tension

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A comprehensive review on proppant technologies

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Petroleum 2016年第1期2卷 26-39页

作者： Feng Liang Mohammed Sayed Ghaithan A.Al-Muntasheri Frank F.Chang Leiming Li aramco Services company Aramco Research Center-Houston16300 Park RowHoustonTX 77084USA saudi aramco P.O.Box 5614Dhahran31311Saudi Arabia

The main function of traditional proppants is to provide and maintain conductive fractures during well production where proppants should meet closure stress requirement and show resistance to diagenesis under downhole *** different proppants have been developed in the oil&gas industry,with various types,sizes,shapes,and *** most proppants are simply made of silica or ceramics,advanced proppants like ultra-lightweight proppant is also desirable since it reduces proppant settling and requires low viscosity fluids to ***,multifunctional proppants may be used as a crude way to detect hydraulic fracture geometry or as matrices to slowly release downhole chemical additives,besides their basic function of maintaining conductive hydraulic *** from the conventional approach where proppant is pumped downhole in frac fluids,a revolutionary way to generate in-situ spherical proppants has been reported *** paper presents a comprehensive review of over 100 papers published in the past several decades on the *** objectives of this review study are to provide an overview of current proppant technologies,including different types,compositions,and shapes of proppants,new technologies to pump and organize proppants downhole such as channel fracturing,and also in-situ proppant ***,the paper sheds light on the current challenges and emphasizes needs for new proppant development for unconventional resources.

关键词： Proppant Lightweight Multifunctional proppant Channel fracturing In-situ proppant generation

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Enhanced gelled hydrocarbon well treatment fluids

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Petroleum 2020年第2期6卷 177-181页

作者： Leiming Li Sehmus Ozden Jilin Zhang Feng Liang aramco Services company:aramco Research Center-Houston HoustonUnited States

Compared with water-based well treatment fluid systems,hydrocarbon-based fluids possess advantages such as better fluid compatibility and lower formation damage,especially in water-sensitive *** fluids are therefore often used in oilfield operations including hydraulic fracturing,sand control,and coiled tubing *** metal-crosslinked,phosphate ester-based gelled hydrocarbon(or gelled oil)fluids have been the preferred choice among hydrocarbon-based fluids since they are cost effective,robust at elevated temperatures,and operationally simple as only a couple of fluid additives are *** as the gelling agent in gelled oil fluids,phosphate ester could cause fouling in refinery *** is therefore desirable to lower the dosage of the phosphate ester-based gelling agent as much as possible,but without adversely affecting the fluid performance.A number of materials have been identified that could enhance the gelled oil viscosity and stability,which in turn translates into the reduction of the phosphate ester needed in the gelled *** these enhancing materials,a type of aluminum pillared montmorillonite clay(the additive)was found to enhance the gelled oil viscosity to the largest *** laboratory tests,30 ppt(30 pounds per thousand gallons)of the additive increased the gelled oil viscosity by 84%(±5%)at 250°F when compared with the baseline gelled oil without the *** the additive dosage at 30 ppt,the amount of the phosphate ester in the gelled oil could be reduced by 25%without decreasing the fluid *** additive was successfully applied to the crude oil-based gelled fluid,resulting in multiple times of viscosity increase in the *** addition to the gelled oil viscosity enhancement,the additive also increased the regained permeability in the coreflow tests to near 3 times.

关键词： Hydraulic fracturing Gelled oil fluids Aluminum pillared montmorillonite clay

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Polymeric microsphere injection in large pore-size porous media

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Petroleum 2020年第3期6卷 264-270页

作者： Dongqing Cao Ming Han Jinxun Wang Amar J.Alshehri Beijing Research Center Aramco AsiaBeijing100102China EXPEC Advanced Research Center Saudi AramcoDhahran31311Saudi Arabia

High water-cut has become a worldwide challenge for oil *** requires extensive efforts to process and *** entails expanding water handling facilities and incurring high power consumption *** microsphere injection is a cost-effective way to deal with excessive water production from subterranean *** study reports a laboratory investigation on polymeric microsphere injection in a large volume to identify its in-depth fluid diversion capacity in a porous media with large pore/particle size *** performance of polymeric microsphere injection was evaluated using etched glass micromodels based on the pore network of a natural carbonate rock,which were treated as water-wet or oil-wet *** was conducted to displace oil at reservoir temperature of 95°C,followed by one pore volume of polymeric microsphere *** polymeric microsphere samples with median particle size of 0.05,0.3,and 20μm were used to investigate the impact of particle size of the polymeric microspheres on incremental oil production *** the polymeric microspheres were much smaller than the pores,additional oil production was *** incremental oil production increased with increasing polymeric microsphere concentration and particle *** a comparison,polymeric microsphere solutions were injected into oil-wet and water-wet micromodels after *** was observed that the oil production in oil-wet micromodel was much higher than that in water-wet *** wettability of micromodels affected the distribution patterns of the remaining oil after waterflooding and further dominated the performance of the microsphere *** study supports the applicability of microsphere injection in oil-wet heterogeneous carbonates.

关键词： High water-cut Polymeric microsphere injection Etched glass micromodel Pore/particle size ratio Wettability Heterogeneous carbonate reservoir Conformance control oil production

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Methane oxidation by green oxidant to methanol over zeolite-based catalysts

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Chinese Chemical Letters 2022年第4期33卷 1757-1762页

作者： Sufeng Cao Ke Zhang Brian Hanna Essam Al-Sayed aramco Services company Aramco Research Centre-Boston400 Technology SquareCambridgeMA 02139United States

To reduce greenhouse gas emission from oil and gas production,it is essential to better convert methane to useful chemicals(rather) than to flare *** of methane to liquid oxygenates(mainly methanol) has attracted extensive attention and countless efforts have been made;however,running this reaction in a green,efficient,and practical way has remained *** novel catalyst and oxidants play a critical role in activating methane and converting it to oxygenates(methanol).In this review,the work of commonly used oxidants for methane partial oxidation have been summarized,in which,earth abundant oxidants,O;and H;O are ***,H;or CO can activate O;to produce H;O;that catalyzes methane partial oxidation more efficiently and selectively than O;or H;***,the work of using reducing agent,such as CO and H;have been reviewed,focusing on rational catalyst design that features multifunction(H;O;production and CH;activation).The novel catalyst design has advanced this reaction towards practicality with green oxidants and H;using zeolites-based *** friendly zeolite preparation methods and novel two-dimensional(2 D) zeolites that can reduce waste,improve synthesis and catalytical performance substantially are also reviewed in this work to provide insights for a more comprehensive approach to meet the environment protection needs.

关键词： Methane partial oxidation Methane to methanol Zeolite Catalyst Zeolite green synthesis Solvent free OSDA free 2D zeolites

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