A review of crosslinked fracturing fluids prepared with produced water

作     者：Leiming Li Ghaithan A.Al-Muntasheri Feng Liang 

作者机构：Aramco Services Company:Aramco Research Center-HoustonHoustonUnited States Saudi AramcoDhahranSaudi Arabia 

出 版 物：《Petroleum》 (油气（英文）)

年 卷 期：2016年第2卷第4期

页      面：313-323页

学科分类：081704[工学-应用化学] 07[理学] 08[工学] 0817[工学-化学工程与技术] 070305[理学-高分子化学与物理] 080501[工学-材料物理与化学] 0805[工学-材料科学与工程（可授工学、理学学位）] 0703[理学-化学] 

主　　题：Produced water Produced water reuse Seawater Fracturing fluid Crosslinked fluid Borate crosslinker Metal crosslinker Guar Derivatized guar 

摘      要：The rapidly increasing implementations of oilfield technologies such as horizontal wells and multistage hydraulic fracturing,particularly in unconventional formations,have expanded the need for fresh water in many oilfield *** the meantime,it is costly for services companies and operators to properly dispose large volumes of produced water,generated annually at about 21 billion barrels in the United States *** high operating costs in obtaining fresh water and dealing with produced water have motivated scientists and engineers,especially in recent years,to use produced water in place of fresh water to formulate well treatment *** objective of this brief review is to provide a summary of the up-to-date technologies of reusing oilfield produced water in preparations of a series of crosslinked fluids implemented mainly in hydraulic fracturing *** crosslinked fluids formulated with produced water include borate-and metalcrosslinked guar and derivatized guar fluids,as well as other types of crosslinked fluid systems such as crosslinked synthetic polymer fluids and crosslinked derivatized cellulose *** boratecrosslinked guar fluids have been successfully formulated with produced water and used in oilfield operations with bottomhole temperatures up to about 250
*** produced water sources involved showed total dissolved solids(TDS)up to about 115,000 mg/L and hardness up to about 11,000 mg/*** metal-crosslinked guar fluids prepared with produced water were successfully used in wells at bottomhole temperatures up to about 250
F,with produced water TDS up to about 300,000 mg/L and hardness up to about 44,000 mg/*** Zr-crosslinked carboxymethyl hydroxypropyl guar(CMHPG)fluids have been successfully made with produced water and implemented in operations with bottomhole temperatures at about 250t
F,with produced water TDS up to about 280,000 mg/L and hardness up to about 91,000 mg/*** most of the cases investigated,the produced water