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The Root Cap Determines Ethylene-Dependent Growth and Development in Maize Roots

Molecular Plant 2008年第2期1卷 359-367页

作者： Achim Hahn Roman Zimmermann Dierk Wanke Klaus Harter Hans G. Edelmann Botanisches Institut Universitfit zu Koin Gyrhofstr. 15 D-50931 Koin Germany present address: zmbp pflanzenphysiologie University TQbingen Auf der Morgenstelle 1 D-72076 TQbingen Germany Institut fur Entwicklungsbiologie Universitat zu Koin Gyrhofstr. 17 D-50931 Koin Germany Institut fur Entwicklungsbiologie Universitat zu Koin Gyrhofstr. 17 D-50931 Koln Germany zmbp pflanzenphysiologie Universitat Tubingen Auf der Morgenstelle 1 D-72076 Tubingen Germany present address: Biologie und ihre Didaktik Universitat Siegen D-57068 Siegen Germany

Besides providing protection against mechanical damage to the root tip, the root cap is involved in the perception and processing of diverse external and internal stimuli resulting in altered growth and development, The transduction of these stimuli includes hormonal signaling pathways such as those of auxin, ethylene and cytokinin. Here, we show that the root cap is essential for the ethylene-induced regulation of elongation growth and root hair formation in maize. Exogenously applied ethylene is no longer able to inhibit elongation growth when the root cap has been surgically removed prior to hormone treatment. Reconstitution of the cap positively correlates with the developing capacity of the roots to respond to ethylene again. In contrast, the removal of the root cap does not per se affect growth inhibition controlled by auxin and cytokinin. Furthermore, our semi-quantitative RT-PCR results support earlier findings that the maize root cap is a site of high gene expression activity with respect to sensing and responding to hormones such as ethylene, From these data, we propose a novel function of the root cap which is the establishment of competence to respond to ethylene in the distal zones of the root.

关键词： AUXIN BIOSYNTHESIS INSENSITIVE MUTANTS CELL ELONGATION

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Cellular and Molecular Requirements for Polar PIN Targeting and Transcytosis in Plants

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Molecular Plant 2008年第6期1卷 1056-1066页

作者： Jurgen Kleine-Vehn tukasz tangowski Justyna Wisniewska Pankaj Dhonukshe Philip B Brewer Jiri Friml Department of Plant Systems Biology VIB and Department of Molecular Genetics Ghent University 9052 Gent Belgium Zentrum fur Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen (zmbp) Universitat Tubingen 72076 Tubingen Germany present address: Institute of General and Molecular Biology Nicolas Copernicus University 87-100 Torun Poland present address: Department of Biology Utrecht University 3508 TB Utrecht The Netherlands present address: Centre for Integrative Legume Research University of Queensland Brisbane Australia

The polar, sub-cellular localization of PIN auxin efflux carriers determines the direction of intercellular auxin flow, thus defining the spatial aspect of auxin signalling. Dynamic, transcytosis-like relocalizations of PIN proteins occur in response to external and internal signals, integrating these signals into changes in auxin distribution. Here, we examine the cellular and molecular mechanisms of polar PIN delivery and transcytosis. The mechanisms of the ARF-GEF-dependent polar targeting and transcytosis are well conserved and show little variations among diverse Arabidopsis ecotypes consistent with their fundamental importance in regulating plant development. At the cellular level, we refine previous findings on the role of the actin cytoskeleton in apical and basal PIN targeting, and identify a previously unknown role for microtubules, specifically in basal targeting. PIN protein delivery to different sides of the cell is mediated by ARFdependent trafficking with a previously unknown complex level of distinct ARF-GEF vesicle trafficking regulators. Our data suggest that alternative recruitment of PIN proteins by these distinct pathways can account for cell type- and cargo-specific aspects of polar targeting, as well as for polarity changes in response to different signals. The resulting dynamic PIN positioning to different sides of cells defines a three-dimensional pattern of auxin fluxes within plant tissues.

关键词： cytoskeleton polarity protein targeting.

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The Interaction of the Arabidopsis Response Regulator ARR18 with bZIP63 Mediates the Regulation of PROLINE DEHYDROGENASE Expression

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Molecular Plant 2014年第10期7卷 1560-1577页

作者： Manikandan Veerabagu Tobias Kirchler Kirstin Elgass Bettina Stadelhofer Mark Stahl Klaus Harter Virtudes Mira-Rodado Christina Chaban Department of Plant Physiology Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP) University of T~bingen Auf der Morgenstelle 32 72076Tubingen Germany present address: Department of Biology Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) Hogskoleringen 5 7491- Trondheim Norway present address: Biochemistry Department Physical Science 4 La Trobe University Bundoora VIC 3086 Australia Central Facilities Analytics ZMBP University of Tubingen Auf der Morgenstelle 32 Tubingen Germany

As the first and rate-limiting enzyme of proline degradation, PROLINE DEHYDROGENASE1 （PDH1） is tightly regulated during plant stress responses, including induction under hypoosmolarity and repression under water deficit. The plant receptor histidine kinases AHKs, elements of the two-component system （TCS） in Arabidopsis thaliana, are pro- posed to function in water stress responses by regulating different stress-responsive genes. However, little information is available concerning AHK phosphorelay-mediated downstream signaling. Here we show that the Arabidopsis type-B response regulator 18 （ARR18） functions as a positive osmotic stress response regulator in Arabidopsis seeds and affects the activity of the PDH1 promoter, known to be controlled by C-group bZlP transcription factors. Moreover, direct physical interaction of ARR18 with bZIP63 was identified and shown to be dependent on phosphorylation of the conserved aspar- tate residue in the ARR18 receiver domain. We further show that bZlP63 itself functions as a negative regulator of seed germination upon osmotic stress. Using reporter gene assays in protoplasts, we demonstrated that ARR18 interaction negatively interferes with the transcriptional activity of bZIP63 on the PDH1 promoter. Our findings provide new insight into the function of ARR18 and bZIP63 as antagonistic regulators of gene expression in Arabidopsis.

关键词： two-component system osmotic stress bZIP63 ARR18 protein interaction transcription activation Arabidopsis thaliana.

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COPPER AMINE OXIDASE1 （CuAO1） of Arabidopsis thaliana Contributes to Abscisic Acid- and Polyamine-lnduced Nitric Oxide Biosynthesis and Abscisic Acid Signal Transduction

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Molecular Plant 2011年第4期4卷 663-678页

作者： Rinukshi Wimalasekera Corina Villar Tahmina Begum Giinther F. E. Scherer Leibniz Universitat Hannover Institute of Floriculture and Wood Science Section of Applied Molecular Physiology Herrenhauser Strasse 2 D-30419Hannover Germany present address: Institute of Plant Research ETH Universitatstr. 2 8092 Zurich Switzerland present address: zmbp University of T~bingen Auf der Morgenstell 28 D-72076 Tubingen Germany

Polyamines （PA）, polyamine oxidases, copper amine oxidases, and nitric oxide （NO） play important roles in physiology and stress responses in plants. NO biosynthesis as a result of catabolism of PA by polyamine oxidases and copper amine oxidases may explain in part PA-mediated responses. Involvement of a copper amine oxidase gene, COPPER AMINE OXIDASEI （CuAO1）, of Arabidopsis was tested for its role in stress responses using the knockouts cuao1-1 and cuaol-2. PA-induced and ABA-induced NO production investigated bY fluorometry and fluorescence microscopy showed that the cuaol-1 and cuaol-2 are impaired in NO production, suggesting a function of CuAO1 in PA and ABA-mediated NO production. Furthermore, we found a PA-dependent increase in protein S-nitrosylation. The addition of PA and ABA also resulted in H2O2 increases, cuao1-1 and cuao1-2 showed less sensitivity to exogenous ABA supplementation during germination, seedling establishment, and root growth inhibition as compared to wild-type. In response to ABA treatment, expression levels of the stress-responsive genes RD29A and ADH1 were significantly lower in the knockouts. These observations characterize cuao1-1 and cuao1-2 as ABA-insensitive mutants. Taken together, our findings extend the ABA signal transduction network to include CuAO1 as one potential contributor to enhanced NO production by ABA.

关键词： COPPER AMINE OXIDASE1 polyamines nitric oxide abscisic acid signal transduction germination.

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Heat Shock Factors HsfB 1 and HsfB2b Are Involved in the Regulation of Pdf1.2 Expression and Pathogen Resistance in Arabidopsis

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Molecular Plant 2009年第1期2卷 152-165页

作者： Mukesh Kumar Wolfgang Busch Hannah Birke Birgit Kemmerling Thorsten Nurnberger Friedrich Schoffl present address: Heinrich-Pette-lnstitut Martinistrabe 52 D-20251 Hamburg Germany Max-Planck-lnstitut fur Entwicklungsbiologie Abteilung Molekularbiologie Speemannstrabe 37-39 D-72076 Tubingen Germany Universitat Tubingen Zentrum for Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen (ZMBP)--AIIgemeine Genetik Auf der Morgenstelle 28 D-72076 Tubingen Germany Universitat Tubingen Zentrum fur Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen (ZMBP)--Biochemie der Pflanzen Auf der Morgenstelle 5 D-72076 Tubingen Germany

In order to assess the functional roles of heat stress-induced class B-heat shock factors in Arabidopsis, we investigated T-DNA knockout mutants of AtHsfB1 and AtHsfB2b. Micorarray analysis of double knockout hsfB1/hsfB2b plants revealed as strong an up-regulation of the basal mRNA-levels of the defensin genes Pdfl.2a/b in mutant plants. The Pdfexpression was further enhanced by jasmonic acid treatment or infection with the necrotrophic fungus Alternaria brassicicola. The single mutant hsfB2b and the double mutant hsfB 1/B2b were significantly improved in disease resistance after A. brassicicola infection. There was no indication for a direct interaction of Hsf with the promoter of Pdf1.2, which is devoid of perfect HSE consensus Hsf-binding sequences. However, changes in the formation of late HsfA2-dependent HSE binding were detected in hsfB1/B2b plants. This suggests that HsfB1/B2b may interact with class A-Hsf in regulating the shut-off of the heat shock response. The identification of Pdfgenes as targets of Hsf-dependent negative regulation is the first evidence for an interconnection of Hsf in the regulation of biotic and abiotic responses.

关键词： Abiotic/environmental stress transcriptional control and transcription factors transcriptome analysis defense responses disease resistance Arabidopsis.

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Suppression of the External MitochondrialNADPH Dehydrogenase, NDB1, in Arabidopsisthaliana Affects Central Metabolism andVegetative Growth

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Molecular Plant 2014年第2期7卷 356-368页

作者： Sabá V. Wallström Igor Florez-Sarasa Wagner L. Araújo Mari Aidemark María Fernández-Fernández Alisdair R. Fernie Miquel Ribas-Carbó Allan G. Rasmusson Department of Biology Lund University Biology building Sölvegatan 35 SE-223 62 Lund Sweden Grup de Recerca en Biologia de les Plantes en Condicions Mediterrànies Universitat de les Illes Balears Ctra Valldemossa Km. 75 07122 Palma de Mallorca Spain present address: Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare pflanzenphysiologie Am Mühlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam-Golm Germany Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare pflanzenphysiologie Am Mühlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam-Golm Germany present address: Departamento de Biologia Vegetal Universidade Federal de Viçosa 36570-000 Viçosa Minas Gerais Brasil

Ca2＋-dependent oxidation of cytosolic NADPH is mediated by NDB1, which is an external type II NADPHdehydrogenase in the plant mitochondrial electron transport chain. Using RNA interference, the NDB1 transcript wassuppressed by 80% in Arabidopsis thaliana plants, and external Ca2＋-dependent NADPH dehydrogenase activity becameundetectable in isolated mitochondria. This was linked to a decreased level of NADP＋ in rosettes of the transgenic ***-grown transgenic seedlings displayed decreased growth specifically on glucose, and respiratory metabolism of 14C-glucose was increased. On soil, NDBl-suppressing plants had a decreased vegetative biomass, but leaf maximumquantum efficiency of photosystem Ⅱ and CO2 assimilation rates, as well as total respiration, were similar to the wild-type. The in vivo alternative oxidase activity and capacity were also similar in all genotypes. Metabolic profiling revealeddecreased levels of sugars, citric acid cycle intermediates, and amino acids in the transgenic lines. The NDBl-suppressioninduced transcriptomic changes associated with protein synthesis and glucosinolate and jasmonate metabolism. Thetranscriptomic changes also overlapped with changes observed in a mutant lacking ABAINSENSITIVE4 and in A. thalianaoverexpressing stress tolerance genes from rice. The results thus indicate that A. thaliana NDB1 modulates NADP（H）reduction levels, which in turn affect central metabolism and growth, and interact with defense signaling.

关键词： citric acid cycle metabolic profiling mitochondrial respiration NADPH RNA interference type II NAD(P)Hdehydrogenase vegetative growth

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Arabidopsis Heterotrimeric G-protein Regulates Cell Wall Defense and Resistance to Necrotrophic Fungi

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Molecular Plant 2012年第1期5卷 98-114页

作者： Magdalena Delgado-Cerezo Clara Sanchez-Rodriguez Viviana Escudero Eva Miedes Paula Virginia Fernandez Lucia Jorda Camilo Hernandez-Blanco Andrea Sanchez-Vallet Pawel Bednarek Paul Schulze-Lefert Shauna Somervilleg Jose Manuel Estevez Staffan Persson Antonio Molina Centro de Biotecnologia y Genomica de Plantas （UPM-INIA） Universidad Politecnica de Madrid Campus de Montegancedo E-28223-Pozuelo de Alarcbn （Madrid） Spain Max-Planck-lnstitute fLir Molekulare pflanzenphysiologie Am MQhlenberg 2 14476 Potsdam Germany Laboratorio de Fisiologia y Biologia Molecular IFIByNE （CONICET） FCEyN-Universidad de Buenos Aires Pab. II Intendente Guiraldes 2160 Buenos Aires C1428EGA Argentina present address： Laboratory of Phytopathology Wageningen University Droevendaalsesteeg 1 6708 PB Wageningen The Netherlands Max Planck Institut for Zuchtungsforschung Department of Plant Microbe Interactions Carl-von-Linne-Weg 10 D-50829 Koln Germany Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences Noskowskiego 12/14 61-704 Poznan Poland Energy Biosciences Institute 130 Calvin Hall University of California at Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720 USA

The Arabidopsis heterotrimeric G-protein controls defense responses to necrotrophic and vascular fungi. The agbl mutant impaired in the Gβ subunit displays enhanced susceptibility to these pathogens. Gβ/AGB1 forms an obligate dimer with either one of the Arabidopsis Gγsubunits （γ1/AGG1 and γ2/AGG2）. Accordingly, we now demonstrate that the aggl agg2 double mutant is as susceptible as agbl plants to the necrotrophic fungus Plectosphaerella cucumerina. To elucidate the molecular basis of heterotrimeric G-protein-mediated resistance, we performed a comparative transcriptomic analysis of agbl-1 mutant and wild-type plants upon inoculation with P cucumerina. This analysis, together with metab- olomic studies, demonstrated that G-protein-mediated resistance was independent of defensive pathways required for resistance to necrotrophic fungi, such as the salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, ethylene, abscisic acid, and tryptophan-derived metabolites signaling, as these pathways were not impaired in agbl and aggl agg2 mutants. Notably, many mis-reguiated genes in agbl plants were related with cell wall functions, which was also the case in aggl agg2 mutant. Biochemical analyses and Fourier Transform InfraRed （FTIR） spectroscopy of cell walls from G-protein mutants revealed that the xylose content was lower in agbl and aggl agg2 mutants than in wild-type plants, and that mutant walls had similar FTIR spec-tratypes, which differed from that of wild-type plants. The data presented here suggest a canonical functionality of the Gβ and Gγ1/γ2 subunits in the control of Arabidopsis immune responses and the regulation of cell wall composition.

关键词： Plant immunity cell wall indole glucosinolates xylose necrotropic fungi G-protein.

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