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Observational Study of Annual Variations of the Surface Energy Balance Components at Zhongshan Station of Antarctica in 1990

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Science China Chemistry 1993年第8期36卷 976-987页

作者：卞林根贾朋群陆龙骅周秀骥 polar meteorological research laboratory of chinese academy of meteorological sciences Beijing 100081 PRC

From February 1990 to January 1991, the measurement experiment was carried out at Zhongshan station, East Antarctica. In the experiment, measurements of the surface radiative fluxes and wind, temperature and humidity profiles in the lowest 32 m in the atmosphere boundary layer were made throughout the year. The regime of the surface energy balance was analysed based on the observed data. The conclusion was derived that in warm season (from Nov. to Feb.), large amounts of energy are absorbed by the surface and then transported to the atmosphere in the form of sensible and latent heat, while in cold season (from Mar. to Oct.) continually radiative cooling of the surface occurs.

关键词： Antarctica Zhongshan station surface energy balance turbulent exchange flux radiative flux.

Einstein Probe discovery of EP240408a: A peculiar X-ray transient with an intermediate timescale

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Science China(Physics,Mechanics & Astronomy) 2025年第1期Mechanics & Astronomy) .卷 222-240页

作者： Wenda Zhang Weimin Yuan Zhixing Ling Yong Chen Nanda Rea Arne Rau Zhiming Cai Huaqing Cheng Francesco Coti Zelati Lixin Dai Jingwei Hu Shumei Jia Chichuan Jin Dongyue Li Paul O’Brien Rongfeng Shen Xinwen Shu Shengli Sun Xiaojin Sun Xiaofeng Wang Lei Yang Bing Zhang Chen Zhang Shuang-Nan Zhang Yonghe Zhang Jie An David Buckley Alexis Coleiro Bertrand Cordier Liming Dou Rob Eyles-Ferris Zhou Fan Hua Feng Shaoyu Fu Johan P.U.Fynbo Lluis Galbany Saurabh W.Jha Shuaiqing Jiang Albert Kong Erik Kuulkers Weihua Lei Wenxiong Li Bifang Liu Mingjun Liu Xing Liu Yuan Liu Zhu Liu Chandreyee Maitra Alessio Marino Itumeleng Monageng Kirpal Nandra Jeremy Sanders Roberto Soria Lian Tao Junfeng Wang Song Wang Tinggui Wang Zhongxiang Wang Qingwen Wu Xuefeng Wu Dong Xu Yanjun Xu Suijian Xue Yongquan Xue Zijian Zhang Zipei Zhu Hu Zou Congying Bao Fansheng Chen Houlei Chen Tianxiang Chen Wei Chen Yehai Chen Yifan Chen Chenzhou Cui Weiwei Cui Yanfeng Dai Dongwei Fan Ju Guan Dawei Han Dongjie Hou Haibo Hu Maohai Huang Jia Huo Zhenqing Jia Bowen Jiang Ge Jin Chengkui Li Junfei Li Longhui Li Maoshun Li Wei Li Zhengda Li Tianying Lian Congzhan Liu Heyang Liu Huaqiu Liu Fangjun Lu Laidan Luo Jia Ma Xuan Mao Haiwu Pan Xin Pan Liming Song Hui Sun Yunyin Tan Qingjun Tang Yihan Tao Hao Wang Juan Wang Lei Wang Wenxin Wang Yilong Wang Yusa Wang Qinyu Wu Haitao Xu Jingjing Xu Xinpeng Xu Yunfei Xu Zhao Xu Changbin Xue Yulong Xue Ailiang Yan Haonan Yang Xiongtao Yang Yanji Yang Juan Zhang Mo Zhang Wenjie Zhang Zhen Zhang Zhen Zhang Ziliang Zhang Donghua Zhao Haisheng Zhao Xiaofan Zhao Zijian Zhao Hongyan Zhou Yilin Zhou Yuxuan Zhu Zhencai Zhu National Astronomical Observatories chinese academy of sciences School of Astronomy and Space sciences University of chinese academy of sciences Key laboratory of Particle Astrophysics Institute of High Energy Physics chinese academy of sciences Institute of Space sciences (ICE) CSIC Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC) Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics Innovation academy for Microsatellites chinese academy of sciences Department of Physics University of Hong Kong School of Physics and Astronomy University of Leicester School of Physics and Astronomy Sun Yat-sen University Department of Physics Anhui Normal University Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics chinese academy of sciences Physics Department Tsinghua University Nevada Center for Astrophysics University of Nevada Las Vegas Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Nevada Las Vegas South African Astronomical Observatory Department of Astronomy University of Cape Town Department of Physics University of the Free State Université Paris Cité CNRS Astroparticule et Cosmologie Université Paris Cité CEA Paris-Saclay IRFU/DAp-AIM Department of Astronomy Guangzhou University Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN) Niels Bohr Institute University of Copenhagen Department of Physics and Astronomy Rutgers the State University of New Jersey Institute for Cosmic Ray research The University of Tokyo ESA/ESTEC Department of Astronomy School of Physics Huazhong University of Science and Technology INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino Sydney Institute for Astronomy School of Physics The University of Sydney Department of Astronomy Xiamen University Institute for Frontiers in Astronomy and Astrophysics Beijing Normal University Department of Astronomy University of Science and Technology School of Astronomy and Space sciences University of Science and Technology of China Institute of Deep Space sciences Deep Space Exploration laboratory Department of Astronomy School of Physics and Astronomy Yunnan University Shanghai Astronomical Observatory Chi

We report the discovery of a peculiar X-ray transient,EP240408a,by Einstein Probe （EP） and follow-up studies made with EP,Swift,NICER,GROND,ATCA and other ground-based multiwavelength *** new transient was first detected with Wide-field X-ray Telescope （WXT） on board EP on April 8th,2024,manifested in an intense yet brief X-ray flare lasting for *** flare reached a peak flux of 3.9×10-9erg cm-2s-1in 0.5-4 ke V,～300 times brighter than the underlying X-ray emission detected throughout the *** and more precise follow-up observations by EP/FXT,Swift and NICER confirmed the finding of this new *** X-ray spectrum is non-thermal in 0.5-10 ke V,with a power-law photon index varying *** X-ray light curve shows a plateau lasting for ～4 d,followed by a steep decay till becoming undetectable ～10 d after the initial *** on its temporal property and constraints from previous EP observations,an unusual timescale in the range of 7-23 d is found for EP240408a,which is intermediate between the commonly found fast and long-term *** counterparts have been found in optical and near-infrared,with the earliest observation at 17 h after the initial X-ray detection,suggestive of intrinsically weak emission in these *** demonstrate that the remarkable properties of EP240408a are inconsistent with any of the transient types known so far,by comparison with,in particular,jetted tidal disruption events,gamma-ray bursts,X-ray binaries and fast blue optical *** nature of EP240408a thus remains an *** suggest that EP240408a may represent a new type of transients with intermediate timescales of the order of～10 *** detection and follow-ups of more of such objects are essential for revealing their origin.

关键词： X-ray transients ${\bm~{Einstein~~Probe}}$

The Southern Annular Mode(SAM) in PMIP2 Simulations of the Last Glacial Maximum

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Advances in Atmospheric sciences 2014年第4期31卷 863-878页

作者： Seong-Joong KIM L Junmei Baek-Min KIM Korea polar research Institute KORDI chinese academy of meteorological sciences

The increasing trend of the Southern Annular Mode （SAM） in recent decades has influenced climate change in the Southem Hemisphere （SH）.How the SAM will respond increased greenhouse gas concentrations in the future remains *** the variability of the SAM in the past under a colder climate such as during the Last Glacial Maximum （LGM） might provide some understanding of the response of the SAM under a future warmer *** analyzed the changes in the SAM during the LGM in comparison to pre-industrial （PI） simulations using five coupled ocean-atmosphere models （CCSM,FGOALS,IPSL,MIROC,HadCM） from the second phase of the Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project （PMIP2）.In CCSM,MIROC,IPSL,and FGOALS,the variability of the simulated SAM appears to be reduced in the LGM compared to the PI simulations,with a decrease in the standard deviation of the SAM ***,four out of the five models suggest a weaker SAM amplitude in the LGM consistent with a weaker SH polar vortex and westerly winds found in some proxy records and model *** weakening of the SAM in the LGM was associated with an increase in the vertical propagation of Rossby waves in southern high latitudes.

关键词： Southern Annular Mode Last Glacial Maximum PMIP2 Southern Hemisphere westerly winds

Climate and Forecast Mode Simulations for Antarctica:Implications for Temperature and Wind

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Advances in Atmospheric sciences 2010年第6期27卷 1453-1472页

作者：辛羽飞 Annette RINKE 卞林根 Klaus DETHLOFF 效存德 Moritz MIELKE chinese academy of meteorological sciences Alfred Wegener Institute for polar and Marine research

Climate and forecast mode simulations with the regional climate model HIRlam-ECHAM（HIRHAM） are evaluated over a pan-Antarctic domain. The ability of the model to simulate temperature and wind profiles in the troposphere is quantified by comparing its results with radiosonde data acquired from the Davis station for January and July 2007. Compared to the climate mode, the forecast mode was found to deliver improved results for temperature and wind simulations at the near surface and in the lower troposphere. The main remaining model bias found was the under-representation of low-level wind jets. Based on ensemble simulations, it is shown that a distinct internal variability is inherent in the climate mode simulations, and associated areas of reduced predictability over Antarctica are identified.

关键词： regional climate model Antarctica forecast mode climate mode

Emission inventory evaluation using observations of regional atmospheric background stations of China

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Journal of Environmental sciences 2013年第3期25卷 537-546页

作者： Xingqin An Zhaobin Sun Weili Lin Min Jin Nan Li chinese academy of meteorological sciences China Meteorological Administration Beijing meteorological Observatory

Any accurate simulation of regional air quality by numerical models entails accurate and up-to-date emissions data for that *** INTEX-B2006 （I06）,one of the newest emission inventories recently popularly used in China and East Asia,has been assessed using the Community Multiscale Air Quality model and observations from regional atmospheric background stations of *** of the model results with the observations for the species SO2,NO 2,O 3 and CO from the three regional atmospheric background stations of Shangdianzi,Longfengshan and Linan show that the model can basically capture the temporal characteristics of observations such as the monthly,seasonal and diurnal variance *** to the other three species,the simulated CO values were grossly underestimated by about two-third or one-half of the observed values,related to the uncertainty in CO *** to the other two stations,Shangdianzi had poorer simulations,especially for SO2 and CO,which partly resulted from the site location close to local emission sources from the Beijing area;and the regional inventory used was not capable of capturing the influencing factors of strong regional sources on ***,the fact that summer gave poor simulation,especially for SO2 and O 3,might partly relate to poor simulations of meteorological fields such as temperature and wind.

关键词： evaluation CMAQ model INTEX-B2006 inventory regional atmospheric background stations

The role of dynamic transport in the formation of the inverted charge structure in a simulated hailstorm

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Science China Earth sciences 2016年第7期59卷 1414-1426页

作者： XU Liang Tao ZHANG Yi Jun LIU Heng Yi ZHENG Dong WANG Fei State Key laboratory of Severe Weather Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences College of Earth sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences laboratory of Lightning Physics and Protection Engineering Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences

The inverted charge structure formation of a hailstorm was investigated using the Advanced Weather research and Forecasting(WRF-ARW) model coupled with electrification and discharge schemes. Different processes may be responsible for inverted charge structure in different storms and regions. A dynamical-derived mechanism of inverted charge structure formation was confirmed by the numerical model: the inverted structure was formed by strong updraft and downdraft under normal-polarity charging conditions such that the graupel charged negatively in the main charging region in the middle-upper level of the cloud. The simulation results showed the storm presented a normal charge structure before and after hail-fall; while during the hail-fall stage, it showed an inverted charge structure—negative charge region in the upper level of the cloud and a positive charge region in the middle level of the cloud—appearing at the front edge near the strong updraft in the hailstorm. The charging processes between the two particles mainly occurred at the top of the cloud, where the graupel charged negatively and ice crystals positively due to the strong updraft. When the updraft air reached the top of the storm, it would spread to the rear and front. The light ice crystals were transported backward and forward more easily. Meanwhile, the positively charged ice crystals were transported downward by the frontal subsidence, and then a positive charge region formed between the ?10 and ?25°C levels. Subsequently, a negative charge region materialized in the upper level of the cloud, and the inverted charge structure formed.

关键词： Severe storm Mesoscale model Inverted charge structure

Differences in the Rainfall Characteristics between Mount Tai and Its Surrounding Areas

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Journal of meteorological research 2019年第5期33卷 976-988页

作者： Yuting GAN Nina LI Jian LI chinese academy of meteorological sciences China Meteorological Administration

As a typical small-scale, isolated topography, Mount Tai exhibits great differences in precipitation characteristics from the surrounding areas. It was found that the amount of rainfall occurring over Mount Tai is significantly larger than what is observed in the surrounding areas. Based on hourly rain gauge records for the warm season(May to September) of 1996–2015, differences between Mount Tai and its surrounding areas were further revealed in terms of rainfall diurnal variation, spatial scale, and evolution process. The diurnal variation of the enhancement on rainfall amount exhibit "dual peaks" occurring in the early morning and afternoon, and the dual peaks are mainly attributable to rainfall frequency. The diurnal phase of the rainfall amount in the surrounding areas lags 1 h behind that over Mount Tai. Regarding differences in rainfall spatial scale, compared to those of surrounding areas, precipitation over Mount Tai is characterized by a smaller coverage, especially in the early morning. Mount Tai also tends to have a kind of unique, small-scale rainfall in the afternoon and at night. Based on statistical analysis of precipitation events,differences in rainfall evolution process were identified as well. Rainfall over Mount Tai often starts earlier in the afternoon and ends later at night than it does in the surrounding areas. Furthermore, nocturnal rainfall events over Mount Tai are prone to peaking over a shorter period and enduring for a longer period after reaching their maximum intensity, compared with nocturnal rainfall events occurring in the surrounding areas. Rainfall events over Mount Tai always last longer, especially those occurring in the early morning. In general, Mount Tai has a large enhancement effect on rainfall.

关键词： rainfall differences diurnal variation rainfall evolution process isolated topography Mount Tai

Wintertime peroxyacetyl nitrate(PAN) in the megacity Beijing: Role of photochemical and meteorological processes

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Journal of Environmental sciences 2014年第1期26卷 83-96页

作者： Hualong Zhang Xiaobin Xu Weili Lin Ying Wang Key laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry China Meteorological Administration Institute of Atmospheric Composition Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences meteorological Observation Centre China Meteorological Administration

Previous measurements of peroxyacetyl nitrate （PAN） in Asian megacities were scarce and mainly conducted for relative short periods in summer. Here, we present and analyze the measurements of PAN, O3, NOx, etc., made at an urban site （CMA） in Beijing from 25 January to 22 March 2010. The hourly concentration of PAN averaged 0.70 × 10^-9 mol/mol （0.23 × 10^9-3.51 × 10^9 mol/mol） and was well correlated with that of NOa but not O3, indicating that the variations of the winter concentrations of PAN and O3 in urban Beijing are decoupled with each other. Wind conditions and transport of air masses exert very significant impacts on O3, PAN, and other species. Air masses arriving at the site originated either from the boundary layer over the highly polluted N-S-W sector or from the free troposphere over the W-N sector. The descending free-tropospheric air was rich in O3, with an average PAN/O3 ratio smaller than 0.O31, while the boundary layer air over the polluted sector contained higher levels of PAN and primary pollutants, with an average PAN/O3 ratio of 0.11. These facts related with transport conditions can well explain the observed PAN-O3 decoupling. Photochemical production is important to PAN in the winter over Beijing. The concentration of the peroxyacetyl （PA） radicai was estimated to be in the range of 0.0014 × 10^-12～0.0042 × 10^-12 mol/mol. The contributions of the formation reaction and thermal decomposition to PAN＇s variation were calculated and found to be significant even in the colder period in air over Beijing, with the production exceeding the decomposition.

关键词： peroxyacetyl nitrate photochemical production wintertime urban Beijing

Atmospheric sulfur hexafluoride in-situ measurements at the Shangdianzi regional background station in China

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Journal of Environmental sciences 2014年第12期26卷 2451-2458页

作者： Bo Yao Lingxi Zhou Lingjun Xia Gen Zhang Lifeng Guo Zhao Liu Shuangxi Fang Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences chinese academy of meteorological sciences (CAMS) China Meteorological Administration (CMA) University of chinese academy of sciences Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology meteorological research Institute of Heilongjiang Province

We present in-situ measurements of atmospheric sulfur hexafluoride（SF6） conducted by an automated gas chromatograph–electron capture detector system and a gas chromatography/mass spectrometry system at a regional background site, Shangdianzi,in China, from June 2009 to May 2011, using the System for Observation of Greenhouse gases in Europe and Asia and Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment（AGAGE）techniques. The mean background and polluted mixing ratios for SF6 during the study period were 7.22 × 10-12（mol/mol, hereinafter） and 8.66 × 10-12, respectively. The averaged SF6 background mixing ratios at Shangdianzi were consistent with those obtained at other AGAGE stations located at similar latitudes（Trinidad Head and Mace Head）, but larger than AGAGE stations in the Southern Hemisphere（Cape Grim and Cape Matatula）. SF6 background mixing ratios increased rapidly during our study period, with a positive growth rate at 0.30 × 10-12year-1. The peak to peak amplitude of the seasonal cycle for SF6 background conditions was 0.07 × 10-12, while the seasonal fluctuation of polluted conditions was 2.16 × 10-12. During the study period, peak values of SF6 mixing ratios occurred in autumn when local surface horizontal winds originated from W/WSW/SW/SWS/S sectors, while lower levels of SF6 mixing ratios appeared as winds originated from N/NNE/NE/ENE/E sectors.

关键词： Atmospheric sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) In-situ measurement Shangdianzi Seasonality Data analysis