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On the functions of astrocyte-mediated neuronal slow inward currents

Neural Regeneration Research 2024年第12期19卷 2602-2612页

作者： Balázs Pál department of physiology Faculty of MedicineUniversity of DebrecenDebrecenHungary

Slow inward currents are known as neuronal excitatory currents mediated by glutamate release and activation of neuronal extra synaptic N-met hyl-D-aspartate receptors with the contribution of *** events are significantly slower than the excitatory postsynaptic *** of slow inward currents are determined by seve ral factors including the mechanisms of astrocytic activation and glutamate release,as well as the diffusion pathways from the release site towards the extra synaptic recepto *** are stimulated by neuronal network activity,which in turn excite neurons,forming an astrocyte-neuron feedback *** as a consequence of brain edema,astrocytic swelling can also induce slow inward currents under pathological *** is a growing body of evidence on the roles of slow inward currents on a single neuron or local network *** events often occur in synchro ny on neurons located in the same astrocytic *** synchronization of neuronal excitability,slow inward currents also set synaptic strength via eliciting timing-dependent synaptic *** addition,slow inward currents are also subject to non-synaptic plasticity triggered by long-la sting stimulation of the excitatory *** note,there might be important regionspecific differences in the roles and actions triggering slow inward *** greater networks,the pathophysiological roles of slow inward currents can be better understood than physiological *** inward currents are identified in the pathophysiological background of autism,as slow inward currents drive early hypersynchrony of the neural *** inward currents are significant contributors to paroxysmal depolarizational shifts/interictal *** events are related to epilepsy,but also found in Alzheimer's disease,Parkinson's disease,and stroke,leading to the decline of cognitive *** with features overlapping with slow inward currents(excitatory,N-methyl-Dasp

关键词： astrocyte cortical spreading depolarization gliotransmission glutamate neural synchronization NMDA receptor paroxysmal depolarizational shift slow inward current

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Lactate is a potentially harmful substitute for brain glucose fuel:consequences for metabolic restoration of neurotransmission

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Neural Regeneration Research 2025年第5期20卷 1403-1404页

作者： Oliver Kann Lennart Soder Babak Khodaie Institute of physiology and pathophysiology Heidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences(IZN) Heidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany

The metabolite lactate (L-lactate) can be generated and released by diverse brain cells,including neurons,astrocytes,and oligodendrocytes (Kann,2023;Rae et al.,2024).Lactate production usually requires the degradation of glucose (D-glucose)-and glycogen in astrocytes-to pyruvate by glycolysis and subsequent conversion of pyruvate to lactate by the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase(Figure 1A;Dienel,2019;Rae et al.,2024).

关键词： consequences Figure restoration

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K^(+) channel-mediated retarded maturation of interneurons and its role in neurodevelopmental disorders

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Neural Regeneration Research 2024年第7期19卷 1403-1404页

作者： Kaizhen Li Daria Savitska Olga Garaschuk Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience Department of PhysiologyUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland Institute of physiology Department of NeurophysiologyEberhard Karls University of TübingenTübingenGermany

De novo mutations in genes encoding K^(+)channels are implicated in many severe neurodevelopmental ***,mutations in KCNA2,encoding the Shaker-type voltage-gated K^(+)channel Kv1.2,and KCNJ2,encoding the inwardly rectifying K^(+)channel Kir2.1,associate with focal and generalized epilepsies,brain atrophy,autism,ataxia and hereditary spastic paraplegia(Syrbe et al.,2015;Masnada et al.,2017;Cheng et al.,2021).

关键词： disorders atrophy

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Regenerative medicine strategies for chronic complete spinal cord injury

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Neural Regeneration Research 2024年第4期19卷 818-824页

作者： Shogo Hashimoto Narihito Nagoshi Masaya Nakamura Hideyuki Okano department of Orthopedic Surgery Keio University School of Medicine department of physiology Keio University School of Medicine

Spinal cord injury is a condition in which the parenchyma of the spinal cord is damaged by trauma or various *** rapid progress has been made in regenerative medicine for spinal cord injury that was previously untreatable,most research in this field has focused on the early phase of incomplete ***,the majority of patients have chronic severe injuries;therefore,treatments for these situations are of fundamental *** reason why the treatment of complete spinal cord injury has not been studied is that,unlike in the early stage of incomplete spinal cord injury,there are various inhibitors of neural ***,we assumed that it is difficult to address all conditions with a single treatment in chronic complete spinal cord injury and that a combination of several treatments is essential to target severe ***,we established a combination therapy of cell transplantation and drug-releasing scaffolds,which contributes to functional recovery after chronic complete transection spinal cord injury,but we found that functional recovery was limited and still needs further ***,for the further development of the treatment of chronic complete spinal cord injury,we review the necessary approaches to the different pathologies based on our findings and the many studies that have been accumulated to date and discuss,with reference to the literature,which combination of treatments is most effective in achieving functional recovery.

关键词： cell transplantation chronic phase complete transection regenerative medicine spinal cord injury

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Discontinuation of therapy in inflammatory bowel disease: Current views

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World Journal of Clinical Cases 2024年第10期12卷 1718-1727页

作者： Antonio Meštrović Marko Kumric Josko Bozic department of Gastroenterology University Hospital of SplitSplit 21000Croatia department of pathophysiology University of Split School of MedicineSplit 21000Croatia

The timely introduction and adjustment of the appropriate drug in accordance with previously well-defined treatment goals is the foundation of the approach in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease(IBD).The therapeutic approach is still evolving in terms of the mechanism of action but also in terms of the possibility of maintaining *** patients with achieved long-term remission,the question of de-escalation or discontinuation of therapy arises,considering the possible side effects and economic burden of long-term *** each of the drugs used in IBD(5-aminosalycaltes,immunomodulators,biological drugs,small molecules)there is a risk of ***,studies show that more than 50%of patients who discontinue therapy will *** on the findings of large studies and meta-analysis,relapse of disease can be expected in about half of the patients after therapy withdrawal,in case of monotherapy with aminosalicylates,immunomodulators or biological ***,longer relapse-free periods are recorded with withdrawal of medication in patients who had previously been on combination therapies immunomodulators and anti-tumor necrosis *** needs to be stressed that randomised clinical trials regarding withdrawal from medications are still *** making a decision on discontinuation of therapy,it is important to distinguish potential candidates and predictive factors for the possibility of disease *** calprotectin level has currently been identified as the strongest predictive factor for *** other predictive factors have also been identified,such as:High Crohn's disease activity index or Harvey Bradshaw index,younger age(40 years),smoking,young age of disease onset,steroid use 6-12 months before *** important factor in the decision to withdraw medication is the success of re-treatment with the same or other *** decision to discontinue therapy must be based on in

关键词： Inflammatory bowel disease Therapy discontinuation Therapy de-escalation Ulcerative colitis Crohn’s disease

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Mechanism of Cu entry into the brain:many unanswered questions

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Neural Regeneration Research 2024年第11期19卷 2421-2429页

作者： Shubhrajit Roy Svetlana Lutsenko department of physiology Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA

Brain tissue requires high amounts of copper(Cu)for its key physiological processes,such as energy production,neurotransmitter synthesis,maturation of neuropeptides,myelination,synaptic plasticity,and radical *** requirements for Cu in the brain vary depending on specific brain regions,cell types,organism age,and nutritional *** imbalances cause or contribute to several life-threatening neurologic disorders including Menkes disease,Wilson disease,Alzheimer’s disease,Parkinson’s disease,and *** the well-established role of Cu homeostasis in brain development and function,the mechanisms that govern Cu delivery to the brain are not well *** review summarizes available information on Cu transfer through the brain barriers and discusses issues that require further research.

关键词： ATOX1 ATP7A ATP7B blood-brain barrier brain choroid plexus copper SLC31A1

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Gut microbial-host-isozymes are new targets for diseases

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Science China(Life Sciences) 2024年第7期67卷 1525-1527页

作者： Zhiwei Zhang Kai Wang Changtao Jiang department of physiology and pathophysiology School of Basic Medical SciencesState Key Laboratory of Female Fertility PromotionCenter for Reproductive MedicinePeking UniversityBeijing 100191China Center for Obesity and Metabolic Disease Research School of Basic Medical SciencesState Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and RemodelingPeking UniversityBeijing 100191China

Gut microbiota can interact with the host through lots of media including small molecular metabolites and proteins(Cani,2019;Fan and Pedersen,2021;Krautkramer et al.,2021).Recently,a new interaction pattern was identified,i.e.,gut microbiota can mimic the function of the host by producing a variety of enzymes with functions homologous to host enzymes.

关键词： diseases pattern

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Unique Ultrastructural Alterations in the Placenta Associated With Macrosomia Induced by Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

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Maternal-Fetal Medicine 2024年第3期6卷 164-172页

作者： Junxiang Wei Tianyu Dong Mingxia Chen Xiao Luo Yang Mi department of Obstetrics Northwest Women’s and Children’s HospitalXi’an 710061China Laboratory of Electron Microscope Health Science Center of Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’an 710049China department of physiology and pathophysiology School of Basic Medical SciencesHealth Science Center of Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’an 710049China

Objective:To investigate the morphological and ultrastructural alterations in placentas from pregnancies with gestational diabetes mellitus(GDM)–induced macrosomia,term nondiabetic macrosomia,and normal ***:Sixty full-term placentaswere collected,and clinical data alongwith informed consent were obtained from pregnant womenwho underwent regular visit checks and delivered their newborns in Northwest Women’s and Children’s Hospital between May and December *** were divided into three equal groups:normal pregnancy(control group),nondiabetic macrosomia group,and macrosomia complicated with GDM(diabetic macrosomia)*** morphological data of placentas were recorded,and placental samples were processed for examination of ultrastructural and stereological changes using transmission electron *** of variance and chi-squared test were used to examine the differences among the three groups for continuous and categorical variables,***:The baseline characteristics of mothers and neonates did not differ across the three groups,except for a significantly higher birth weight in the diabetic macrosomia group(4172.00±151.20 g vs.3192.00±328.70 g,P<0.001)and nondiabetic macrosomia group(4138.00±115.20 g vs.3192.00±328.70 g,P<0.001)comparedwith control *** of the placentas revealed that placental weight was also highest in the diabeticmacrosomia group comparedwith control group(810.00±15.81 g vs.490.00±51.48 g,P<0.001)and nondiabetic macrosomia group(810.00±15.81 g vs.684.00±62.69 g,P<0.001),but the ratio of neonatal birth weight to placental weight(BW/PW)was significantly lower in the diabetic macrosomia group compared with that in the control group(5.15±0.19 vs.6.54±0.63,P<0.001)and nondiabetic macrosomia group(5.15±0.19 vs.6.09±0.52,P<0.001)*** contrast,the BW/PW ratio in nondiabetic macrosomia did not differ significantly from that in the control *** ultrastructural changes in terminal v

关键词： Placenta Macrosomia Gestational diabetes mellitus Ultrastructure Morphology

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New pharmacological tools:the use of diterpenes to promote adult hippocampal neurogenesis

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Neural Regeneration Research 2024年第8期19卷 1629-1630页

作者： Ricardo Gomez-Oliva Pedro Nunez-Abades Carmen Castro department of Biomedicine Biotechnology and Public HealthDivision of PhysiologyUniversity of CadizCadizSpain Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cadiz(INiBICA) CadizSpain department of physiology University of SevilleSevilleSpain

Tissue regeneration maintains homeostasis and preserves the functional features of each ***,not all tissues show a strong repairing *** is the case of the central nervous *** is now well established that the generation of new functional neurons from stem cells in the adult brain occurs in specific regions of the brain of different species such as rodents,birds,primates,and humans(Eriksson et al.,1998).

关键词： capacity maintain preserve

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Short neuropeptide F in integrated insect physiology

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Journal of Zhejiang University-Science B(Biomedicine & Biotechnology) 2024年第5期25卷 389-409页

作者： Marcin CHOLEWINSKI Szymon CHOWANSKI Jan LUBAWY Arkadiusz URBANSKI Karolina WALKOWIAK-NOWICKA Paweł MARCINIAK department of Animal physiology and Developmental Biology Adam Mickiewicz UniversityPoznan 61-614Poland

The short neuropeptide F(sNPF)family of peptides is a multifunctional group of neurohormones involved in the regulation of various physiological processes in *** have been found in a broad spectrum of species,but the number of isoforms in the precursor molecule varies from one to *** receptor for sNPF(sNPFR),which belongs to the G protein-coupled receptor family,has been characterized in various insect orders and was shown to be an ortholog of the mammalian prolactin-releasing peptide receptor(PrPR).The sNPF signaling pathway interacts with other neurohormones such as insulin-like peptides,SIFamide,and pigment-dispersing factors(PDFs)to regulate various *** main physiological function of sNPF seems to be involved in the regulation of feeding,but the observed effects are *** is also connected with the regulation of foraging behavior and the olfactory *** influence of sNPF on feeding and thus energy metabolism may also indirectly affect other vital processes,such as reproduction and *** addition,these neurohormones are involved in the regulation of locomotor activity and circadian rhythm in *** review summarizes the current state of knowledge about the sNPF system in insects.

关键词： Insect neuropeptide Invertebrate neurobiology Short neuropeptide F(sNPF) Feeding Neurohormone

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