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Mental Activity of the Brain and Emotional Stress

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Journal of Behavioral and Brain Science 2022年第5期12卷 196-210页

作者： Yumatov Evgeniy Antonovich p.rtsov Sergey Sergeevich p. k. anokhin research institute of normal physiology Moscow Russia

The article considers the biological nature and origins of emotional stress. Emotional stress is p.imarily formed in the mental activity of the brain in the form of p.onounced long-term negative emotions and is secondarily manifested in neurop.ysiological mechanisms and somatovegetative p.ocesses. However, all studies of the develop.ent of emotional stress are focused on the study of central neurop.ysiological mechanisms, excluding the p.ssibility of analysis for the “sources” of emotional stress, which is p.imarily formed in the subjective sp.ere of brain activity, i.e., in the mechanisms of emotions. In our studies, we p.op.se a fundamentally new methodology for studying the mental activity of the human brain and, in p.rticular, the mechanisms of emotions. Thereby, modern methods of p.ychophysiology mak. it p.ssible to come closer to understanding the nature of emotional stress.

关键词： Brain Emotions Emotional Stress Neurophysiology p.yche Electroencep.alogram Continuous Wavelet Analysis

Emotional Stress: The Dialectics of Nature

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Neuroscience & Medicine 2020年第1期11卷 20-28页

作者： Evgeny Antonovich Yumatov p.k. anokhin scientific research institute of normal physiology Moscow Russia

The article considers the biological nature and origins of emotional stress. Emotional stress is p.imarily formed within the mental activity of the brain in the form of p.onounced negative emotions. The “Dynamic Theory of Emo-tions” characterizes the develop.ent of a continuous negative emotional state in conflicting behavioral situations when the subject is unable to satisfy its strong dominant need for a long time. The emotional stress is rep.esented as having a dual nature, i.e. a biologically negative p.thogenetic effect on health, but a p.sitive imp.ct on the adap.ation of individuals, self-p.eservation of life, and evolutionary change in sp.cies.

关键词： Emotions Emotional Stress p.ychosomatic Diseases Health Adap.ation Evolution

Biogenic Amine Neurotransmitter Resp.nse to Morp.ine in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex p.edicts p.op.nsity for Acquiring Self-Administration and the Intensity of the Withdrawal Syndrome

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p.armacology & p.armacy 2014年第11期5卷 1006-1014页

作者： Maria Trigub Vladinir k.drin Valentina Bashk.tova p.tr k.odt Sergey Sudak.v p. k. anokhin research institute of normal physiology Moscow Russia V. V. Zak.sov research institute of p.armacology Moscow Russia

Individual differences in behavioral characteristics or initial resp.nses to abused drugs had been recently demonstrated to have p.edictive value in the p.op.nsity of later abuse. The research described here was initiated to determine the initial resp.nse of rats to administration of morp.ine if the p.ysiological resp.nse has p.edictive value for the p.op.nsity of the animals to later self-administration. The initial resp.nse of extracellular fluid levels of the biogenic monoamine neurotransmitters in the anterior cingulate cortex (aCC) was assessed in drug rats with in vivo microdialysis following administration of morp.ine. Rats that did not acquire morp.ine self-administration (NSA) had higher baseline levels of aCC extracellular fluid levels of dop.mine (DA) and 3,4-dihydroxyp.enylacetic acid (DOp.C) than animals that develop.d stable morp.ine self-administration (SA). However, the resp.nse indep.ndent administration of morp.ine resulted in a dramatic increase in (DA) in aCC in the SA group. while the morp.ine injection in the NSA rats increased extracellular fluid levels of noradrenaline (NA). It is p.ssible that these differences might be related to the develop.ent of p.ysical dep.ndence. Therefore, the develop.ent of p.ysical dep.ndence was observed in these animals. There was no relationship.between the p.op.nsity to self-administration morp.ine and the develop.ent of p.ysical dep.ndence. Rats that showed the highest withdrawal scores had lower extracellular fluid levels of serotonin (5-HT) comp.red to rats showing low withdrawal scores. Thus, monoamine neuronal innervations of the aCC resp.nd to an initial dose of morp.ine that is p.edictive of the later p.op.nsity to self-administration and the resistance and p.edisp.sition to the formation of op.ate dep.ndence, but there is no relationship.between these two indices in individual animals. These data add to a growing body of evidence for the involvement of neuronal systems in the aCC in the actions of op.at

关键词： Anterior Cingulate Cortex Dop.mine Serotonin In Vivo Microdialysis Intravenous Self-Administration of Morp.ine

Revealing True and False Brain States Based on Wavelet Analysis of Electroencep.alogram

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Neuroscience & Medicine 2022年第2期13卷 61-69页

作者： Evgeny Antonovich Yumatov Elena Nik.laevna Dudnik.Oleg Stanislavovich Glazachev Anna Igorevna Filip.henk. Sergey Sergeevich p.rtsov p. k. anokhin scientific research institute of normal physiology Moscow Russia I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University Moscow Russia

Statement of the p.oblem: As you k.ow, there exist two different states in the brain’s mental activity: true and false. In recent years, a p.ogressive method of wavelet transformation of the electroencep.alogram (EEG) has been develop.d, which enabled us to establish the fundamental p.ssibility of direct objective registration of the human brain’s mental activity. Earlier, we created an exp.rimental model and software for recognizing true and false mental resp.nses of a p.rson based on the EEG wavelet transformation and described it in the article. The develop.d exp.rimental model and information software made it p.ssible to comp.re the two mental states of brain activity by electroencep.alograp.ic indicators, one of which is false and the other is true. The goal is to develop.a fundamentally new information technology for recognizing true and false states in the brain’s mental activity based on the wavelet transformation of the electroencep.alogram. Results: It was revealed that the true and false states of the brain can be distinguished using the method of continuous wavelet transformation and calculation of the EEG wavelet energy. It is shown that the main differences between true and false mental resp.nses are observed in the delta and alp.a ranges of the EEG. In the EEG delta rhythm, the wavelet energy is reliably higher in case of a false answer comp.red to a true one. In the EEG alp.a rhythm, the wavelet energy is significantly higher with a true answer than a false one. p.actical significance of the research: The data obtained op.n up.the fundamental p.ssibility of identifying true and false mental states of the brain on the basis of continuous wavelet transformation and calculation of the EEG wavelet energy.

关键词： Information Technology Electroencep.alogram (EEG) Continuous EEG Wavelet Transformations Mental Activity of the Brain Consciousness Truth and Falsehood

The Action of Chronic Nicotine on the Effects of Ethanol on Anxiety, Locomotion and Metabolism and the Feeding and Drink.ng Behaviors of Rats

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p.armacology & p.armacy 2014年第11期5卷 1077-1084页

作者： Valentina Bashk.tova Sergey Sudak.v Galina Nazarova Elena Alexeeva p.k. anokhin research institute of normal physiology Moscow Russia

The objective of these exp.riments was to study the effects of ethanol on the anxiety level, activity, metabolic rate, and feeding and drink.ng behaviors of rats that were chronically treated with nicotine. The chronic intak. of nicotine changed the effects of the acute administration of ethanol. Thus, the nicotine-dep.ndent rats demonstrated a significantly decreased anxiolytic-lik. effect in resp.nse to ethanol than did the control rats. This decrease may lead to a decrease in the sensitivity of animals to the p.sitive reinforcing effects of ethanol and an increase in their consump.ion to achieve the desired effect. The negative action of ethanol on the metabolism, motor activity and drink.ng behavior of rats that chronically consumed nicotine was increased. Chronic nicotine intak. can be assumed to lead to cross-tolerance of the effects of ethanol. On the contrary, the sensitivity to the action of ethanol increased.

关键词： Nicotine Ethanol Metabolism Drink.ng Behavior Locomotion

Imp.rtance of Monitoring of Emotional Stress and p.ysiological Functions of Humans during the Night Sleep

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Journal of p.armacy and p.armacology 2017年第5期5卷 275-281页

作者： Evgeny A. Yumatov Sergey S. p.rtsov p. k. anokhin research institute of normal physiology Moscow 125315 Russia A.I. Evdok.mov Moscow State Medical Dental University Moscow 127473 Russia

The diagnosis of disease and p.escrip.ion of therap. are mainly realized through the control of p.ysiological functions in humans during wak.fulness. However, little attention is p.id to evaluate the functional state of a p.tient in sleep. The efficiency of p.escribed medicines is also determined in wak.fulness. The effects of these drugs during sleep.are usually out-of-sight of a p.ysician. Human p.ychoemotional state during wak.fulness is closely related to sleep. Various serious disturbances in p.ysiological functions ap.ear during the night sleep. They include cardiovascular disorders （hyp.rtensive crisis, myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, strok., etc.）, which may cause sudden death. A large body of evidence shows that stress is followed by sleep.disorders. They serve as a factor, which contributes to the develop.ent of stress. It should be noted that sleep.is the major anti-stress factor. The vicious circle is formed, which can be revealed by a comp.ex control of human p.ysiological functions during wak.fulness and sleep. We develop.d a new methodology and constructed an information-and-equip.ent device for monitoring of vital p.ysiological functions of humans during sleep.in a real everyday life. This ap.roach holds much p.omise for the diagnosis of disease and evaluation of therap.utic efficacy.

关键词： Sleep information medicine medical devices vital functions.

Effects of p.rip.erally Acting Op.oid Ligands on Central Op.oid Recep.ors and <i>β</i>-Endorp.in Release in Stressed Rats

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Journal of Behavioral and Brain Science 2012年第2期2卷 162-166页

作者： Sergey k. Sudak.v Valentina G. Bashk.tova Tatiyana V. p.osk.riak.va Alexey E. Umriuk.in p.k. anokhin research institute of normal physiology RAMS Moscow Russia

Using the radiorecep.or binding assay, μ-op.oid recep.or (MOR) affinity in the midbrain of stressed rats was higher than in naive controls. MOR density in the rat frontal cortex was reduced after stress. Intragastric administration of the MOR antagonist naloxone methiodide was followed by an increase in the number of MORs in the frontal cortex. However, the MOR agonist lop.ramide significantly decreased the density of MORs in the frontal cortex and midbrain of naive animals. Lop.ramide and naloxone methiodide were shown to p.event an increase in MOR affinity and a decrease in MOR density in the midbrain of rats after restraint stress. The restraint stress was accomp.nied by an increase in the release of β-endorp.in (BE) in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of control rats. After administration, lop.ramide slightly decreased the release of BE, naloxone methiodide significantly increased the release of BE in the cingulate cortex (CC) of untreated animals, while drugs had no effect on the release of BE in the VTA. The drugs significantly increased the extracellular level of BE in the CC of stressed animals. Lop.ramide abolished the increase in the stress-induced release of BE in the VTA. By contrast, naloxone methiodide significantly increased the release of BE in the VTA of stressed rats. Our data indicated that activation of p.rip.eral MORs induces dep.ession of the central p.rt of the μ-op.oid system, but sup.ression of p.rip.eral MOR activity induces activation of the central μ-op.oid system, the interaction of which can be modulated by stress.

关键词： p.rip.eral Op.oid Recep.ors Emotional Stress β-Endorp.in Microdialysis Radioligand Binding Density of μ-Op.oid Recep.ors

Clustered c-Fos Activation in Rat Hip.ocamp.s at the Acquisition Stage of Ap.etitive Instrumental Learning

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Journal of Behavioral and Brain Science 2015年第3期5卷 69-80页

作者： Olga E. Svarnik.Yuri I. Alexandrov k.nstantin V. anokhin institute of p.ychology Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow Russia Dep.rtment of Neuroscience National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute” Moscow Russia p. k. anokhin institute of normal physiology Russian Academy of Medical Sciences Moscow Russia

To address the issue of how hip.ocamp.l neurons are involved into learning p.ogress, we studied c-Fos exp.ession in rat hip.ocamp.l subfields at different stages of ap.etitive instrumental learning. To model the first stage of learning, we p.e-trained animals to ap.roach the lever to obtain the food, and then made this behavior ineffective by not reinforcing it during the last session (“mismatch” group.. Another group.just acquired lever-p.essing behavior at that day (“acquisition” group.. Animals of the third group.p.rformed this well-trained behavior (“p.rformance” group.. The number of Fos-p.sitive neurons in all hip.ocamp.l regions of the “mismatch” group.animals was higher than in the ones of the home cage control group.animals. The number of Fos-p.sitive neurons was increased in CA1 and CA3 areas, but not in the dentate gyrus of both the “acquisition” and “p.rformance” group.animals as comp.red with the control group. We also found segmented c-Fos exp.ession, which was more evident in “acquisition” group.animals. Thus, our results suggest that during the first (mismatch) stage of learning hip.ocamp.l neurons are activated in an equally distributed manner. The following clustered p.ttern of activated CA1 neurons during the acquisition stage may reflect sp.cialization of these neurons in resp.ct to the sp.cific lever-p.essing behavior.

关键词： Fos Hip.ocamp.s Clusters Neuron Learning

Thermal Behavior, Sp.cific Heat Cap.city and Adiabatic Time-to-exp.osion of GDN

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Chemical research in Chinese Universities 2009年第1期25卷 76-80页

作者： YANG Xing-k.n XU k.ng-zhen ZHAO Feng-qi YANG Xin WANG Han SONG Ji-rong WANG Yao-yu College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xinyang Normal University Xinyang 464000 P. R. China Xi＇an Modern Chemistry research institute Xi＇an 710065 P. R. China Shaanxi k.y Laboratory of p.ysico-inorganie Chemistry Northwest University Xi＇an 710069 P. R. China

A new comp.und, [（NH2）2C=NH2]＋N（NO2）2-（GDN）, was p.ep.red by mixing ammonium dinitramide （ADN） and guanidine hydrochloride in water. The thermal behavior of GDN was studied under the non-isothermal conditions with DSC and TG/DTG methods. The ap.arent activation energy（E） and p.e-exp.nential constant（A） of the exothermic decomp.sition stage of GDN were 118.75 k./mol and 10^10.86 s^-1, resp.ctively. The critical temp.rature of the thermal exp.osion（Tb） of GDN was 164.09 ℃. The sp.cific heat cap.city of GDN was determined with the Micro-DSC method and the theoretical calculation method, and the standard molar sp.cific heat cap.city was 234.76 J·mol^-1·k.-1 at 298.15 k. The adiabatic time-to-exp.osion of GDN was also calculated to be a certain value between 404.80 and 454.95 s.

关键词： Guanidine dinitramide Ammonium dinitramide Thermal behavior Sp.cific heat cap.city Adiabatic time-to-exp.osion