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Patterns of reptile and amphibian species richness along elevational gradients in Mt. kenya

Zoological Research 2015年第6期36卷 342-347页

作者： Patrick Kinyatta MALONZA national museums of kenya Herpetology Section

Faunal species richness is traditionally assumed to decrease with increasing elevation and decreasing prmary productivity. Species richness is reported to peak at mid-elevation. This survey examines the herpetofaunal diversity and distribution in Mt. kenya （central kenya） by testing the hypothesis that changes in species richness with elevation relate to elevation-dependent changes in climate. Sampling along transects from an elevation of approximately 1 700 m in Chogoda forest block （wind-ward side） and approximately 2 600 m in Sirimon block （rain shadow zone） upwards in March 2009. This starts from the forest to montane alpine zones. Sampling of reptiles and amphibians uses pitfall traps associated with ddfl fences, time-limited searches and visual encounter surveys. The results show that herpetofaunal richness differs among three vegetation zones along the elevation gradient. Chogoria has higher biodiversity than Sirimon. More species occur at low and middle elevations and few exist at high elevations. The trends are consistent with expected optimum water and energy variables. The lower alpine montane zone has high species richness but low diversity due to domi- nance of some high elevations species. Unambiguous data do not support a mid-domain effect （mid-elevation peak） because the observed trend better fits a model in which climatic variables （rainfall and temperature） control species richness, which indirectly measures productivity. It is important to continue protection of all indigenous forests, especially at low to mid elevations. These areas are vulnerable to human destruction yet are home to some endemic species. Firebreaks can limit the spread of the perennial wildfires, especially on the moor- lands.

关键词： Herpetofauna Elevation Rainfall Temperature Species diversity

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Biogeography of the Shimba Hills ecosystem herpetofauna in kenya

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Zoological Research 2018年第2期39卷 97-104页

作者： Patrick K. Malonza David M. Mulwa Joash O. Nyamache Georgina Jones Section of Herpetology National Museums of Kenya Nairobi 40658-00100 Kenya Base Titanium Ltd Ukunda 1214-80400 Kenya Sino-Africa Joint Research Center Chinese Academy of Sciences Nairobi 40658-00100 Kenya

The Shimba Hills ecosystem along the south coast of kenya is a key East African biodiversity hotspot. Historically, it is biogeographically assignable to the East African coastal biome. We examined the current Shimba Hills herpetofauna and their zoogeographical affinities to the coastal forests and nearby Eastern Arc Mountains biodiversity hotspots. The key studied sites included the Shimba Hills national Reserve, forest reserves, Kaya forests, and adjacent private land. Data on herpetofaunal richness were obtained from recent field surveys, literature, and specimens held at the national museums of kenya, Herpetology Section Collection, Nairobi. The Makadara, Mwele, and Longo- Mwagandi forests within the Shimba Hills national Reserve hosted the highest number of unique and rare species. Generally, the forest reserves and Kaya forests were important refuges for forest- associated species. On private land, Mukurumudzi Dam riparian areas were the best amphibian habitat and were host to three IUCN （Red List） Endangered- EN amphibian species, namely, Boulengerula changamwensis, Hyperolius rubrovermiculatus, and Afrixalus sylvaticus, as well as one snake species Elapsoidea nigra. Using herpetofauna as zoogeographic indicators, the Shimba Hills were determined to be at a crossroads between the coastal forests （13 endemic species） and the Eastern Arc Mountains （seven endemic species）. Most of the Eastern Arc Mountains endemic species were from recent records, and thus more are likely to be found in the future. This ＇hybrid＇ species richness pattern is attributable to the hilly topography of the Shimba Hills and their proximity to the Indian Ocean. This has contributed to the Shimba Hills being the richest herpetofauna area in kenya, with a total of 89 and 38 reptile and amphibian species, respectively. Because of its unique zoogeography, the Shimba Hills ecosystem is undoubtedly a key biodiversity area for conservation investment.

关键词： Amphibianscoastal forests: Easternspecies ZoogeographyReptiles Eastern AfricaArc Mountains: Indicator

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Conservation education and habitat restoration for the endangered Sagalla caecilian （Boulengerula niedeni） in Sagalla Hill, kenya

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Zoological Research 2016年第3期37卷 159-166页

作者： Malonza, Patrick K Herpetology Section National Museums of Kenya 40658-00100 Nairobi KENYA. kmalonza@museums.or.ke.

The Sagalla caecilian （Boulengerula niedeni） is an endangered amphibian endemic to Sagalla Hill in the Taita Hills. This burrowing worm-like species prefers soft soil with high moisture and organic matter. The major threats to the Sagalla caecilian are soil erosion caused by steep slopes, bare ground and water siphoning/soil hardening from exotic eucalyptus trees. The purpose of this study was to get a better understanding of the local people＇s attitude towards this species and how they can contribute to its continued conservation through restoration of its remaining habitat. In this study, it was found that 96% of Sagalla people are aware of the species, its habits and its association with soils high in organic matter. It was also found that 96% of Sagalla people use organic manure from cow dung in their farms. Habitat restoration through planting of indigenous plants was found to be ongoing, especially on compounds of public institutions as well as on private lands. Although drought was found to be a challenge for seedlings development especially on the low elevation sites, destruction by livestock especially during the dry season is also a major threat. In this study, it was recommended that any future habitat restoration initiative should include strong chain-link fencing to protect the seedlings from livestock activity. Recognizing that the preferred habitats for the species are in the valleys, systematic planting of keystone plant species such as fig trees （Ficus） creates the best microhabitats. These are better than general woodlots of indigenous trees.

关键词： Local people Caecilian Awareness,Protection, Habitat rehabilitation

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Small mammal diversity of Mt. kenya based oncarnivore fecal and surface bone remains

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Zoological Research 2019年第1期40卷 61-69页

作者： Ogeto Mwebi Esther Nguta Veronica Onduso Ben Nyakundi Xue-Long Jiang Esther N.Kioko Osteology Section Department of Zoology National Museums of Kenya Kunming Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Sino-African Joint Research Center Chinese Academy of Sciences

Ecological dynamics and faunal diversity documentation is normally conducted by direct observation and trapping of live animals. However,surveys of carnivore scat prey and surface bone remains, which are relatively inexpensive, can provide complementary data that expand carnivore diet breadth and may improve accuracy regarding inferences of the ecological dynamics of a given ecosystem. We used this inexpensive method to document species diversity variation with elevation on the leeward(Sirimon) and windward(Chogoria)areas of Mt. kenya. Bone and fecal specimens were opportunistically collected by walking 2 km in opposite directions from transect points selected at 200-m intervals along the elevational gradient of the study areas. We collected a total of 220 carnivore fecal and owl pellet specimens from both study sites, which were mainly deposited by the spotted hyena(Crocuta crocuta), leopard(Panthera pardus),serval(Leptailurus serval), genet(Genetta sp.), and Mackinder's Cape owl(Bubo capensis mackinderi).Serval scats were the most common, followed by those of the spotted hyena. Scats and bones were found at the lowest density at the lowest elevations,peaked at mid-higher elevations, and then declined at the highest elevations. Based on skeletal analysis only, there were more species in Sirimon(19) than in Chogoria(12). Small fauna(rodents to duiker size bovids) formed the bulk of the identified remains,representing 87.9% of the Sirimon fauna and 90.9% of the Chogoria fauna. The genus Otomys was the dominant prey of the owl and serval in both sites. Three giraffe teeth were found at 3 500 m a.s.l. in Chogoria on the edge of Lake El is, suggesting that it is an occasional visitor to such high elevations. This study underscores the value of fecal and bone surveys in understanding the diet and diversity of mammals in ecological ecosystems,but such surveys should be complemented with analysis of hairs found in scats to obtain a more complete list of carnivore prey at M

关键词： Ecological dynamics Faunal diversity Scats Pellets Mt.kenya

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Testing decreasing variabililty of cockroach forewings through time using four Recent species： Blattella germanica, Polyphaga aegyptiaca, Shelfordella lateralis and Blaberus craniifer, with implications for the study of fossil cockroach forewings

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Insect Science 2012年第2期19卷 129-142页

作者： Andrew J. Ross Department of Natural Sciences National Museums Scotland Edinburgh UK

Vrsansky, （2000） considered there is decreasing variability in the forewings of cockroaches through time, based on a study of fossil and Recent species. This study tests his theory, based on a study of four Recent species of cockroaches： Blattella germanica （Blattellidae）, Polyphaga aegyptiaca （Polyphagidae）, Shelfordella lateralis （Blattidae） and Blaberus craniifer （Blaberidae）. The new results, based on the coefficient of variation （CV） of the number of veins, indicate that Recent species can be more variable than fossil species and therefore do not support the theory. The results also show that at least 30 complete wings of the same species are required for a reliable CV value that is compa- rable between species.

关键词： Blaberidae Blattellidae Blattidae cockroach Polyphagidae variation

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Analysis of Feed Preference of Edible Termites (Isoptera) on Selected Plants and Their Crude Extract Phytochemistry

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Advances in Entomology 2022年第1期10卷 52-62页

作者： C. M. Ameka Benard Muok Helida Oyieke Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology Bondo Kenya national museums of kenya Nairobi Kenya

Termites are social insects that inhabit colonies in the soil. Termites feed on a wide range of plants found within diverse habitats of Luanda Sub-County. This study aimed at assessing feed preference of edible termites and analyzing their phytochemical composition. Termites were exposed to ten different test plants in their natural habitats to assess feed preference. Forty-seven study sites were selected as they had high termite abundance from previous studies. The test plants were Grevillea robusta, sugarcane, maize, blue citronella grass, Eucalyptus, mango, avocado, neem, bamboo and a mixture of all the ten plants. Small pits were dug in the ground where the ten treatments were placed and replicated four times each. The test plants were placed in the evening then covered with soil block. The number of termites feeding on the test plants was counted after 12 hours the following day. There were separate trials for crushed and uncrushed feed substrates. The feed substrates that showed high feed preference was selected for phytochemical analysis. The plants whose crude extract was obtained were Grevillea robusta, bamboo, Eucalyptus, cypress, maize and sugarcane. The results for this study were analysed using one-way ANOVA. The study revealed that crushed feed substrates had a high level of feed preference by termites p a. Phytochemical analysis of the crude plant extrac

关键词： Termites Substrate Phytochemical

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Diversity and distribution patterns of non-volant smallmammals along different elevation gradients on Mt. kenya,kenya

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Zoological Research 2019年第1期40卷 53-60页

作者： Simon Musila Zhong-Zheng Chen Quan Li Richard Yego Bin Zhang Kenneth Onditi Immaculate Muthoni Shui-Wang He Samson Omondi James Mathenge Esther N.Kioko Xue-Long Jiang Mammalogy Section Department of Zoology National Museums of Kenya Kunming Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Anhui Province Key Laboratory for Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resource College of Life Science Anhui Normal University Sino-Africa Joint Research Center Chinese Academy of Sciences kenya Wildlife Service Mweiga Research Station

The distribution of small mammals in mountainous environments across different elevations can provide important information on the effects of climate change on the dispersal of species. However, few studies conducted on Afromontane ecosystems have compared the altitudinal patterns of small mammal diversity. We investigated the species diversity and abundance of non-volant small mammals(hereafter ‘small mammals')on Mt. kenya, the second tallest mountain in Africa,using a standard sampling scheme. Nine sampling transects were established at intervals of 200 m on the eastern(Chogoria) and western(Sirimon) slopes.A total of 1 905 individuals representing 25 species of small mammals were trapped after 12 240 *** was highest at mid-elevations on both ***, species richness and their distribution patterns differed between the two slopes. More species were recorded on Chogoria(24) than on Sirimon(17). On Chogoria, species richness was higher at mid-high elevations, with a peak at mid-elevation(2 800 m a.s.l.),whereas species richness showed little variation on the Sirimon slope. These results indicate that patterns of species diversity can differ between slopes on the same mountain. In addition, we extensively reviewed literature on Mt. kenya's mammals and compiled a comprehensive checklist of 76 mammalian species. However, additional research is required to improve our understanding of smal mammal diversity in mountain habitats in Africa.

关键词： Small mammals Species richness Abundance Elevation Mt.kenya

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Discovery of novel DNA viruses in small mammals from kenya

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Virologica Sinica 2022年第4期37卷 491-502页

作者： Griphin Ochieng Ochola Bei Li Vincent Obanda Sheila Ommeh Harold Ochieng Xing-Lou Yang Samson Omondi Onyuok Zheng-Li Shi Bernard Agwanda Ben Hu CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety Wuhan Institute of VirologyChinese Academy of SciencesWuhan430071China Sino-Africa Joint Research Center Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan430074China Mammalogy Section National Museums of KenyaNairobi40658-00100Kenya University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100049China Veterinary Services Department Kenya Wildlife ServiceNairobi40241-00100Kenya Institute of Biotechnology Research Jomo Kenyatta University of Science and TechnologyNairobi62000-00200Kenya

Emergence and re-emergence of infectious diseases of wildlife origin have led pre-emptive pathogen surveillances in animals to be a public health *** and shrews are among the most numerically abundant vertebrate taxa and are known as natural hosts of important zoonotic *** surveillance programs focused more on RNA *** comparison,much less is known about DNA viruses harbored by these small *** fill this knowledge gap,tissue specimens of 232 animals including 226 rodents,five shrews and one hedgehog were collected from 5 counties in kenya and tested for the presence of DNA viruses belonging to 7 viral families by *** DNA sequences of adenoviruses,adeno-associated viruses,herpesviruses and polyomaviruses were *** analyses revealed that most of these viruses showed distinction from previously described viruses and formed new ***,this is the first report of the discovery and full-length genome characterization of a polyomavirus in Lemniscomys *** novel polyomavirus,named Ls Py V KY187,has less than 60%amino acid sequence identity to the most related Glis glis polyomavirus 1 and Sciurus carolinensis polyomavirus 1 in both large and small T-antigen proteins and thus can be putatively allocated to a novel species within *** findings help us better understand the genetic diversity of DNA viruses in rodent and shrew populations in kenya and provide new insights into the evolution of those DNA viruses in their small mammal *** demonstrates the necessity of ongoing pathogen discovery studies targeting rodent-borne viruses in East Africa.

关键词： kenya DNA viruses Rodents Shrews Polyomavirus

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Palm Oil Production in Malaysia: An Analytical Systems Model for Balancing Economic Prosperity, Forest Conservation and Social Welfare

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Agricultural Sciences 2016年第2期7卷 55-69页

作者： Nickson E. Otieno Xeuping Dai Daniele De Barba Abbassi Bahman Elise Smedbol Marouan Rajeb Lise Jaton national museums of kenya Nairobi Kenya University of Quebec à Trois Rivières Québec Canada

Since the late 1950’s, the Malaysian human population has nearly quadrupled, increasing pressure on natural resource exploitation to meet domestic needs and to earn foreign exchange from exports. Global demand for Malaysian palm oil in particular had steeply increased since the mid-1970s and by 2013, the commodity was the leading foreign exchange earner. To fulfill and sustain this demand, the country’s economy has steadily shifted bias towards production and associated value addition of palm oil products for export. However, as a consequence, many of Malaysia’s natural tropical forests have been converted to palm oil farming resulting in loss of approximately 10,000 km2 of forest cover over the past twenty-five years, and biodiversity has been displaced or lost. To provide a deeper insight into the interplay amongst key interrelated environmental and socio-economic variables, and a forecast of possible future balance, we used a systems dynamism modeling tool, STELLAR (structural thinking, experiential learning laboratory with animation), to simulate and project how Malaysia could achieve a medium-term sustainable balance or optimization between palm oil production and forest conservation without compromising on human social welfare. The model consisted of four main modules (environmental, economic, social development and human welfare) each with component parameters, and interconnected by input and output loops. Model calibrations, testing and preruns involved existing official 30-year time-series datasets. Subsequently, four scenarios: Environmental conservation;Economic growth under increased global palm oil demand;Economy decline under decreased palm oil demand;and Control condition with little or no change, were selected for simulated projections of future possibilities. Simulation results showed that scenarios and variable interactions that reduce environmental damage would offer the best chance for optimizing the palm oil economy while also minimizing forest

关键词： Palm Oil Systems Modeling Sustainable Development Conservation Malaysia

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Genetic Evidence of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus(MERS-Cov) and Widespread Seroprevalence among Camels in kenya

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Virologica Sinica 2018年第6期33卷 484-492页

作者： Sheila Ommeh Wei Zhang Ali Zohaib Jing Chen Huajun Zhang Ben Hu Xing-Yi Ge Xing-Lou Yang Moses Masika Vincent Obanda Yun Luo Shan Li Cecilia Waruhiu Bei Li Yan Zhu Desterio Ouma Vincent Odendo Lin-Fa Wang Danielle E.Anderson Jacqueline Lichoti Erick Mungube Francis Gakuya Peng Zhou Kisa-Juma Ngeiywa Bing Yan Bernard Agwanda Zheng-Li Shi Institute for Biotechnology Research Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and TechnologyNairobi 62000-00200Kenya CAS Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens and Biosafety Wuhan Institute of VirologyChinese Academy of SciencesWuhan 430071China College of Biology Hunan University410006China Department of Medical Microbiology University of NairobiNairobi 30197-00100Kenya Veterinary Services Department Kenya Wildlife ServiceNairobi 40241-00100Kenya Veterinary Research Institute Kenya Agriculture and Livestock Research OrganizationNairobi 57811-00200Kenya Veterinary Services Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases Duke-NUS Medical SchoolSingapore 169857Singapore Directorate of Veterinary Services State Department of LivestockMinistry of AgricultureLivestock Fisheries and IrrigationNairobi 34188-00100Kenya kenya Camel Association Nairobi 30095-00100Kenya Department of Zoology National Museums of KenyaNairobi 40658-00100Kenya

We describe the first genome isolation of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus(MERS-CoV) in kenya. This fatal zoonotic pathogen was first described in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 2012. Epidemiological and molecular evidence revealed zoonotic transmission from camels to humans and between humans. Currently, MERS-CoV is classified by the WHO as having high pandemic potential requiring greater surveillance. Previous studies of MERS-CoV in kenya mainly focused on site-specific and archived camel and human serum samples for antibodies. We conducted active nationwide cross-sectional surveillance of camels and humans in kenya, targeting both nasal swabs and plasma samples from 1,163 camels and 486 humans collected from January 2016 to June 2018. A total of 792 camel plasma samples were positive by ELISA. Seroprevalence increased with age, and the highest prevalence was observed in adult camels(82.37%, 95%confidence interval(CI) 79.50–84.91). More female camels were significantly seropositive(74.28%, 95% CI 71.14–77.19)than male camels(P \ 0.001)(53.74%, 95% CI 48.48–58.90). Only 11 camel nasal swabs were positive for MERS-CoV by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. Phylogenetic analysis of whole genome sequences showed that kenyan MERSCoV clustered within sub-clade C2, which is associated with the African clade, but did not contain signature deletions of orf4 b in African viruses. None of the human plasma screened contained neutralizing antibodies against MERS-CoV. This study confirms the geographically widespread occurrence of MERS-CoV in kenyan camels. Further one-health surveillance approaches in camels, wildlife, and human populations are needed.

关键词： Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus(MERS-CoV) One-health Public health Zoonosis kenya

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