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How plants sense and respond to osmotic stress

Journal of Integrative plant biology 2024年第3期66卷 394-423页

作者： Bo Yu Dai-Yin Chao Yang Zhao shanghai center for plant stress biology CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesThe Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai 200032China key laboratory of plant Carbon Capture The Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai 200032China national key laboratory of plant molecular genetics CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesInstitute of Plant Physiology and EcologyThe Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai 200032China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China

Drought is one of the most serious abiotic stresses to land plants.plants sense and respond to drought stress to survive under water deficiency.Scientists have studied how plants sense drought stress,or osmotic stress caused by drought,ever since Charles Darwin,and gradually obtained clues about osmotic stress sensing and signaling in plants.Osmotic stress is a physical stimulus that triggers many physiological changes at the cellular level,including changes in turgor,cell wall stiffness and integrity,membrane tension,and cell fluid volume,and plants may sense some of these stimuli and trigger downstream responses.In this review,we emphasized water potential and movements in organisms,compared putative signal inputs in cell wall-containing and cell wall-free organisms,prospected how plants sense changes in turgor,membrane tension,and cell fluid volume under osmotic stress according to advances in plants,animals,yeasts,and bacteria,summarized multilevel biochemical and physiological signal outputs,such as plasma membrane nanodomain formation,membrane water permeability,root hydrotropism,root halotropism,Casparian strip and suberin lamellae,and finally proposed a hypothesis that osmotic stress responses are likely to be a cocktail of signaling mediated by multiple osmosensors.We also discussed the core scientific questions,provided perspective about the future directions in this field,and highlighted the importance of robust and smart root systems and efficient source-sink allocations for generating future high-yield stress-resistant crops and plants.

关键词： cell volume drought membrane tension osmotic stress turgor

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Perenniality:From model plants to applications in agriculture

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molecular plant 2024年第1期17卷 141-157页

作者： Bo Zhao Jia-Wei Wang national key laboratory of plant molecular genetics CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences(CEMPS)Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology(SIPPE)Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)Shanghai 200032China School of Life Science and Technology ShanghaiTech UniversityShanghai 201210China key laboratory of plant Carbon Capture CASShanghai 200032China New Cornerstone Science laboratory Shanghai 200032China

To compensate for their sessile nature,plants have evolved sophisticated mechanisms enabling them to adapt to ever-changing environments.One such prominent feature is the evolution of diverse life history strategies,particularly such that annuals reproduce once followed by seasonal death,while perennials live longer by cycling growth seasonally.This intrinsic phenology is primarily genetic and can be altered by environmental factors.Although evolutionary transitions between annual and perennial life history strategies are common,perennials account for most species in nature because they survive well under year-round stresses.This proportion,however,is reversed in agriculture.Hence,perennial crops promise to likewise protect and enhance the resilience of agricultural ecosystems in response to climate change.Despite significant endeavors that have been made to generate perennial crops,progress is slow because of barriers in studying perennials,and many developed species await further improvement.Recent findings in model species have illustrated that simply rewiring existing genetic networks can lead to lifestyle variation.This implies that engineering plant life history strategy can be achieved by manipulating only a few key genes.In this review,we summarize our current understanding of genetic basis of perenniality and discuss major questions and challenges that remain to be addressed.

关键词： perenniality developmental plasticity flowering time poplar Arabis alpina perennial crops life history strategy

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Wood of trees:Cellular structure,molecular formation,and genetic engineering

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Journal of Integrative plant biology 2024年第3期66卷 443-467页

作者： Yingying Zhu Laigeng Li State key laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems and College of Ecology Lanzhou UniversityLanzhou 730000China national key laboratory of plant molecular genetics CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai 200032China

Wood is an invaluable asset to human society due to its renewable nature,making it suitable for both sustainable energy production and material manufacturing.Additionally,wood derived from forest trees plays a crucial role in sequestering a significant portion of the carbon dioxide fixed during photosynthesis by terrestrial plants.Nevertheless,with the expansion of the global population and ongoing industrialization,forest coverage has been substantially decreased,resulting in significant challenges for wood production and supply.Wood production practices have changed away from natural forests toward plantation forests.Thus,understanding the underlying genetic mechanisms of wood formation is the foundation for developing high-quality,fast-growing plantation trees.Breeding ideal forest trees for wood production using genetic technologies has attracted the interest of many.Tremendous studies have been carried out in recent years on the molecular,genetic,and cell-biological mechanisms of wood formation,and considerable progress and findings have been achieved.These studies and findings indicate enormous possibilities and prospects for tree improvement.This review will outline and assess the cellular and molecular mechanisms of wood formation,as well as studies on genetically improving forest trees,and address future development prospects.

关键词： cambium cell wall Populus wood formation xylem

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Global characterization of OsPIP aquaporins reveals that the H_(2)O_(2)transporter OsPIP2;6 increases resistance to rice blast

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The Crop Journal 2024年第1期12卷 102-109页

作者： Gousi Li Jingluan Han Chen Yi Hao Luo Yuzhu Wang Fengpin Wang Xiaoyu Wang Letian Chen Yaling Zhang State key laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources College of Life SciencesSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou 510642GuangdongChina Guangdong laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture Guangzhou 510642GuangdongChina national key laboratory of plant molecular genetics Shanghai Center for Plant Stress BiologyCAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesShanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and EcologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai 200032China

Plasma membrane intrinsic proteins(PIPs)are conserved plant aquaporins that transport small molecules across the plasma membrane to trigger instant stress responses and maintain cellular homeostasis under biotic and abiotic stress.To elucidate their roles in plant immunity to pathogen attack,we characterized the expression patterns,subcellular localizations,and H_(2)O_(2)-transport ability of 11 OsPIPs in rice(Oryza sativa),and identified OsPIP2;6 as necessary for rice disease resistance.OsPIP2;6 resides on the plasma membrane and facilitates cytoplasmic import of the immune signaling molecule H_(2)O_(2).Knockout of OsPIP2;6 increases rice susceptibility to Magnaporthe oryzae,indicating a positive function in plant immunity.OsPIP2;6 interacts with OsPIP2;2,which has been reported to increase rice resistance to pathogens via H_(2)O_(2)transport.Our findings suggest that OsPIP2;6 cooperates with OsPIP2;2 as a defense signal transporter complex during plant–pathogen interaction.

关键词： Aquaporin plant immunity Rice blast H_(2)O_(2)transport

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Sucrose-associated SnRK1a1-mediated phosphorylation of Opaque2 modulates endosperm filling in maize

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molecular plant 2024年第5期17卷 788-806页

作者： Tao Yang Yunqin Huang Longyu Liao Shanshan Wang Haoyu Zhang Jingying Pan Yongcai Huang Xiaoling Li Di Chen Tao Liu Xiaoduo Lu Yongrui Wu State key laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu 611130SichuanChina national key laboratory of plant molecular genetics CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesShanghai lnstitute of Plant Physiology and EcologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai 200032China Institute of molecular Breeding for Maize Qilu Normal UniversityJinanChina

During maize endosperm filling,sucrose not only serves as a source of carbon skeletons for storage-reserve synthesis but also acts as a stimulus to promote this process.However,the molecular mechanisms underlying sucrose and endosperm filling are poorly understood.In this study,we found that sucrose promotes the expression of endosperm-filling hub gene Opaque2(O2),coordinating with storage-reserve accumulation.We showed that the protein kinase SnRK1a1 can attenuate O2-mediated transactivation,but sucrose can release this suppression.Biochemical assays revealed that SnRK1a1 phosphorylates O2 at serine 41(S41),negatively affecting its protein stability and transactivation ability.We observed that mutation of SnRK1a1 results in larger seeds with increased kernel weight and storage reserves,while overexpression of SnRK1a1 causes the opposite effect.Overexpression of the native O2(O2-OE),phospho-dead(O2-SA),and phospho-mimetic(O2-SD)variants all increased 100-kernel weight.Although O2-SA seeds exhibit smaller kernel size,they have higher accumulation of starch and proteins,resulting in larger vitreous endosperm and increased test weight.O2-SD seeds display larger kernel size but unchanged levels of storage reserves and test weight.O2-OE seeds show elevated kernel dimensions and nutrient storage,like a mixture of O2-SA and O2-SD seeds.Collectively,our study discovers a novel regulatory mechanism of maize endosperm filling.Identification of S41 as a SnRK1-mediated phosphorylation site in O2 offers a potential engineering target for enhancing storage-reserve accumulation and yield in maize.

关键词： maize Opaque2 SnRK1 endosperm phosphorylation sucrose

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An endophytic fungus interacts with the defensinlike protein OsCAL1 to regulate cadmium allocation in rice

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molecular plant 2024年第2期17卷 312-324页

作者： Tianyu Gu Ziai Qi Yating Wang Siying Chen Jing Yan Huapeng Qiu Yanxuan Yu Zjun Fang Junmin Wang Jiming Gong national key laboratory of plant molecular genetics Shanghai Center for Plant Stress BiologyCAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesChinese AcademyofSciencesShanghai200032China School of Life Science and Technology ShanghaiTech UniversityShanghai 201210China University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China Hunan key laboratory of Economic Crops Genetic Improvement and Integrated Utilization College of Life ScienceHunan University of Science and TechnologyXiangtan411201China State key laboratory of Crop stress Adaptation and Improvement School of Life SciencesHenan UniversityKaifeng 475004China Institute of Crops and Nuclear Technology Utilization Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou 310021China

Defensin-like proteins are conserved in multicellular organisms and contribute to innate immune re-sponses against fungal pathogens.In rice,defensins play a novel role in regulating cadmium(Cd)efflux from the cytosol.However,whether the antifungal activity of defensins correlates with Cd-efflux function remains unknown.In this study,we isolated an endophytic Fusarium,designed Fo1o,by a comparative mi-crobiome analysis of rice plants grown in a paddy contaminated with Cd.Fo10 is tolerant to high levels of Cd,but is sensitive to the defensin-like protein OsCAL1,which mediates Cd efflux to the apoplast.We found that Fo10 symbiosis in rice is regulated by OsCAL1 dynamics,and Fo10 coordinates multiple plant pro-cesses,including Cd uptake,vacuolar sequestration,efflux to the environment,and formation of Fe pla-ques in the rhizosphere.These processes are dependent on the salicylic acid signaling pathway to keep Cd levels low in the cytosol of rice cells and to decrease Cd levels in rice grains without any yield penalty.Fo10 also plays a role in Cd tolerance in the poaceous crop maize and wheat,but has no observed effects in the eudicot plants Arabidopsis and tomato.Taken together,these findings provide insights into the mech-anistic basis underlying how afungal endophyte and host plant interact to control Cd accumulation in host plants by adapting defense responses to promotethe establishment ofa symbiosis that permits adaptation to high-Cd environments.

关键词： defensin-like protein Fusarium oxysporum endophyte cadmium allocation

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Mitigating growth-stress tradeoffs via elevated TOR signaling in rice

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molecular plant 2024年第2期17卷 240-257页

作者： Wei Li Jiaqi Liu Zeqi Li Ruiqiang Ye Wenzhen Chen Yuqing Huang Yue Yuan Yi Zhang Huayi Hu Peng Zheng Zhongming Fang Zeng Tao Shiyong Song Ronghui Pan Jian Zhang Jumim Tu Jen Sheen Hao Du State key laboratory of Rice biology College of Agriculture and BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityYu-Hang-Tang Road No.866Hangzhou 310058China ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation center Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou 311215China Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University Sanya 572025China national key laboratory of plant molecular genetics CASCenter for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesShanghai lnstitute of Plant Physiology and EcologyChineseAcademy of SciencesShanghai 200032China key laboratory of plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region(Ministry of Education) College of Agricultural SciencesGuizhouUniversityGuiyang 550025China State key laboratory of Rice biology and Breeding China National Rice Research InstituteHangzhou 311400China Department of molecular biology and center for Computational and Integrative biology Massachusetts General Hospitaland Department of GeneticsHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02114USA

Rice production accounts for approximately half of the freshwater resources utilized in agriculture,result-ing in greenhouse gas emissions such as methane(CH4)from flooded paddy fields.To address this chal-lenge,environmentally friendly and cost-effective water-saving techniques have become widely adopted in rice cultivation.However,the implementation of water-saving treatments(WsTs)in paddy-field rice has been associated with a substantial yield loss of up to 50%as well as a reduction in nitrogen use efficiency(NUE).In this study,we discovered that the target of rapamycin(TOR)signaling pathway is compromised in rice under WsT.Polysome profiling-coupled transcriptome sequencing(polysome-seq)analysis unveiled a substantial reduction in global translation in response to WST associated with the downregulation of TOR activity.molecular,biochemical,and genetic analyses revealed new insights into the impact of the positive TOR-S6K-RPS6 and negative TOR-MAF1 modules on translation repression under WST.Intriguingly,ammonium exhibited a greater ability to alleviate growth constraints under WsT by enhancing TOR signaling,which simultaneously promoted uptake and utilization of ammonium and nitrogen allocation.We further demonstrated that TOR modulates the ammonium transporter AMT1;1 as well as the amino acid permease APP1 and dipeptide transporter NPF7.3 at the translational level through the 5'untranslated region.Collectively,these findings reveal that enhancing TOR signaling could mitigate rice yield penalty due to WST by regulating the processes involved in protein synthesis and NUE.Our study will contribute to the breeding of new rice varieties with increased water and fertilizer utilization efficiency.

关键词： target of rapamycin TOR water-saving rice low-carbon agriculture drought nitrogen use efficiency NUE

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Multiomics analyses of two Leonurus species illuminate leonurine biosynthesis and its evolution

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molecular plant 2024年第1期17卷 158-177页

作者： Peng Li Meng-Xiao Yan Pan Liu Dan-Jie Yang Ze-Kun He Yun Gao Yan Jiang Yu Kong Xin Zhong Sheng Wu Jun Yang Hong-Xia Wang Yan-Bo Huang Le Wang Xiao-Ya Chen Yong-Hong Hu Qing Zhao Ping Xu shanghai key laboratory of plant Functional Genomics and Resources Shanghai Chenshan Botanical GardenShanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research CenterChineseAcademy of SciencesShanghaiChina College of Life Sciences Shanghai Normal UniversityShanghai 200234China State key laboratory of plant molecular genetics CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China The Research center of Chiral Drugs Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine1200 Cailun RoadShanghai 201203China College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shanghai University of Engineering ScienceShanghai 201620China

The Lamiaceae family is renowned for its terpenoid-based medicinal components,but Leonurus,which has traditional medicinal uses,stands out for its alkaloid-rich composition.Leonurine,the principal active compound found in Leonurus,has demonstrated promising effects in reducing blood lipids and treating strokes.However,the biosynthetic pathway of leonurine remains largely unexplored.Here,we present the chromosome-level genome sequence assemblies of Leonurus japonicus,known for its high leonurine production,and Leonurus sibiricus,characterized by very limited leonurine production.By integrating genomics,RNA sequencing,metabolomics,and enzyme activity assay data,we constructed the leonurine biosynthesis pathway and identified the arginine decarboxylase(ADC),uridine diphosphate glucosyltransferase(UGT),and serine carboxypeptidase-like(SCPL)acyltransferase enzymes that catalyze key reactions in this pathway.Further analyses revealed that the UGT–SCPL gene cluster evolved by gene duplication in the ancestor of Leonurus and neofunctionalization of SCPL in L.japonicus,which contributed to the accumulation of leonurine specifically in L.japonicus.Collectively,our comprehensive study illuminates leonurine biosynthesis and its evolution in Leonurus.

关键词： Lamiaceae Leonurus japonicus Leonurus sibiricus genome sequence alkaloids leonurine gene cluster biosynthetic pathway evolution

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Pyruvate kinase M in germ cells is essential for sperm motility and male fertility but not spermatogenesis

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Asian Journal of Andrology 2024年第2期26卷 212-219页

作者： Gao-Qing Qian Xiao-Chen Wang Xi Zhang Bin Shen Qiang Liu State key laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing 211166China shanghai key laboratory of Reproductive Medicine Department of HistoembryologyGenetics and Developmental BiologyShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai 200025China State key laboratory of molecular biology Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular AndrologyShanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell BiologyCenter for Excellence in Molecular Cell ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai 200031China

Male germ cells employ specific metabolic pathways throughout their developmental stages.In a previous study,we discovered heightened expression of pyruvate kinase M(PKM),a pivotal glycolytic enzyme,in spermatogonia and spermatids.To gain deeper insights into PKM's roles in spermatogenesis,sperm function,and male fertility,we engineered a conditional-knockout mouse model(Pkm-vkO mice)to selectively disrupt the Pkm gene within germ cells.Despite maintaining regular testicular histology and sperm morphology,the male Pkm-vko mice were infertility,characterized by significant impairments in sperm motility and adenosine triphosphate(ATP)generation.In addition,Pkm-null spermatozoa exhibited similar deficits in protein tyrosine phosphorylation linked to capacitation,as well as compromised performance in in vitro fertilization experiments.To conclude,PKM's presence is not obligatory for the entirety of spermatogenesis in male germ cells;however,it emerges as a critical factor influencing sperm motility and overall male fertility.

关键词： glycolysis male fertility pyruvate kinase M sperm motility spermatogenesis

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跷跷板运动:平衡植物免疫与生长

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Science Bulletin 2024年第1期69卷 3-6页

作者：邓一文何祖华 national key laboratory of plant molecular genetics CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesInstitute of Plant Physiology and EcologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai 200032China

plants face the constant challenge of allocating limited resources to both immunity and growth to ensure survival and reproduction,therefore,one major aim of crop breeding is to balance disease resistance with yield.This review highlights the intricate interplay between plant immunity and growth,shedding light on the underlying molecular mechanisms and potential strategies for optimizing these vital agronomic traits.We discuss the role of signaling pathways,epigenetic regulation,long non-coding RNAs,and post-translational modifications in mediating the balance between immunity and growth.We also highlight recent findings on the rewiring of signals of immunity and growth which provide valuable insights into manipulation of these pathways for crop improvement.By understanding the fine-tuning mechanisms of plant immunity and growth,we can develop innovative approaches to enhance disease resistance in future crops without compromising yield potential.

关键词： immunity 植物免疫 crops

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