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laboratory studies on the infectivity of human respiratory viruses:Experimental conditions,detections,and resistance to the atmospheric environment

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Fundamental Research 2024年第3期4卷 471-483页

作者： Yaohao Hu Shuyi Peng Bojiang Su Tao Wang Juying Lin Wei Sun Xiaodong Hu Guohua Zhang Xinming Wang Ping'an Peng Xinhui Bi State Key laboratory of organic geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization Guangzhou Institute of GeochemistryChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou 510640China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control Guangzhou 510640China

The environmental stability of infectious viruses in the laboratory setting is crucial to the transmission potential of human respiratory *** experimental techniques or conditions used in studies over the past decades have led to diverse understandings and predictions for the stability of viral infectivity in the atmospheric *** this paper,we review the current knowledge on the effect of simulated atmospheric conditions on the infectivity of respiratory viruses,mainly focusing on influenza viruses and coronaviruses,including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and Middle East respiratory syndrome ***,we summarize the impact of the experimental conditions on viral stability;these involve the methods of viral aerosol generation,storage during aging and collection,the virus types and strains,the suspension matrixes,the initial inoculum volumes and concentrations,and the drying ***,we summarize and discuss the detection methods of viral infectivity and their ***,we integrate the results from the reviewed studies to obtain an overall understanding of the effects of atmospheric environmental conditions on the decay of infectious viruses,especially aerosolized ***,this review highlights the knowledge gaps in predicting the ability of viruses to maintain infectivity during airborne transmission.

关键词： Respiratory viruses Viral infectivity laboratory simulation Atmospheric environmental condition Airborne transmission

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Extractable and kerogen-bound hopanoids from typical Eocene oil shales in China

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Energy Geoscience 2024年第2期5卷 171-179页

作者： Changbo Zhai Zhirong Zhang John K.Volkman Hong Lu Yan'e Chen SINOPEC Key laboratory of Petroleum Accumulation Mechanisms Wuxi Institute of Petroleum GeologySINOPEC2060 Lihu RoadWuxiJiangsu213126China SINOPEC Petroleum Exploration and Production Research Institute 31 Xueyuan RoadBeijing100083China State Key laboratory of organic geochemistry Guangzhou Institute of GeochemistryChinese Academy of ScienceGuangzhou510640GuangdongChina

This study conducted a comparative analysis of extractable hopanoid hydrocarbons and those released via stepwise pyrolysis of typical Eocene immature oil shales in China,namely the Huadian,Maoming,and Fushun *** the Huadian and Maoming shales exhibit immature indicators in extractable and kerogen-bound hopanoids(notably,high abundance of C_(29)to C_(32)17β,21β-hopanes and unsaturated hopenes).In contrast,the Fushun oil shale's hopanoids from extracts and pyrolyzates suggest a higher maturity *** absence of neohopenes in the pyrolyzates of the shales underpins that the kerogenbound hopanoid skeletons resist ***,the Huadian oil shale's asymmetric distribution of C_(29)and C_(30)hopenes and neohopenes hints at the presence of an additional *** unsaturated hopenes,such as hop-20(21)-enes,identified in pyrolyzates of the three kerogens at various pyrolysis temperatures,reveal the occurrence of double bonds in kerogen-bound hopanoid skeletons without methyl *** absence of hop-20-(21)-ene in extracts suggests that it might act as an intermediate of these novel hopenes during the epimerization of hopanoid skeletons within *** extractable and pyrolytic hopanoids'stereochemical alignment indicates that epimerization may occur in both ring systems and alkyl side chains of kerogen-bound hopanoid *** stepwise pyrolysis proves to be a quick screening method for geological hopanoids without causing any significant alteration to the original skeletons even when cracking multiple covalent bonds is necessary.

关键词： Hopanoid Hopane Hopene Neohopene Stepwise pyrolysis Kerogen Eocene oil shale

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Low-latitude hydroclimate changes related to paleomagnetic variations during the Holocene in coastal southern China

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Frontiers of Earth Science 2024年第2期18卷 324-335页

作者： Tingwei ZHANG Xiaoqiang YANG Jian YIN Qiong CHEN Jianfang HU Lu WANG Mengshan JU Qiangqiang WANG School of Earth Science and Engineering/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Geodynamics and Geohazards/Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory(Zhuhai)Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 510275China Institute of Cultural Heritage Shandong UniversityQingdao 266237China State Key laboratory of organic geochemistry Guangzhou Institute of GeochemistryChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou 510640China College of Urban and Environmental Sciences Peking UniversityBeijing 100871China Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of SciencesQingdao 266071China

The variations in precipitation have displayed a complex pattern in different regions since the *** formation processes may have a significant impact on precipitation,especially during the tropical marine processes and summer monsoon which convey abundant water vapor to coastal southern China and inland ***,we use two 7500 year sedimentary records from the Pearl River Delta and the closed Maar Lake,respectively,in coastal southern China to reconstruct the mid-to-late-Holocene humidity variability and explore its possible relationship with cloud cover modulated by the Earth’s magnetic fields(EMF).Our proxy records document an apparent increase in wetness in coastal southern China between 3.0 and 1.8 kyr *** apparent increase in humidity appears to be consistent with the lower virtual axial dipole moments and,in turn,with a lower *** correlation suggests that the EMF might have been superimposed on the weakened monsoon to regulate the mid-to-late-Holocene hydroclimate in coastal southern China through the medium of galactic cosmic rays,aerosols,and cloud ***,further investigations are needed to verify this interaction.

关键词： hydroclimate variations Earth’s magnetic field coastal southern China the Holocene epoch

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The organic geochemistry of crude oil in the Saltpond Basin(Ghana):organic source input,depositional environment,and thermal maturity

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Acta Geochimica 2024年第3期43卷 424-440页

作者： Kojo Amoako Ningning Zhong Nancy Pearl Osei-Boakye Ebenezer Apesegah Research Group for Marine geochemistry(ICBM-MPI Bridging Group) Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment(ICBM)School of Mathematics and ScienceCarl von Ossietzky UniversitäOldenburgAmmerläder HeerstraВ114-11826129 OldenburgGermany State Key laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Prospecting College of GeosciencesChina University of PetroleumBeijing 102249China Petroleum Corporation GNPCPMBPetroleum HouseTemaGhana

The Saltpond Basin,situated within the South Atlantic margin of Ghana,is a significant area for petro-leum exploration but has received relatively limited research *** studies have examined source rock com-position,but data on crude oil organic chemistry are lack-ing,hindering understanding of the basin’s petroleum system and *** address this gap,we analyzed biomarkers and stable carbon-isotope ratios in Saltpond Basin crude oil using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–isotope ratio mass spectrometry to eluci-date organic matter source,depositional environment,and thermal *** were compared with oils from the West African segment of the South Atlantic margin,namely the Tano Basin and the Niger Delta Basin,to iden-tify potential correlations and gain insights into regional *** and isotopic results unveiled a sig-nificant prevalence of organic matter derived from lower marine *** of organic matter deposition and preservation in Saltpond oil samples suggested a suboxic marine transitional environment,contradicting conventional understanding of terrestrial dominance in such ***,the potential for degradation processes to obscure differentiation between terrestrial and marine organic mat-ter origins underscores the complex nature of organic mat-ter dynamics in transitional marine *** of molecular thermal maturity indices suggested Saltpond oils were expelled from source rocks exhibiting thermal maturity at the early maturity *** analysis unveiled genetic disparities among crude oils sourced from the Saltpond Basin and those from the Tano and Niger Delta Basin,primarily due to variations in source input and depo-sitional environment *** oil exhibits lower terrestrial organic input than Tano Basin’s crude oils,which also have less terrestrial input than Niger Delta Basin crude ***,its paleodepositional envi

关键词： Biomarkers Carbon isotopes Crude oil Saltpond Basin Ghana

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Evaluation of laboratory and environmental exposure systems for protein modification upon gas pollutants and environmental factors

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2024年第9期143卷 213-223页

作者： Zhiwei Pan ShiyiWu Qiaoze Zhu Fobang Liu Yongjian Liang Chenglei Pei Haoyu Jiang Yingyi Zhang Senchao Lai The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters Ministry of EducationSchool of Environment and EnergySouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhou 510006China Department of Environmental Science and Engineering Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’an 710049China Guangzhou Sub-branch of Guangdong Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center Guangzhou 510006China State Key laboratory of organic geochemistry Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilizationand Joint Laboratory of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area for the EnvironmentGuangzhou Institute of GeochemistryChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou 510640China School of Marine Sciences Sun Yat-sen UniversityZhuhai 519082China

Chemical modifications of proteins induced by ambient ozone(O_(3))and nitrogen oxides(NOx)are of public health concerns due to their potential to trigger respiratory *** laboratory and environmental exposure systems have been widely used to investigate their relevant mechanism in the *** bovine serum albumin(BSA)as a model protein,we evaluated the two systems and aimed to reduce the uncertainties of both the reactants and products in the corresponding kinetic *** the laboratory simulation system,the generated gaseous pollutants showed negligible *** layers of BSA were coated on the flow tube with protein extraction recovery of 87.4%.For environmental exposure experiment,quartz fiber filter was selected as the upper filter with low gaseous O_(3)(8.0%)and NO_(2)(1.7%)losses,and cellulose acetate filter was appropriate for the lower filter with protein extraction efficiency of 95.2%.The protein degradation process was observed without the exposure to atmospheric oxidants and contributed to the loss of protein monomer mass fractions,while environmental factors(e.g.,molecular oxygen and ultraviolet)may cause greater protein monomer *** on the evaluation,the study exemplarily applied the two systems to protein modification and both showed that O_(3) promotes the protein oligomerization and nitration,while increased temperature can accelerate the oligomerization and increased relative humidity can inhibit the nitration in the environmental exposure *** developed laboratory and environmental systems are suitable for studying protein modifications formed under different atmospheric conditions.A combination of the two will further reveal the actual mechanism of protein modifications.

关键词： Protein modification laboratory simulation Environmental exposure Oligomerization Nitration

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A novel model of the carbon cycle in the Cambrian ocean

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Science China Earth Sciences 2024年第6期67卷 1759-1778页

作者： Huajian WANG Shuichang ZHANG Xiaomei WANG Jin SU Yuntao YE Yuke LIU Key laboratory of Petroleum geochemistry Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and DevelopmentChina National Petroleum CorporationBeijing 100083China Key laboratory of Orogenic Belts and Crustal Evolution School of Earth and Space SciencesPeking UniversityBeijing 100871China

The classic model of the carbon cycle suggests that the extensive burial of ^(12)C-enriched organic carbon leads to a positive carbon isotope(δ^(13)C)excursion(CIE),while massive oxidation of organic carbon results in a negative ***,global events such as the BAsal Cambrian Carbon isotope Excursion(BACE)and the Steptoean Positive Carbon Isotope Excursion(SPICE)are global negative and positive δ^(13)C excursions,respectively,and they also exhibit significant organic carbon burial anomalies,displaying decoupling between carbon isotope anomalies and organic carbon *** on the analyses of the Cambrian carbon cycle and paleoceanographic evolution records from well Tadong2 in the Tarim Basin,we propose a novel model of the carbon cycle in the Cambrian ocean that incorporates oceanic dissolved organic carbon(DOC).Our findings are as follows.(1)The Cambrian ocean maintained substantial DOC reservoirs,which were regulated by ocean currents and paleo-redox conditions and exerted significant influence on the oceanic carbon cycle.(2)The oxidation of the oceanic DOC reservoirs during the early Cambrian led to the BACE and the Asian Phenomenon of the Cambrian petroleum systems,while the expansion of the oceanic DOC reservoirs during the SPICE resulted in a global positive δ^(13)C excursion and the absence of significant organic carbon burial.(3)The deep-basin sedimentary environment in the eastern depression of the Tarim Basin may have fostered the development of organic-rich black shales during the Furongian Series,corresponding to organic carbon burial during the SPICE and representing potential prospects for ultra-deep oil and gas *** research should focus on the formation mechanism,reserve scale,and influencing factors of the oceanic DOC reservoirs,as well as their resource and environmental *** is expected that new breakthroughs will be made in the fields of Earth system science and oil and gas exploration.

关键词： Carbon isotope organic carbon BACE SPICE Dissolved organic carbon Climate change Black shale

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Intelligent geochemical interpretation of mass chromatograms:Based on convolution neural network

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Petroleum Science 2024年第2期21卷 752-764页

作者： Kai-Ming Su Jun-Gang Lu Jian Yu Zi-Xing Lu Shi-Jia Chen Hubei Key laboratory of Petroleum geochemistry and Environment Wuhan430100HubeiChina College of Resources and Environment Yangtze UniversityWuhan430100HubeiChina School of Geoscience and Technology Southwest Petroleum UniversityChengdu610500SichuanChina Changqing Oilfield Company PetroChinaXi'an710021ShaanxiChina

Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS)is an extremely important analytical technique that is widely used in organic *** is the only approach to capture biomarker features of organic matter and provides the key evidence for oil-source correlation and thermal maturity ***,the conventional way of processing and interpreting the mass chromatogram is both timeconsuming and labor-intensive,which increases the research cost and restrains extensive applications of this *** overcome this limitation,a correlation model is developed based on the convolution neural network(CNN)to link the mass chromatogram and biomarker features of samples from the Triassic Yanchang Formation,Ordos Basin,*** this way,the mass chromatogram can be automatically *** research first performs dimensionality reduction for 15 biomarker parameters via the factor analysis and then quantifies the biomarker features using two indexes(*** and PMI)that represent the organic matter thermal maturity and parent material type,***,training,interpretation,and validation are performed multiple times using different CNN models to optimize the model structure and hyper-parameter setting,with the mass chromatogram used as the input and the obtained MI and PMI values for supervision(label).The optimized model presents high accuracy in automatically interpreting the mass chromatogram,with R2values typically above 0.85 and0.80 for the thermal maturity and parent material interpretation results,*** significance of this research is twofold:(i)developing an efficient technique for geochemical research;(ii)more importantly,demonstrating the potential of artificial intelligence in organic geochemistry and providing vital references for future related studies.

关键词： organic geochemistry Biomarker Mass chromatographic analysis Automated interpretation Convolution neural network Machine learning

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Bio-organic geochemistry research in China: Advances,opportunities and challenges

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Science China Earth Sciences 2018年第12期61卷 1775-1780页

作者： Chuanlun ZHANG Ping'an PENG Meixun ZHAO Shucheng XIE Jianfang CHEN Weiguo LIU Shenzhen Key laboratory of Marine Archaea Geo-Omics Department of Ocean Science and EngineeringSouthern University of Science and Technology laboratory for Marine Geology Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology State Key laboratory of organic geochemistry Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Key laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology (Ocean University of China) Ministry of Education/Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology State Key laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology School of Earth Sciences China University of Geosciences Key laboratory of Marine Ecosystem and Biogeochemistry State Oceanic Administration State Key laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology Institute of Earth EnvironmentChinese Academy of Sciences

The discipline of "Bio-organic geochemistry" is a cross research field between biogeochemistry and traditional organic geochemistry, which focuses on geochemical processes related to the biosynthesis of organic molecules(particularly lipids) by(micro) organisms, organic matter production by primary producers, degradation of organic matter by microbial processes recorded by retainable lipid biomarkers, and organic proxies for studies of paleo-climate, paleo-environments, paleoecology and Earth evolution. This field aims to go beyond the traditional petroleum-oriented organic geochemistry by integrating with biogeochemical concepts concerned mostly with biomolecules from cellular material such as DNA and lipids. A formal Chinese organization in Bio-organic geochemistry was established in 2012 when the first conference was held in Guangzhou. This organization has witnessed rapid growth over the past six years with focused research addressing organic proxies in paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental applications, with particular rapid development in glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers-derived proxies. Most progresses in China so far are made following or paralleling the international trend in biogeochemical studies. Things have begun to change with China's ambitious initiatives in several bio-geo programs such as the Ocean Deep Drilling Program of China, the Microbial Hydrosphere Program, the Deep Carbon Observatory, and the Microbiome Program. Looking forward in the 21 st Century, the growing Chinese research community in Bio-organic geochemistry faces grand opportunities and challenges as Chinese scientists propel themselves toward global research frontiers.

关键词： Bio-organic geochemistry Biogeochemistry Geomicrobiology Paleoclimate proxies Carbon cycles Microbial genomics

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Molecular structure of kerogens from source rocks of the Tarim Basin: A study by Py-GC-MS and methylation-Py-GC-MS

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Science China Earth Sciences 2005年第3期48卷 313-325页

作者： JIA Wanglu PENG Ping'an State Key laboratory of organic geochemistry Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou 510640 China State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou 510640 China

Flash pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS) and in situ methylation-pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (methylation-Py-GC-MS) have been employed for a study of molecular structure of kerogens from source rocks of the Tarim Basin. The main products from Py-GC-MS of the Ordovician and Triassic kerogens from the Tarim Basin are n-alkanes and n-alk-1-enes which decrease in relative abundance with in- creased carbon number. The major products from methylation-Py-GC-MS are normal saturated fatty acid methyl esters which show maxima at C16 and C18. These aliphatic compounds are mainly from lipids of planktonic algae. Moreover, there are more abundant long-chain fatty acids (C20-C26) and normal n-alkanes and n-alk-1-enes (C15-C25) in pyrolysates of Triassic kerogens than that of Ordovician kerogens, reflecting the discrepancies in sources of the Triassic kerogens and the Ordovician kerogens. Besides these aliphatic compounds, methoxyl benzoic acid methyl esters were detected only in products from methylation-Py-GC-MS of late Ordovician kerogen TAC1-1, which possibly was the first molecular evidence for the appearance of moss or other terrestrial plants in the Tarim Basin. In addition, the relative intensity of 17β(H)-trisnorhopane, 17 β(H),21 α(H)-30-normoretane and 17 β(H)-moretane is lower, but 17α(H)-trisnorhopane and 17 α(H)-30-norhopane is higher in the pyrolysates of the Ordovician kerogens in comparison with the pyrolysates of the Triassic kerogens. Moreover, Pr-1-ene has been detected in pyrolysates of Triassic kerogens. These differences in pyrolysates consist with maturity of kerogens. In conclu- sion, combination of methylation-Py-GC-MS and Py-GC-MS are useful tools to investigate the molecular structure of geomacromolecules and can be subject to type the organic matter, com- pare the maturity of kerogens and carry out the oil-source correlation.

关键词： methylation-Py-GC-MS, kerogens, molecular structure, maturity, source material, Tarim Basin.

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‘Super-stable' interlayer organic carbon in soil clay minerals and its impact on soil carbon sequestration

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Science China Earth Sciences 2024年

作者： Dong LIU Chuanqin HUANG Keqing XIAO Yongguan ZHU Wenfeng TAN CAS Key laboratory of Mineralogy and Metallogeny/Guangdong Provincial Key laboratory of Mineral Physics and Materials Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science University of Chinese Academy of Sciences College of Resources & Environment Huazhong Agricultural University State Key laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences

Soils play a significant role in the global carbon cycle, acting as both sinks and sources of terrestrial carbon. They exert substantial influence on climate change by regulating the atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide, through processes of carbon fixation and release (Lehmann et al., 2020). Soil organic carbon represents a key carbon reservoir within terrestrial ecosystems.

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