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Divergent responses of runoff to climate change in the upper basins of the Third Pole dominated by westerlies and monsoon

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Science China Earth Sciences 2024年第8期67卷 2592-2614页

作者： Qikai SUN Fengge SU He SUN State Key Laboratory of Tibetan plateau Earth System Environment and Resources(TPESER)Institute of Tibetan Plateau ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101China

The diverse climates,distribution of snow and glaciers,and geographic locations directly affect the runoff response to climate change in the upper basins of the Third *** present,a comprehensive analysis of runoff variations and their distinct responses to climate change in the westerlies-and monsoon-dominated upper basins is still *** study comprehensively analyzed annual runoff variations in westerlies-dominated basins(the upper basins of the Aksu(UAKS),Syr Darya(USRD),Yarkant(UYK),Hotan(UHT),Amu Darya(UAMD),and Indus(UI))and monsoon-dominated basins(the upper basins of the Yangtze(UYA),Yellow(UYE),Lancang(ULC),Nujiang(UNJ),and Yarlung Zangbo(UYZ))of the Third Pole from 1961 *** multi-source meteorological data and large-scale circulation factors,this study investigated the divergent responses of runoff in the upper basins to climate change,and explored the large-scale circulation mechanisms underlying runoff variations in these upper *** results showed that:(1)The annual runoff in the majority of upper basins(except for the UYE and UYZ)exhibited an increasing trend,and the annual runoff in the UAKS,UYK,and UI showed a significant increasing trend from1961 to *** annual runoff in the upper basins of the Third Pole changed abruptly from decreasing to increasing between the 1980s and 2000s,with the exception of the UYE.(2)The runoff in the monsoon-dominated upper basins has been controlled primarily by changes in precipitation over the past 55 *** contrast,the runoff in the westerlies-dominated upper basins exhibited three distinct long-term responses to climate change:temperature-dominated(UYK and UHT),precipitation-dominated(USRD and UAMD),and the combined influence of precipitation and temperature(UAKS and UI).Since the 1960s,the sensitivity of runoff to warm season temperature changes in the most westerlies-dominated upper basins has decreased,while the response of runoff to precipitation changes has intensified.(3)The stud

关键词： Upper basins of the Third Pole Climate change Westerlies and monsoon Runoff variations Large-scale circulation factors

Impacts of land surface darkening on frozen ground and ecosystems over the Tibetan plateau

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Science China Earth Sciences 2024年第10期67卷 3213-3225页

作者： Shuchang TANG Tao WANG Dan LIU Tandong YAO Shilong PIAO Sino-French institute for Earth System Science College of Urban and Environmental SciencesPeking UniversityBeijing 100101China State Key Laboratory of Tibetan plateau Earth System Resources and EnvironmentInstitute of Tibetan Plateau ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China

Tibetan plateau(TP) is known as the “Third Pole” of the Earth. Any changes in land surface processes on the TP can have an unneglectable impact on regional and global climate. With the warming and wetting climate, the land surface of the TP saw a darkening trend featured by decreasing surface albedo over the past decades, primarily due to the melting of glaciers, snow,and greening vegetation. Recent studies have investigated the effects of the TP land surface darkening on the field of climate, but these assessments only address one aspect of the feedback loop. How do these darkening-induced climate changes affect the frozen ground and ecosystems on the TP? In this study, we investigated the impact of TP land surface darkening on regional frozen ground and ecosystems using the state-of-the-art land surface model ORCHIDEE-MICT. Our model results show that darkening-induced climate changes on the TP will lead to a reduction in the area of regional frozen ground by 1.1×10~4±0.019×10~4km~2, a deepening of the regional permafrost active layer by 0.06±0.0004 m, and a decrease in the maximum freezing depth of regional seasonal frozen ground by 0.06±0.0016 m compared to the scenario without TP land surface ***, the darkening-induced climate change on the TP will result in an increase in the regional leaf area index and an enhancement in the regional gross primary productivity, ultimately leading to an increase in regional terrestrial carbon stock by0.81±0.001 PgC. This study addresses the remaining piece of the puzzle in the feedback loop of TP land surface darkening, and improves our understanding of interactions across multiple spheres on the TP. The exacerbated regional permafrost degradation and increasing regional terrestrial carbon stock induced by TP land surface darkening should be considered in the development of national ecological security barrier.

关键词： Tibetan plateau Albedo Land surface darkening Frozen ground Ecosystem

Viscoelastic stress change from the 1931 M_(w)7.8 Fuyun earthquake and its impacts on seismic activity around the Altai mountains

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Geodesy and Geodynamics 2024年第4期15卷 326-337页

作者： Yali Shao jiankun He Xinguo Wang Youjia Zhao Key Laboratory of Tibetan plateau Earth System Environment and ResourcesInstitute of Tibetan Plateau ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China

The 1931 M_(w)7.8 Fuyun earthquake occurred around the Altai mountains, an intracontinental deformation belt with limited active strain-rate accumulation. To explore whether seismic activity in this deformation belt was affected by stress interaction among different active faults, we calculate the Coulomb failure stress change(ΔCFS) induced by the Fuyun earthquake due to coseismic deformation of the elastic crust and postseismic viscoelastic relaxation of the lower crust and upper mantle. Numerical results show that the total ΔCFS at a 10-km depth produced by the Fuyun earthquake attains approximately 0.015-0.134 bar near the epicenter, and just before the occurrence of the 2003 M_(w)7.2 Chuya earthquake, which distances about 400 km away from the Fuyun earthquake. Among the increased ΔCFS,viscoelastic relaxation from 1931 to 2003 contributes to approximately 0.014-0.131 bar, accounting for>90% of the total ΔCFS. More importantly, we find that for the recorded seismicity in the region with a radius of about 270 km to the Fuyun earthquake from 1970 to 2018, the percentage of earthquakes that fall in positive lobes of ΔCFS resolved on the NNW-SSE Fuyun strike-slip fault, on the NWW-SEE Irtysh strike-slip fault, and on the NW-SE Kurti reverse fault is up to 67.22%-91.36%. Therefore, the predictedΔCFS suggests that the impact of the 1931 M_(w)7.8 Fuyun earthquake on seismic activity around the Altai mountains is still significant as to hasten occurrence of the 2003 M_(w)7.2 Chuya earthquake at a relatively far distance and to trigger its aftershocks in the near-field even after several decades of the mainshock.

关键词： Altai mountains Fuyunearthquake Coulomb failure stress change Viscoelasticrelaxation Seismic activity

Does the continuous wetting of the Tibetan plateau contribute to the accelerated degradation of permafrost?

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Science China Earth Sciences 2024年第5期67卷 1714-1718页

作者： Yuyang WANG Jinzhi DING Shilong PIAO Sino-French institute for Earth System Science College of Urban and Environmental SciencesPeking UniversityBeijing 100871China State Key Laboratory of Tibetan plateau Earth System Environment and ResourcesInstitute of Tibetan Plateau ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China

Global warming is causing the Tibetan permafrost to degrade, as evidenced by rising ground temperatures, thicker active layer thickness, thinner permafrost layer, and melting underground ice, etc.(Ran et al., 2018;Wang et al., 2020).The degradation of permafrost not only profoundly alters the carbon cycling processes in high-altitude ecosystems,thereby influencing the regional climate system, but also affects landscape hydrological connectivity。

关键词： Tibetan landscape altitude

Cryptic diversity and rampant hybridization in annual gentians on the Qinghai-Tibet plateau revealed by population genomic analysis

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Plant Diversity 2024年第2期46卷 194-205页

作者： Peng-Cheng Fu Qiao-Qiao Guo Di Chang Qing-Bo Gao Shan-Shan Sun School of Life Science Luoyang Normal UniversityLuoyang 471934PR China Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of plateau Biota Northwest Institute of Plateau BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesXining 810001PR China

Understanding the evolutionary and ecological processes involved in population differentiation and speciation provides critical insights into biodiversity formation. In this study, we employed 29,865 single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs) and complete plastomes to examine genomic divergence and hybridization in Gentiana aristata, which is endemic to the Qinghai-Tibet plateau(QTP) region. Genetic clustering revealed that G. aristata is characterized by geographic genetic structures with five clusters(West, East, Central, South and North). The West cluster has a specific morphological character(i.e., blue corolla) and higher values of FSTcompared to the remaining clusters, likely the result of the geological barrier formed by the Yangtze River. The West cluster diverged from the other clusters in the Early Pliocene;these remaining clusters diverged from one another in the Early Quaternary. Phylogenetic reconstructions based on SNPs and plastid data revealed substantial cyto-nuclear conflicts. Genetic clustering and D-statistics demonstrated rampant hybridization between the Central and North clusters,along the Bayankala Mountains, which form the geological barrier between the Central and North clusters. Species distribution modeling demonstrated the range of G. aristata expanded since the Last Interglacial period. Our findings provide genetic and morphological evidence of cryptic diversity in G. aristata, and identified rampant hybridization between genetic clusters along a geological *** findings suggest that geological barriers and climatic fluctuations have an important role in triggering diversification as well as hybridization, indicating that cryptic diversity and hybridization are essential factors in biodiversity formation within the QTP region.

关键词： Gentiana aristata Hybrid zone Qinghai-Tibet plateau Plastome Nuclear SNPs

Drought decreases the positive impact of warming on an alpine grassland community

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Science China Earth Sciences 2024年第10期67卷 3226-3238页

作者： Wang A Wangwang LV Yang ZHOU Bowen LI Jianping SUN Jingya LV Lanying CHEN Dorji TSECHEO Shiping WANG Key Laboratory of Tibetan plateau Earth Resources and EnvironmentInstitute of Tibetan Plateau ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China School of Ecology and Environment Tibet UniversityLhasa 850000China University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China

Temperature and precipitation are the main factors determining plant community succession and aboveground net primary productivity(ANPP)in natural ***,most climate manipulative experiments have mainly focused on their impacts in isolation,especially in alpine *** we explored the relative effects and interaction of warming and precipitation alteration on succession and ANPP using a 7-year experiment involving warming with precipitation alteration(increase(IP)or decrease(DP))in precipitation relative to ambient precipitation(AP)on the Tibetan *** results showed that warming and warm-wet conditions increased species richness,diversity index,height and cover of overall ***,decreasing precipitation reduced them,but increased *** and the rate of change in community ***,warming mitigated the impacts of decreased precipitation on plant community composition,and the interactive effects of warming and altered precipitation on cover,height and plant ANPP varied with year and plant ***,warming increased community ANPP through increases in forb ANPP or non-dominant species ANPP and biodiversity regardless of change in ***,decreased precipitation reduced community ANPP via decreases in the ANPP of sedges and forbs and *** alteration affected the relationship between biodiversity and community ANPP regardless of warming(IP

关键词： Alpine grassland Climate warming Precipitation alteration Community composition Biodiversity Above-ground net primary productivity

Druse Calcite Crystals Formed by Mesoproterozoic Paleo-Earthquake Activity in the Northern Margin of the North China Craton

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Journal of Earth Science 2024年第2期35卷 514-524页

作者： Yueshuang Du Zhiguang Zhou Guosheng Wang Chen Wu Wenchao Xu School of Earth Sciences and Resources China University of GeosciencesBeijing100083China Key Laboratory of Continental Collision and plateau Uplift Institute of Tibetan Plateau Researchand Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101China No.1 institute of Geological and Mineral Resources Survey Henan Bureau of Geo-Exploration&Mineral DevelopmentLuoyang471000China

The Meso-neoproterozoic Bayan Obo rift is located along the northern margin of the North China Craton,and was associated with the break-up of the Columbia *** rift evolution,syn-sedimentary deformation occurred due to tectonic activity and *** events are recorded in the Jianshan Formation of the Bayan Obo Group,Inner Mongolia,as soft sediment deformation structures in the central Bayan Obo *** calcite crystals and collapse breccias in the Jianshan Formation may provide information on the rift *** druse calcite crystals are idiomorphic-columnar in shape and associated with graphite,pyrite,and quartz.δ^(13)C values of the graphite are−20‰,indicative of biogenic deoxygenation and formation in *** druse calcite crystals are inorganic in origin and formed in water at a temperature of 55℃,based on calciteδ^(13)C andδ^(18)O *** calcite grew in paleo-caves containing fault breccias,with heat derived from *** such,the druse calcite crystals are important evidence for seismic *** collapse breccias(i.e.,fault breccias)and other indicators of slip show that displacement occurred from NE to SW,which is different from the paleocurrent direction in the Jianshan *** thickness of the collapse breccia is∼200 m,which represents the height of the fault *** strike of the fault scarp was NE-SW,based on the distribution of the collapse *** Bayan Obo and Yanliao rifts experienced rapid NW-SE extension,and developed similar deformation structures at ca.1.6 Ga related to break-up of the Columbia supercontinent.

关键词： North China Craton druse calcite crystals paleo-earthquake activity collapse breccia Bayan Obo rift Proterozoic

BrrTCP4b interacts with BrrTTG1 to suppress the development of trichomes in Brassica rapa var. rapa

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Plant Diversity 2024年第3期46卷 416-420页

作者： Cheng Li Li Zhang Hefan Li Yuanwen Duan Xuemei Wen Yongping Yang Xudong Sun The Germplasm Bank of Wild Species Yunnan Key Laboratory of Crop Wild Relatives OmicsInstitute of Tibetan Plateau Research at KunmingKunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesKunming 650201China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences BeijingChina Tibet plateau institute of Biology Lhasa 850001TibetChina

The number of trichomes significantly increased in CRISPR/Cas9-edited BrrTCP4b turnip(Brassica rapa ***)***,the underlying molecular mechanism remains to be *** this study,we performed the Y2H screen using BrrTCP4b as the bait,which unveiled an interaction between BrrTCP4b and BrrTTG1,a pivotal WD40-repeat protein transcription factor in the MYB-bHLH-WD40(MBW)*** physical interaction was further validated through bimolecular luciferase complementation and ***,it was found that the interaction between BrrTCP4b and BrrTTG1 could inhibit the activity of MBW complex,resulting in decreased expression of BrrGL2,a positive regulator of trichomes *** contrast,AtTCP4 is known to regulate trichomes development by interacting with AtGL3 in Arabidopsis ***,this study revealed that BrrTCP4b is involved in trichome development by interacting with BrrTTG1 in turnip,indicating a divergence from the mechanisms observed in model plant *** findings contribute to our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms governing trichome development in the non-model plants turnip.

关键词： TCP transcription factor MBW complex Trichome development Turnip

Circulation Background and Genesis Mechanism of a Cold Vortex over the Tibetan plateau during Late April 2018

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2024年第6期41卷 1201-1216页

作者： Duming GAO Jiangyu MAO Guoxiong WU Yimin LIU State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics(LASG) Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China Heavy Rain and Drought-Flood Disasters in plateau and Basin Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Institute of Plateau MeteorologyChina Meteorological AdministrationChengdu 610072China Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Tibetan plateau Earth Sciences Beijing 100101China

A cold vortex occurred over the northeastern Tibetan plateau(TP)on 27 April 2018 and subsequently brought excessive rainfall to the spring farming area in southern China when moving *** study investigates the genesis mechanism of the cold TP vortex(TPV)by diagnosing reanalysis data and conducting numerical *** demonstrate that the cold TPV was generated in a highly baroclinic environment with significant contributions of positive potential vorticity(PV)forcing from the tropopause and diurnal thermodynamic impact from the *** a positive PV anomaly in the lower stratosphere moved towards the TP,the PV forcing at the tropopause pushed the tropospheric isentropic surfaces upward,forming isentropic-isplacement ascent and reducing static stability over the *** descent of the tropopause over the TP also produced a tropopause folding over the northeastern TP associated with a narrow high-PV column intruding downwards over the TPV genesis site,resulting in ascending air in the free ***,in conjunction with the descending air in the valley area during the night,produced air stretching just at the TPV genesis *** the surface cooling at night increased the surface static stability,the aforementioned vertical air-stretching thus converted the produced static stability to vertical ***,the cold TPV was generated over the valley at night.

关键词： tropopause PV forcing air column stretching static stability vertical vorticity