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Brain GABA and glutamate levels in workers of two ant species （Hymenoptera： Formicidae）： Interspecific differences and effects of queen presence/absence

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Insect Science 2014年第5期21卷 647-658页

作者： Andrzej Wnuk Wojciech Kostowski Julita Korczynska Anna Szczuka Beata Symonowicz Przemyslaw Bienkowski Pawel Mierzejewski Ewa Joanna Godzinska laboratory of Ethology Department of Neurophysiology Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology PAS Warsaw Department of Pharmacology and Physiology of the Nervous System Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology Warsaw Poland

Presence of amino acid neurotransmitters gamma-aminobutyric acid （GABA） and glutamate （Glu） in ant brains was reported in very few studies. To learn more about factors influencing GABA and Glu levels in ant brains, we applied high-performance liquid chromatography to measure levels of these compounds in single brains of workers of 2 ant species, Myrmica ruginodis （subfamily Myrmicinae） and Formica polyctena （subfamily Formicinae） taken from queenright/queenless colony fragments and tested in dyadic aggression tests consisting of an encounter with a nestrnate, an alien conspecific or a small cricket. Brain glutamate levels were higher than those of GABA in both tested species. Brain GABA levels （in μmol/brain） and GABA ： Glu ratio were higher in M. ruginodis （a submissive species） than in E polyctena （a dominant, aggressive species） in spite of smaller brain weight of M. ruginodis. Brain glutamate levels （in μmol/brain） did not differ between the tested species, which implies that glutamate concentration （in μmol/mg of brain tissue） was higher in M. ruginodis. Queen absence was associated with increased worker brain GABA levels in E polyctena, but not in M. ruginodis. No significant effects of opponent type were discovered. As GABA agonists enhance friendly social behavior in rodents, we hypothesize that elevated brain GABA levels of orphaned workers of *** facilitate the adoption of a new queen. This is the first report providing information on GABA and glutamate levels in single ant brains and documenting the effects of queen presence/absence on brain levels of amino acid neurotransmitters in workers of social Hymenoptera.

关键词： Formica polyctena GABA glutamate interspecific differences Myrmica ruginodis queen

Transcriptional inhibition in Schwann cell development and nerve regeneration

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Neural Regeneration Research 2017年第8期12卷 1241-1246页

作者： Susanne Quintes Bastian G.Brinkmann Max-Planck-Institute of experimental Medicine Department of Neurogenetics Gottingen Germany Department of Clinical neurophysiology University Medical Center Gotingen (UMG) Gottingen Germany

Schwann cells, the myelinating glial cells of the peripheral nervous system are remarkably plastic after nerve trauma. Their transdifferentiation into specialized repair cells after injury shares some features with their development from the neural crest. Both processes are governed by a tightly regulated balance between activators and inhibitors to ensure timely lineage progression and allow re-maturation after nerve injury. Functional recovery after injury is very successful in rodents, however, in humans, lack of regeneration after nerve trauma and loss of function as the result of peripheral neuropathies represents a significant problem. Our understanding of the basic molecular machinery underlying Schwann cell maturation and plasticity has made significant progress in recent years and novel players have been discovered. While the transcriptional activators of Schwann cell development and nerve repair have been well defined, the mechanisms counteracting negative regulation of（re-）myelination are less well understood. Recently, transcriptional inhibition has emerged as a new regulatory mechanism in Schwann cell development and nerve repair. This mini-review summarizes some of the regulatory mechanisms controlling both processes and the novel concept of ＂inhibiting the inhibitors＂ in the context of Schwann cell plasticity.

关键词： Schwann cell Zeb2 myelin transcription factors regeneration remyelination neuropathy

Shared(epi)genomic background connecting neurodegenerative diseases and type 2 diabetes

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World Journal of Diabetes 2020年第5期11卷 155-164页

作者： Valerio Caputo Andrea Termine Claudia Strafella Emiliano Giardina Raffaella Cascella Department of Biomedicine and Prevention Tor Vergata UniversityRome 00133Italy Molecular Genetics laboratory UILDM Santa Lucia FoundationRome 00142Italy experimental and Behavioral neurophysiology laboratory Santa Lucia FoundationRome 00142Italy Department of Biomedical Sciences Catholic University Our Lady of Good CounselTirana 1000Albania

The progressive aging of populations has resulted in an increased prevalence of chronic pathologies,especially of metabolic,neurodegenerative and movement *** particular,type 2 diabetes(T2D),Alzheimer’s disease(AD)and Parkinson’s disease(PD)are among the most prevalent age-related,multifactorial pathologies that deserve particular attention,given their dramatic impact on patient quality of life,their economic and social burden as well the etiopathogenetic mechanisms,which may overlap in some ***,the existence of common triggering factors reflects the contribution of mutual genetic,epigenetic and environmental features in the etiopathogenetic mechanisms underlying T2D and AD/*** this subject,this review will summarize the shared(epi)genomic features that characterize these complex *** particular,genetic variants and gene expression profiles associated with T2D and AD/PD will be discussed as possible contributors to determine the susceptibility and progression to these ***,potential shared epigenetic modifications and factors among T2D,AD and PD will also be ***,this review shows that findings from genomic studies still deserves further research to evaluate and identify genetic factors that directly contribute to the shared ***,a common epigenetic background still needs to be investigated and *** evidences discussed in this review underline the importance of integrating largescale(epi)genomic data with additional molecular information and clinical and social background in order to finely dissect the complex etiopathogenic networks that build up the“disease interactome”characterizing T2D,AD and PD.

关键词： Type 2 diabetes Alzheimer’s disease Parkinson’s disease Metabolism Neurodegeneration Neuroinflammation Genetic variants Epigenomic background Disease interactome

Significance of the Thalamic Reticular Nucleus GABAergic Neurons in Normal and Pathological Activity of the Brain

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Journal of Behavioral and Brain Science 2012年第4期2卷 436-444页

作者： Zakaria I. Nanobashvili Arkadi G. Surmava Irine G. Bilanishvili Maia G. Barbaqadze Magda D. Mariamidze Nadejda A. Khizanishvili Department of neurophysiology Ivane Beritashvili Experimental BioMedicine Centre Tbilisi Georgia

The relationship between neurons of the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) and relay neurons of the thalamic nuclei was studied. Activation of the TRN neurons was shown to abate activity of relay neurons. This evidence was obtained by stimulation of the TRN and the neocortex and, by introduction of small doses of nembutal as well. Suppression of the relay neuronal activity by the TRN neurons is supposed to occur monosynaptically. It has been also revealed that neuronal activity of the TRN enhances in a clonic phase of seizures generated by stimulation of the hippocampus and as soon as the electroencephalographic seizure reactions disappear. The suppression of limbic motor seizures is obviously related to the process of potentiation in GABAergic synapses of thalamocortical networks. Thus, stimulation of the TRN appears to be a rather valuable methodical tool that can open up prospects in the development of new “anticonvulsive” strategies in the treated of temporal lobe epilepsy.

关键词： Thalamic Reticular Nucleus Relay Neurons Seizure Activity Potentiation Cats

Pregnancy: Protection of the Hyperactive Brain, or a Risk Factor?

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Journal of Behavioral and Brain Science 2014年第7期4卷 334-341页

作者： Zakaria I. Nanobashvili Irine G. Bilanishvili Arkadi G. Surmava Nata G. Bukia Marine P. Butskrikidze Lamara I. Machavariani Nino T. Samsieshvili Maia G. Barbaqadze Irma G. Khachidze Nadejda A. Khizanishvili Department of neurophysiology Ivane Beritashvili Center of Experimental Biomedicine Tbilisi Georgia

The main objective of the study was to determine the effect of gestation and postgestation periods on development and course of seizure activity. The data obtained in the study showed that i) there is a reduction of both EEG and behavioral seizures during gestation in the presence of hippocampal epileptogenic locus (kindling model);ii) suppression of audiogenic seizures occurs in gestation, and development of audiogenic kindling and decrease of seizure reactions occur in the pseudogestation state. It is assumed that in gestation period the intensification of the possible endogenous inhibitory mechanisms follows the course of seizure activity.

关键词： Gestation Kindling Audiogenic Seizures Rats

Pain and memory: Do they share similar mechanisms?

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World Journal of Neuroscience 2013年第1期3卷 39-48页

作者： Merab G. Tsagareli Department of neurophysiology Ivane Beritashvili Experimental Biomedicine Center Tbilisi Georgia

Pain receptors, nociceptors inputs to the spinal cord and supra spinal structures triggering a prolonged but reversible increase in the excitability and synaptic efficacy of neurons in central nociceptive pathways, is the phenomenon of central sensitization. Key processes for pain memory stabilizing could be considering processes of peripheral and central sensitizations. Mechanical hypersensitivity and allodynia to light touch after central sensitization are pathologic in that they are evoked by Aβ low threshold mechanoreceptors, which normally do not produce painful sensations. Peripheral sensitization allows low-intensity stimuli to produce pain by activating Aδ and C nociceptors whereas central sensitization allows normal low-threshold Aβ mechanoreceptors to produce pain as a result of changes in sensory processing in the spinal cord. During peripheral and central sensitization, the receptive fields of dorsal horn neurons expand beyond the site of injury into surrounding non-injured tissue. The clinical result of all above changes is hyperalgesia, allodynia, spontaneous pain, referred pain and sym-pathetically maintained pain. Therefore, these persistent sensory responses to noxious stimuli are a form of memory, the memory for pain. Long lasting synaptic plasticity as the long-term potentialtion at spinal and supra-spinal levels could undergo hyperalgesia and allodynia. The latter could be providing neuronal basis for persistent pain and pain memory. Thus, it will be particularly important to know how to regulate long-lasting plastic changes in spinal cord, thalamus and cortex. Molecular mechanisms of these plastic processes could be main targets for new therapeutic drugs in pain relief.

关键词： Allodynia Analgesia Hyperalgesia Nociception Synaptic Plasticity Long-Term Potentiation

Some Characteristics of Neurons in the Reticular Nucleus of the Thalamus (Preliminary Data)

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Journal of Behavioral and Brain Science 2023年第3期13卷 45-54页

作者： Zakaria I. Nanobashvili Irine G. Bilanishvili Irine G. Vashakidze Maia G. Barbakadze Megi G. Dumbadze Nadejda A. Khizanishvili laboratory of neurophysiology Ivane Beritashvili Center of Experimental Biomedicine Tbilisi Georgia Georgian National University - SEU Tbilisi Georgia Teaching University Geomedi Tbilisi Georgia

Our general understanding of the function of neurons is that dendrites receive information that is relayed to the axon, where action potentials are initiated and propagated to eventually trigger neurotransmitter release at synaptic terminals. Although for a number of neuron types in the mammalian brain, many neuron types do not follow this classical polarity pattern. In fact, dendrites may be the site of action potentials initiation and propagation. It should be noted that convincing evidence has been obtained for the existence of dendritic action potentials in hippocampal and neocortical neurons. With regard to the dendrite potentials of thalamic neurons in general and specifically the reticular nucleus of the thalamus, it has not yet been reported. The results of this study demonstrate, for the first time, that generation of spike potentials of different amplitudes was observed in the activity of the thalamic reticular nucleus neurons. The generation of one action potential does not interfere with the generation of another, and a spike potential of smaller amplitude can occur at the ascending or descending phase of the spike potential of large amplitude. It can be argued that the spike potentials of lower amplitudes arising in the thalamic reticular nucleus neuron are of dendrite origin. Given both the strategic position and the functional purpose of the TRN, it can be assumed that the neurons of this structure must each time be discharged with spike potentials in order to carry out their modulating effect on other areas of the nervous system of the brain without leakage.

关键词： Thalamus Neuron Dendrite Potentials Cat

Current application of neurofilaments in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and future perspectives

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Neural Regeneration Research 2021年第10期16卷 1985-1991页

作者： Yuri Matteo Falzone Tommaso Russo Teuta Domi Laura Pozzi Angelo Quattrini Massimo Filippi Nilo Riva Neuropathology Unit Institute of Experimental NeurologyDivision of NeuroscienceSan Raffaele Scientific InstituteMilanItaly Neurology and Neurorehabilitation Unit IRCCS SanRaffaele Scientific InstituteMilanItaly neurophysiology Unit IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific InstituteMilanItaly Neuroimaging Research Unit Institute of Experimental NeurologyDivision of NeuroscienceIRCCS San Raffaele Scientific InstituteMilanItaly Vita-Salute San Rafaele University MilanItaly

Motor neuron disease includes a heterogeneous group of relentless progressive neurological disorders defined and characterized by the degeneration of motor *** lateral sclerosis is the most common and aggressive form of motor neuron disease with no effective treatment so ***,diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers are lacking in clinical *** are fundamental structural components of the axons and neurofilament light chain and phosphorylated neurofilament heavy chain can be measured in both cerebrospinal fluid and *** light chain and phosphorylated neurofilament heavy chain levels are elevated in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,reflecting the extensive damage of motor neurons and ***,neurofilaments are now increasingly recognized as the most promising candidate biomarker in amyotrophic lateral *** potential usefulness of neurofilaments regards various aspects,including diagnosis,prognosis,patient stratification in clinical trials and evaluation of treatment *** this review paper,we review the body of literature about neurofilaments measurement in amyotrophic lateral *** also discuss the open issues concerning the use of neurofilaments clinical practice,as no overall guideline exists to date;finally,we address the most recent evidence and future perspectives.

关键词： amyotrophic lateral sclerosis biomarkers motor neuron disease neurofilament light chain phosphorylated neurofilament heavy chain

Mood Disorders: Protection of the Hyper-Excited Brain, or a Risk Factor?

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Journal of Behavioral and Brain Science 2019年第2期9卷 54-65页

作者： Zakaria I. Nanobashvili Irine G. Bilanishvili Maia G. Barbakadze Nadejda A. Khizanishvili Department of neurophysiology Ivane Beritashvili Center of Experimental Biomedicine Tbilisi Georgia International Caucasus University Tbilisi Georgia

Emotional disturbances such as anxiety, fear, depression and aggression are often experienced by patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. These psychiatric symptoms may occur during or just after (postictal) a seizure;however, in some patients, they occur interictally (i.e. between seizures) and may profoundly change the individual’s personality. Aside from confirming that a significant proportion of temporal lobe epileptics do suffer from interictal abnormal emotionality, there has been little progress to date in identifying the fundamental nature of these disturbances. There is a lack of evidences regarding the influence of activation of emotiogenic structures and emotional behavior on development of seizures. Kindling is a commonly used animal model for study of interictal emotionality and the effects of kindling and human epilepsy on emotional behavior are the primary focus of investigators and not vice versa. Respectively, the interrelation between emotional and seizure reactions was studied in Wistar albino rats. In our study we tried to elucidate: can emotional behavior evoked by stimulation of the emotiogenic zones of the hypothalamus or of induction of acute pain stress modify manifestations of generalized seizures within the period where a “full” epileptic syndrom has been stable formed earlier? Our leading hypothesis is as follow: the emotional disturbances can be considered as the emergence of instinctive behavior with an adaptive significance of defense and as a by-product of the inhibitory processes that build up to protect against the future occurrence of seizures.

关键词： Kindling Hypothalamus Stress Seizure Rats