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Microfluidics-enabled phenotyping of a whole population of *** worms over their embryonic and post-embryonic development at single-organism resolution

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Microsystems & Nanoengineering 2018年第1期4卷 345-355页

作者： Maria Cristina Letizia Matteo Cornaglia Raphaël Trouillon Vincenzo Sorrentino Laurent Mouchiroud Maroun S.Bou Sleiman Johan Auwerx Martin A.M.Gijs ecole polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Laboratory of MicrosystemsLausanneSwitzerland ecole polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Laboratory of Integrative Systems PhysiologyLausanneSwitzerland

The organism Caenorhabditis elegans is a performant model system for studying human biological processes and diseases,but until now all phenome data are produced as population-averaged *** of individual responses to drug treatments would however be more ***,a new strategy to track different phenotypic traits of individual *** nematodes throughout their full life-cycle-i.e.,embryonic and post-embryonic development,until adulthood onset,differently from life-span-is *** an automated fashion,single worms were synchronized,isolated,and cultured from egg to adulthood in a microfluidic device,where their identity was preserved during their whole *** phenotypes were monitored and quantified for each animal,resulting in high-content phenome ***,the method was validated by analyzing the response of *** to doxycycline,an antibiotic fairly well-known to prolong the development and activate mitochondrial stress-response pathways in different ***,the obtained extensive single-worm phenome not only confirmed the dramatic doxycycline effect on the worm developmental delay,but more importantly revealed subtle yet severe treatment-dependent phenotypes that are representative of minority subgroups and would have otherwise stayed hidden in an averaged *** heterogeneous response started during the embryonic development,which makes essential having a dedicated chip that allows including this early developmental stage in the drug *** approach would therefore allow elucidating pharmaceutical or therapeutic responses that so far were still being overlooked.

关键词： fluid treatment otherwise

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Controlled acceleration of GeV electron beams in an all-optical plasma waveguide

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Light(Science & Applications) 2022年第7期11卷 1535-1541页

作者： Kosta Oubrerie Adrien Leblanc Olena Kononenko Ronan Lahaye Igor A.Andriyash Julien Gautier Jean-Philippe Goddet Lorenzo Martelli Amar TafziKim Ta Phuoc Slava Smartsev Cédric Thaury LOA CNRSEcole PolytechniqueENSTA ParisInstitut Polytechnique de Paris181 Chemin de la Hunière et des Joncherettes91120 PalaiseauFrance

Laser-plasma accelerators(LPAs)produce electric fields of the order of 100 GV m-1,more than 1000 times larger than those produced by radio-frequency *** uniquely strong fields make LPAs a promising path to generate electron beams beyond the TeV,an important goal in high-energy ***,large electric fields are of little benefit if they are not maintained over a long *** is therefore of the utmost importance to guide the ultra-intense laser pulse that drives the *** very high energies is equally useless if the properties of the electron beam change completely from shot to shot,due to the intrinsic lack of stability of the injection ***-of-the-art laser-plasma accelerators can already address guiding and control challenges separately by tweaking the plasma ***,the production of beams that are simultaneously high quality and high energy has yet to be *** paper presents a novel experiment,coupling laser-plasma waveguides and controlled injection techniques,facilitating the reliable and efficient acceleration of high-quality electron beams up to 1.1 GeV,from a 50 TW-class laser.

关键词： process. acceleration uniquely

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Transient Ablation Regime in Circuit Breakers

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Plasma Science and Technology 2007年第6期9卷 653-656页

作者： Alexandre MARTIN Jean-Yves TREPANIER Marcelo REGGIO ecole polytechnique MontrealQuebecCanada

Nozzle wall ablation caused by high temperature electric arcs is studied in the context of high voltage SF6 circuit breakers. The simplified ablation model used in litterature has been updated to take into account the unsteady state of ablation. Ablation rate and velocity are now calculated by a kinetic model using two layers of transition, between the bulk plasma and the ablating wall. The first layer （Knudsen layer）, right by the wall, is a kinetic layer of a few mean-free path of thickness. The second layer is collision dominated and makes the transition between the kinetic layer and the plasma bulk. With this new coupled algorithm, it is now possible to calculate the temperature distribution inside the wall, as well as more accurate ablation rates.

关键词： circuit breakers electric arc ablation Teflon radiation

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5-Nitro-1,2,4-triazole-3-one:A Review of Recent Advances

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含能材料 2019年第4期27卷 326-347,I0007页

作者： Sabrina Hanafi Djalal Trache Slimane Abdous Zineddine Bensalem Abderrahmane Mezroua UER Procedes Energetiques Ecole Militaire Polytechnique

The 3?Nitro?1,2,4?triazole?5?one(NTO)is a high energy density materials of keen interest for both commercial and scientific worlds owing to its reduced sensitivity,better thermal stability and high performances. It plays a significant role to replace the current energetic ingredients. In this review,we summarize various strategies involved in the synthesis of NTO as well as the existing approaches to tailor its particle morphology and sizes. The most prominent properties of NTO,such as insensitivity and performance,which are usually required to produce efficient formulations,have been concisely discussed. In addition,this overview reports on some newer forms of NTO including derivatives and co?crystals available in the literature,which can enhance the NTO features and extend its applications. The advantages and shortcomings of various NTO forms for specific and potential use are also highlighted together with the attempts made to overcome these issues. Therefore,efforts will certainly continue to improve characteristics and performances of NTO either by chemical modification or by co?crystallization in order to produce promising formulations for widespread applications in the near future.

关键词： Triazolone 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazole-5-one(NTO) synthesis properties particle morphology derivatives co-crystals applications

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How single-cell immunology is benefiting from microfluidic technologies

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Microsystems & Nanoengineering 2020年第1期6卷 728-741页

作者： Fabien C.Jammes Sebastian J.Maerkl Institute of Bioengineering School of EngineeringEcole Polytechnique Federale de LausanneLausanneSwitzerland

The immune system is a complex network of specialized cells that work in concert to protect against invading pathogens and tissue *** in this network often result in excessive or absent immune responses leading to allergies,autoimmune diseases,and *** of the mechanisms and their regulation remain poorly *** cells are highly diverse,and an immune response is the result of a large number of molecular and cellular interactions both in time and *** bulk methods are often prone to miss important details by returning population-averaged *** is a need in immunology to measure single cells and to study the dynamic interplay of immune cells with their *** in the fields of microsystems and microengineering gave rise to the field of microfluidics and its application to *** systems enable the precise control of small volumes in the femto-to nanoliter *** controlling device geometries,surface chemistry,and flow behavior,microfluidics can create a precisely defined microenvironment for single-cell studies with spatio-temporal *** features are highly desirable for single-cell analysis and have made microfluidic devices useful tools for studying complex immune *** addition,microfluidic devices can achieve high-throughput measurements,enabling in-depth studies of complex *** has been used in a large panel of biological applications,ranging from single-cell genomics,cell signaling and dynamics to cell–cell interaction and cell migration *** this review,we give an overview of state-of-the-art microfluidic techniques,their application to single-cell immunology,their advantages and drawbacks,and provide an outlook for the future of single-cell technologies in research and medicine.

关键词： fluid network details

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Large-signal modeling of three-phase dual active bridge converters for electromagnetic transient analysis in DC grids

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Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy 2019年第6期7卷 1684-1696页

作者： Maxime BERGER Ilhan KOCAR Handy FORTIN-BLANCHETTE Carl LAVERTU polytechnique Montreal MontrealCanada Bombardier Transportation St-Bruno-de-MontarvilleCanada ecole de Technologie Superieure MontrealCanada

The three-phase dual active bridge(3 p-DAB)converter is widely considered in next-generation DC grid *** for traditional AC grids,the successful integration of power electronic converters in DC grids requires accurate time-domain system-level *** demonstrated in the existing literature,the development and efficient implementation of large-signal models of 3 pDAB converters are not *** this paper,a generalized average model is developed,which enables system-level simulation of DC grids with 3 p-DAB converters in electromagnetic transient type(EMT-type)*** proposed model is rigorously compared with alternative modeling techniques:ideal-model,switching-function and state-space *** is concluded that the generalized average model provides an optimal solution when accuracy of transient response,reduction in computation time,and wideband response factors are considered.

关键词： Three-phase dual active bridge(3p-DAB) Generalized averaging Large-signal analysis Electromagnetic transient DC–DC conversion

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Multimode optical fiber transmission with a deep learning network

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Light(Science & Applications) 2018年第1期7卷 368-378页

作者： Babak Rahmani Damien Loterie Georgia Konstantinou demetri Psaltis Christophe Moser ecole polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Laboratory of Applied Photonics DevicesCH-1015 LausanneSwitzerland ecole polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Laboratory of OpticsCH-1015 LausanneSwitzerland

Multimode fibers(MMFs)are an example of a highly scattering medium,which scramble the coherent light propagating within them to produce seemingly random ***,for applications such as imaging and image projection through an MMF,careful measurements of the relationship between the inputs and outputs of the fiber are *** show,as a proof of concept,that a deep neural network can learn the input-output relationship in a 0.75 m long ***,we demonstrate that a deep convolutional neural network(CNN)can learn the nonlinear relationships between the amplitude of the speckle pattern(phase information lost)obtained at the output of the fiber and the phase or the amplitude at the input of the ***,the network performs a nonlinear inversion *** obtained image fidelities(correlations)as high as~98%for reconstruction and~94%for image projection in the MMF compared with the image recovered using the full knowledge of the system transmission characterized with the complex measured *** further show that the network can be trained for transfer learning,i.e.,it can transmit images through the MMF,which belongs to another class not used for training/testing.

关键词： network fiber scattering

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Unveiling the lamellar structure of the human cornea over its full thickness using polarization-resolved SHG microscopy

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Light(Science & Applications) 2023年第9期12卷 1782-1794页

作者： Clothilde Raoux Anatole Chessel Pierre Mahou Gaël Latour Marie-Claire Schanne-Klein Laboratory for Optics and Biosciences Ecole PolytechniqueCNRSINSERMInstitut Polytechnique de Paris91128 PalaiseauFrance UniversitéParis-Saclay 91190 Gif-sur-YvetteFrance

A key property of the human cornea is to maintain its curvature and consequently its refraction capability despite daily changes in intraocular *** is closely related to the multiscale structure of the corneal stroma,which consists of 1-3µm-thick stacked lamellae made of thin collagen ***,the distribution,size,and orientation of these lamellae along the depth of the cornea are poorly characterized up to *** this study,we use second harmonic generation(SHG)microscopy to visualize the collagen distribution over the full depth of 10 intact and unstained human corneas(500-600µm thick).We take advantage of the small coherence length in epi-detection to axially resolve the lamellae while maintaining the corneal physiological ***,as raw epi-detected SHG images are spatially homogenous because of the sub-wavelength size of stromal collagen fibrils,we use a polarimetric approach to measure the collagen orientation in every *** a careful validation of this approach,we show that the collagen lamellae(i)are mostly oriented along the inferior-superior axis in the anterior stroma and along the nasal-temporal axis in the posterior stroma,with a gradual shift in between and(ii)exhibit more disorder in the anterior *** results represent the first quantitative characterization of the lamellar structure of the human cornea continuously along its entire thickness with micrometric *** also shows the unique potential of P-SHG microscopy for imaging of collagen distribution in thick dense tissues.

关键词： structure curvature resolved

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On Nonlinearly Elastic Membranes under Compression

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Chinese Annals of Mathematics,Series B 2006年第4期27卷 379-392页

作者： Karim TRABELSI Centre de Mathématiques Appliquées (CMAP) Ecole Polytechnique91128 Palaiseau cedexFrance

The classical equations of a nonlinearly elastic plane membrane made of Saint Venant-Kirchhoff material have been justified by Fox, Raoult and Simo （1993） and Pantz （2000）. We show that, under compression, the associated minimization problem admits no solution. The proof is based on a result of non-existence of minimizers of non-convex functionals due to Dacorogna and Marcellini （1995）. We generalize the application of their result from Diane elasticity to three-dimensional Diane membranes.

关键词： Nonlinear elasticity Minimization Quasiconvexity Quasiconvex envelope Rank- 1-convexity

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A PARALLEL ALGORITHM FOR THE SOLUTION OF LARGE-SCALE NONCONFORMING FLUID-STRUCTURE INTERACTION PROBLEMS IN HEMODYNAMICS

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Journal of Computational Mathematics 2017年第3期35卷 363-380页

作者： Davide Forti Alfio Ouarteroni Simone deDaris MATH-CMCS Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne Station 8 CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland

In this work we address the numerical solution of large scale fluid-structure interaction problems when nonconforming grids and/or nonconforming finite elements discretizations are used at the interface separating the fluid and structure physical domains. To deal with nonconforming fluid-structure discretizations we use the INTERNOdeS method （INTER- polation for NOnconforming decompositionS） formerly introduced in [6] for the solution of elliptic Pdes on nonconforming domain decomposition. To cope with the high com- putational complexity of the three dimensional FSI problem obtained after spatial and temporal discretization, we use the block parallel preconditioner FaCSI [7]. A numerical investigation of the accuracy properties of INTERNOdeS applied to the nonconforming FSI problem is carried out for the simulation of the pressure wave propagation in a straight elastic cylinder. Finally, we study the scalability performance of the FaCSI precondition- er in the nonconforming case by solving a large-scale nonconforming FSI problem in a patient-specific arterial bypass.

关键词： Fluid-Structure Interaction Domain decomposition Nonconforming discretizations INTERNOdeS Biomechanics Parallel preconditioners High performance comput-ing.

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