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Antidepressant-like effects of the ethanolic extract of XiaobuxinTang,a traditional Chinese herbal prescription in animal models of depression

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Chinese Medical Journal 2007年第20期120卷 1792-1796页

作者： ZHANG You-zhi LI Yun-feng YU Neng-jiang YUAN Li ZHAO Yi-min XIAO Wen-bin LUO Zhi-pu division of psychopharmacology Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology Beijing 100850 China division of Phytochemistry Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology Beijing 100850 China

Background Xiaobuxin-Tang, a traditional Chinese herbal prescription recorded in a silk scroll unearthed from Mogao Caves of Dunhuang has been indicated that it can remit depressive disorder. The present study was designed to investigate its antidepressant effects in various animal depression models.Methods Xiaobuxin-Tang was extracted by 70% alcohol, and then three behavioral despair models and 5-Hydroxytryptophan （HTP）-induced head twitch response model were adopted to assess the antidepressant effects of the ethanolic extract of Xiaobuxin-Tang with the study on spontaneous motor activity. Groups of mice and rats received oral treatment with Xiaobuxin-Tang （150-1200 mg/kg） only once acutely in all tests. The duration of immobility was measured during the last 4 minutes of the 6-minutes test period in mice forced swimming test, rats forced swimming test and mice tail suspension test. In 5-HTP-induced head twitch response, the mice were intraperitoneally administered with 120 mg/kg of L-5-HTP, and then the cumulative number of head twitches was counted in 20 minutes. Spontaneous motor activities of mice were recorded automatically in 10 minutes by VIDEOMEX-V image analytic system.Results The extract at doses of 300 mg/kg （p.o.） and 600 mg/kg （p.o.） significantly decreased the duration of immobility time in a dose dependent manner in mice forced swimming test; also, the extract at dose of 1200 mg/kg （p.o.） significantly decreased the duration of immobility time in rat forced swimming test. Furthermore, the extract at a dose of 600 mg/kg had the same effect in mice tail suspension test. Meanwhile, the extract at the effective doses for behavioral despair models, had no effect on spontaneous motor activity in mice. The extract （300-1200 mg/kg, p.o.） also increased the accumulative number of the 5-HTP-induced head twitch response in mice in 20 minutes.Conclusion Our results suggested that the ethanolic extract of Xiaobuxin-Tang exerts antidepressant-like effect.

关键词： Xiaobuxin-Tang traditional Chinese medicine antidepressant forced swimming test tail suspension test 5-Hydroxytryptophan induced head-twitch response

Endocannabinoid system: A newer molecular target for the treatment of alcohol-related behaviors

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World Journal of Pharmacology 2012年第3期1卷 44-49页

作者： Basalingappa L Hungund K Yaragudri Vinod division of analytical psychopharmacology New York State Psychiatric Institute New York NY 10032 United States Department of Psychiatry College of Physicians and Surgeons Columbia University New York NY 10032 United States division of analytical psychopharmacology Nathan Kline S. Institute for Psychiatric Research Orangeburg NY 10962 United States Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry New York University Medical Center New York NY 10016 United States

The cannabinoid （CB） receptors, endocannabinoids （eCB） and their synthesizing and catabolizing enzymes and the proteins involved in their transport, constitute what is now recognized as the eCB system. The eCBs are a class of lipids that have been identifed as retro-grade messengers and produce their effects via presyn-aptic CB receptors. The major function of the eCBs has been suggested to be that of modulating the release of several neurotransmitters implicated in a number of biological functions that include reward and reinforce-ment. There is now significant evidence to suggest that the eCB system plays an important role in the development of alcohol tolerance, dependence and relapse. Recent studies suggest that the pharmacological manipulation of the eCB system has the potential not only to block the direct reinforcing properties of alcohol but also alleviate behavioral abnormalities associated with relapse. There is also accumulating evidence that points to the possible utility of the eCB system targeted drugs in the treatment of alcoholism-related behavioral disorders. The agents that block CB1 receptor function or inhibit the synthesis of eCBs are attractive candidate drugs that need to be explored. Further understanding of the role of the eCB system in molecular mechanism/s that underlies alcoholism-related behaviors should lead to a better treatment of this devastating disorder.

关键词： Endocannabinoids CB1 receptor Alcohol Tolerance Dependence

Association between Perceived Stressfulness of Stressful Life Events and the Suicidal Risk in Chinese Patients with Major Depressive Disorder

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Chinese Medical Journal 2018年第8期131卷 912-919页

作者： Jing-Yu Lin Yu Huang Yun-Ai Su Xin Yu Xiao-Zhen Lyu Qi Liu Tian-Mei Si Clinical psychopharmacology division Peking University Sixth Hospital National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Key Laboratory of Mental Health Ministry of Health (Peking University) Beijing 100191 China National Engineering Research Center for Software Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China

Background： Patients with major depressive disorder （MDD） usually have high risk of suicidality. Few studies have investigated the effects of stressful life events （SLEs） on the risk of suicide in Chinese patients who have developed MDD. This study aimed to investigate the impact of SLEs on suicidal risk in Chinese patients with MDD. Methods： In total, 1029 patients with MDD were included from nine psychiatric hospitals to evaluate the impact of SLEs on suicidal risk. Patients fulfilling the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview （MINI） criteria for MDD were included in the study. Patients were excluded if they had lifetime or current diagnoses of psychotic disorder, bipolar disorder, and alcohol or substance dependence. Depressive symptoms were assessed by the 17-item Harnilton Depression Scale （HAMD-17）. The suicidal risk of MDD patients was determined by the suicide risk module of MINI. SLEs were assessed by the Life Events Scale. Results： No gender difference was found for suicidal risk in MDD patients. Patients with suicidal risk had younger ages, lower education levels, more drinking behavior, and lower marriage rate, and fewer people had child and more severe depressive symptoms than nonsuicidal risk group. High-level perceived stressfulness （HPS） and number of SLEs that patients were exposed to were significantly greater in patients with suicidal risk than patients without. In multivariate logistic analysis, HPS of SLEs （odds ratio [OR] = 1.54, 95% confidence interval [C1]： 1.16-2.05, P = 0.003） and depressive symptoms （OR = 1.08.95% CI： 1.05-1.11, P 〈 0.001 ） were associated with suicidal risk even after adjustment of gender, age, marriage, drinking behavior, and childless. Conclusions： HPS of SLEs is associated with suicide risk in Chinese patients with MDD. Further suicide prevention programs targeting this risk factor are needed. Trial Registration： ***： NCT02023567; https：//***/ct2/show/NCTO2023567？term=NCTO2023567＆r

关键词： Life Stresses: Major Depressive Disorder: Suicide

First 150 years of catatonia:Looking back at its complicated history and forward to the road ahead

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World Journal of Psychiatry 2024年第5期14卷 600-606页

作者： Levente Csihi Gabor S Ungvari Stanley N Caroff Gábor Gazdag Department of Psychiatry and Psychiatric Rehabilitation Jahn Ferenc South Pest HospitalBudapest 1204Hungary division of Psychiatry School of MedicineUniversity of Western AustraliaCrawley 6009Western AustraliaAustralia Section of Psychiatry University of Notre DameFremantle 6160Western AustraliaAustralia Behavioral Health Service Corporal Michael J CresenczVeterans Affairs Medical CenterPhiladelphiaPA 19104United States Department of Psychiatry University of PennsylvaniaPerelman School of MedicinePhiladelphiaPA 19104United States Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Faculty of MedicineSemmelweis UniversityBudapest 1083Hungary

Karl Ludwig Kahlbaum(1828-1899)was the first to conceptualize and describe the main clinical features of a novel psychiatric illness,which he termed catatonia in his groundbreaking monograph published 150 years *** Kahlbaum postulated catatonia as a separate disease entity characterized by psychomotor symptoms and a cyclical course,a close examination of his 26 cases reveals that most of them presented with motor symptom complexes or syndromes associated with various psychiatric and medical *** his classification system,Kraepelin categorized catatonic motor symptoms that occur in combination with psychotic symptoms and typically have a poor prognosis within his dementia praecox(schizophrenia)disease *** of the substantial influence of Kraepelin’s classification,catatonia was predominantly perceived as a component of schizophrenia for most of the 20th ***,with the advent of the psychopharmacotherapy era starting from the early 1950s,interest in catatonia in both clinical practice and research subsided until the early *** past two decades have witnessed a resurgence of interest in *** Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fifth Edition,marked a paradigmatic shift by acknowledging that catatonia can occur secondary to various psychiatric and medical *** introduction of an independent diagnostic category termed“Catatonia Not Otherwise Specified”significantly stimulated research in this *** authors briefly review the history and findings of recent catatonia research and highlight promising directions for future exploration.

关键词： Catatonia Historical overview psychopharmacology Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5 Wernicke-Kleist-Leonhard school

Elevated Linoleic Acid (A Pro-Inflammatory PUFA) and Liver Injury in a Treatment Naive HIV-HCV Co-Infected Alcohol Dependent Patient

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Journal of Biosciences and Medicines 2016年第7期4卷 23-27页

作者： Vatsalya Vatsalya Shirish S. Barve Craig J. McClain Vijay A. Ramchandani division of Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition Department of Medicine University of Louisville School of Medicine Louisville USA Section on Human psychopharmacology LCTS/DICBR/NIAAA at National Institutes of Health Bethesda USA Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology University of Louisville School of Medicine Louisville USA Robley Rex VA Medical Center Louisville USA

HIV and HCV co-infection is a unique disease condition, and medical management of such condition is difficult due to severity and systemic complications. Added with heavy alcohol drinking, risk of liver injury increases due to several pro-inflammatory responses that subsequently get involved with alcohol metabolism. Elevated levels of fatty acids have been reported both in viral infections as well as alcoholic liver disease though such investigations have not addressed the adverse event with dual viral infection of HIV and HCV along with heavy drinking. This case report of a patient with excessive alcohol drinking and first time diagnosis of HIV and HCV dual infection, elaborating concurrent alteration in Linoleic Acid (LA) levels and pro-inflammatory shift in ω-6/ω-3 ratio along with the elevations in liver injury markers. Elevated LA has been recently studied extensively for its role in alcoholic liver disease;and in the present case, we also found it to be clinically relevant to liver injury.

关键词： Alcohol Fatty Acids HCV HIV Liver Injury

How do Patients with Schizophrenia Perceive Relatives’ Levels of Expressed Emotions? A Brief Patient Rated Scale

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Open Journal of Psychiatry 2017年第3期7卷 220-234页

作者： Heidi Bjø rge Tor Helge Notland Turid Birgitte Boye Ingun Dina Ulstein Nina Aarhus Smeby Ulrik Fredrik Malt Hå vard Bentsen Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied science Faculty of Health Institute of Nursing and Health Promotion Oslo Norway Institute of Clinical Medicine Faculty of Medicine University of Oslo Oslo Norway Blakstad Hospital Asker Norway Section of Psycho-oncology Oslo University Hospital Oslo Norway Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Faculty of Medicine University of Oslo Oslo Norway Department of Psychiatry of Old Age Oslo University Hospital Oslo Norway Department of Research Division of Mental Health and Dependence Oslo University Hospital Oslo Norway Department of Research and Education Division of Surgery and Clinical Neuroscience Oslo University Hospital Oslo Norway Center for psychopharmacology Diakonhjemmet Hospital Oslo Norway

Background : Patients’ perspective on relatives’ attitude and behaviour towards them (Expressed emotion—EE) may be an important addition to the current focus on relatives’ perspective only, as measured by Camberwell Family Interview (CFI) or other methods. Based on the theory of EE, we have designed a brief, three-item questionnaire completed by patients, named Felt Expressed Emotion Rating Scale (FEERS). FEERS measures the patient’s experience of criticism (Cri) and emotional over involvement (i.e. worry (Wo), and control (Con). Aims: To investigate the test-retest reliability of the FEERS and associations between the FEERS and the CFI and to which extent FEERS scores were modified by severity of psychotic symptoms, cognitive function, patient mood and amount of face-to-face contact with relatives. Methods : Forty-five patients with schizophrenia and related psychoses admitted to a psychiatric hospital and 67 relatives were included. Assessments included FEERS, CFI and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Results : FEERS-Cri test-retest intra-class correlation (ICC1,1) was 0.71 among patients with low total PANSS scores, low cognitive impairment (0.59) and depression (0.63). For low levels of cognitive impairment, the ICCs of the FEERS-Wo and the FEERS-Con were 0.62 and 0.83, respectively. The FEERS-Cri and FEERSHowWo correlated significantly with CFI-CC and CFI-positive comments, respectively. Among the relatives that the patient deemed “not at all critical” (low FEERS-Cri scores), 94% had low CFI-CC levels. Conclusions : The FEERS may be a brief, time-saving alternative for identifying relatives with low levels of criticism. However, illness severity, cognitive function and mood influence FEERS test-retest reliability and link to CFI.

关键词： Expressed Emotion Perceived Criticism Schizophrenia Validity

Treating comorbid anxiety and depression: Psychosocial and pharmacological approaches

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World Journal of Psychiatry 2015年第4期5卷 366-378页

作者： Jeremy D Coplan Cindy J Aaronson Venkatesh Panthangi Younsuk Kim Department of Psychiatry Division of Neuro- psychopharmacology State University of New York Downstate Medical Center Department of Psychiatry Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai State University of New York Downstate Medical Center

Comorbid anxiety with depression predicts poor outcomes with a higher percentage of treatment resistance than either disorder occurring alone. Overlap of anxiety and depression complicates diagnosis and renders treatment challenging. A vital step in treatment of such comorbidity is careful and comprehensive diagnostic assessment. We attempt to explain various psychosocial and pharmacological approaches for treatment of comorbid anxiety and depression. For the psychosocial component, we focus only on generalized anxiety disorder based on the following theoretical models:(1) "the avoidance model";(2) "the intolerance of uncertainty model";(3) "the meta-cognitive model";(4) "the emotion dysregulation model"; and(5) "the acceptance based model". For depression, the following theoretical models are explicated:(1) "the cognitive model";(2) "the behavioral activation model"; and(3) "the interpersonal model". Integration of these approaches is suggested. The treatment of comorbid anxiety and depression necessitates specific psychopharmacological adjustments as compared to treating either condition alone. Serotonin reuptake inhibitors are considered first-line treatment in uncomplicated depression comorbid with a spectrum of anxiety disorders. Short-acting benzodiazepines(BZDs) are an important "bridging strategy" to address an acute anxiety component. In patients with comorbid substance abuse, avoidance of BZDs is recommended and we advise using an atypical antipsychotic in lieu of BZDs. For mixed anxiety and depression comorbid with bipolar disorder, we recommend augmentation of an antidepressant with either lamotrigine or an atypical agent. Combination and augmentation therapies in the treatment of comorbid conditions vis-à-vis monotherapy may be necessary for positive outcomes. Combination therapy with tricyclic antidepressants, gabapentin and selective serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors(e.g., duloxetine) are specifically useful for comorbid chronic pain syndro

关键词： Generalized anxiety disorder Cognitive behavioral therapy Treatment-resistant mood disorders Bipolar disorder comorbid with anxiety Augmentation strategies Major depressive disorder

Housing Environment Affects Baseline Anxiety in Zebrafish

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Journal of Behavioral and Brain Science 2017年第11期7卷 520-531页

作者： Bhavana Movva Jacob W. Guerrant Maxwell J. Jentsch Allison N. Ogren Julie L. Mustard Norbert W. Seidler Laboratory of Neurobiology and Zebrafish Behavior Research Division of Basic Sciences Kansas City University of Medicine and Biosciences Kansas City Missouri USA

Neuroscience researchers that wish to address compelling questions in psychopharmacology would benefit from the use of zebrafish, which have a behavioral repertoire that is rich and complex and that reflects many fundamental processes in humans, such as those that evoke anxiety. Zebrafish behavior is easily quantified in diverse test environments, but it is important to consider the conditions used to house the fish, prior to the behavioral testing, when designing experiments. Studies show that fish housed at high densities exhibit elevated cortisol levels as compared with fish housed at lower densities. The literature is less clear about the behavioral consequences of housing and handling. We examined the effects of housing (group versus paired) on several behavioral parameters. We observed that group-housed fish exhibited an anxious phenotype as evidenced by tank diving and meandering. Other more general indicators of movement and spatial navigation were unaffected by housing. This study focused on two specific housing environments, and the results support the need for continued research in this area to further elucidate the contributions of housing and handling on the subtleties of zebrafish behavioral markers.

关键词： Zebrafish Behavior Anxiety Behavioral Phenotype Animal Model