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Passive eye movements induced by electromagnetic force(EMF) in rats

Zoological Research 2019年第3期40卷 211-218页

作者： Yue Yu Jun Huang Chun-Ming Zhang Tian-Wen Chen David S.Sandlin Shao-Xun Wang Alberto A.Arteaga Jerome Allison Yang Ou Susan Warren Paul May Hong Zhu Wu Zhou Departments of Otolaryngology and Communicative Sciences University of Mississippi Medical CenterJackson MS 39216USA Department of otolaryngology First Affiliated HospitalShanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuan Shanxi 030001China MD/PhD Program University of Mississippi Medical CenterJackson MS 39216USA Pharmacology and Toxicology University of Mississippi Medical CenterJackson MS 39216.USA Neurobiology and Anatomical sciences University of Mississippi Medical CenterJackson MS 39216USA Neurology University of Mississippi Medical CenterJackson MS 39216USA

Accurate information on eye position in the orbit is available from visual feedback,efference copy of the oculomotor commands and proprioceptive signals from the extraocular muscles (EOM).Whereas visual feedback and oculomotor commands have been extensively studied,central processing of EOM proprioceptive signals remains to be elucidated.A challenge to the field is to develop an approach to induce passive eye movements without physically contacting the eyes.A novel method was developed to generate passive eye movements in rats.A small rare-earth magnet disk (0.7 mm diameter,0.5 mm thickness) was attached to the surface of a rat's eyeball.A metal rod (5 mm diameter) wrapped with an electromagnetic (EM) coil was placed near the magnet (8-15 mm).By passing currents to the EM coil,electromagnetic force (EMF) was generated and acted upon the magnet and induced passive eye movements.The EMF induced well-defined passive eye movements,whose directions were dependent on current polarity and amplitudes and peak velocities were dependent on current intensity and duration.Peak velocities of the EMF-induced eye movements were linearly related to amplitudes,exhibiting main sequence relationships similar to that of saccades in awake rats and eye movements induced by electrical microstimulation of the abducens nucleus in anesthetized rats.Histological examination showed that repetitive EMF stimulations did not appear to result in damages in the EOM fibers.These results validated the EMF approach as a novel tool to investigate EOM proprioceptive signals and their roles in visual localization and gaze control.

关键词： Eye movement Proprioception Extraocular muscles Stretch reflex

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Auditory nerve preservation and regeneration in man:relevance for cochlear implantation

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Neural Regeneration Research 2015年第5期10卷 710-712页

作者： Helge Rask-Andersen Wei Liu Department of Surgical sciences Head and Neck SurgerySection of OtolaryngologyUppsala University Hospital departments of otolaryngology Uppsala University Hospital

Human hearing relies on 15,000 hair cells （HCs） or mecha- noreceptors sited in a 34 mm long helical shaped epithelial ridge. There may be several explanations for their vulner- ability in man and regrettably, they do not regenerate. Ap- proximately 35,000 bipolar neurons have their soma situated in the modiolus of the cochlea. Human afferents consist of two separate systems; one is represented by the large type I cells innervating the inner HCs （IHCs, n = 3,400） and the other one by the small type Ⅱcells innervating the outer HCs （OHCs, n = 12,000）. Type I spiral ganglion neurons （SGNs） constitute 96% of the afferent nerve population. Unlike in other mammals, their somas together with the pre- and post-somatic segments are unmyelinated. Type II nerve cell soma and fibers are unmyelinated.

关键词： cell Auditory nerve preservation and regeneration in man

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Standardization of experimental animals temporal bone sections

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Journal of Otology 2015年第2期10卷 66-71页

作者： Dalian Ding Jintao Yu Peng Li Kelei Gao Haiyan Jiang Wenjuan Zhang Hong Sun Shankai Yin Richard Salvi Center for Hearing and Deafness Department of Communicative Disorders and Sciences University of New York at Buffalo Department of otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Sun Ya-sen University Third Hospital Department of otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery the Sixth People's Hospital of Shanghai Jiao Tong University Department of otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Central South University Xiangya Hospital Department of otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Union Hospital Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science & Technology

Preparation of the temporal bone for light microscopy is an important step in histological studies of the inner ear. Due to the complexity of structures of the inner ear, it is difficult to measure or compare structures of interest without a commonly accepted standardized measure of temporal bone sections. Therefore, standardization of temporal bone sections is very important for histological assessment of sensory hair cells and peripheral ganglion neurons in the cochlear and vestibular systems. The standardized temporal bone sectioning is oriented to a plane parallel to the outer and internal auditory canals. Sections are collected from the epitympanum to the hypotympanum to reveal layers in the order of the crista ampullaris of the superior and lateral semicircular canals, macula utriculi and macula sacculi, superior vestibular ganglion neurons, macula of saccule and inferior vestibular ganglion neurons, cochlear modiolus, endolymphatic duct and endolymphatic sac, and finally the crista ampullaris of the posterior semicircular canal. Moreover, technical details of preparing for temporal bone sectioning including fixation, decalcification, whole temporal bone staining, embedding penetration, and embedding orientation are also discussed.

关键词： Experimental animal Temporal bone section Temporal bone Collodion embedding Decalcification

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ANIMAL BEHAVIORAL MODELS OF TINNITUS

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Journal of Otology 2014年第2期9卷 58-63页

作者： ZHANG Chao WANG Qiuju SUN Wei Department of otolaryngology Chinese PLA General Hospital Center for Hearing & Deafness Department of Communicative Dis-orders and SciencesState University of New York at Buffalo 3435 Main StreetBuffaloNY 14214

The pathophysiology of tinnitus is poorly understood and treatments are often unsuccessful. A number of animal models have been developed in order to gain a better understanding of tinnitus. A great deal has been learned from these models re- garding the electrophysiological and neuroanatomical correlates of tinnitus following exposure to noise or ototoxic drugs. Re- liable behavioral data is important for determining whether such electrophysiological or neuroanatomical changes are indeed related to tinnitus. Of the many documented tinnitus animal behavioral paradigms, the acoustic startle reflex had been pro- posed as a simple method to identify the presence or absence of tinnitus. Several behavioral models based on conditioned re- sponse suppression paradigms have also been developed. In addition to determining the presence or absence of tinnitus, some of the behavioral paradigms have provided signs of the onset, frequency, and intensity of tinnitus in animals. Although none of these behavioral models have been proved to be a perfect model, these studies provide useful information on understanding the neural mechanisms underlying tinnitus.

关键词： Tinnitus Behavioral model Acoustic startle Noise exposure Salicylate

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A new approach to endocochlear potential and potassium ion concentration measures in mini pig models

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Journal of Otology 2014年第4期9卷 163-168页

作者： Lili Ren Weiwei Guo Ling Zhang Wei Sun Shiming Yang Department of Otorhinolaryngology Chinese PLA General Hospital Department of otolaryngology PLA Air Force Command College Hospital Department of communicative Disorders & sciences Center for Hearing and DeafnessState University of New York at Buffalo

Mini pig models are large mammals and their ears are more similar with human beings in structure and development than other animals.However,the study on porcine ears is still in the initial stage and there is no description of an ideal operation approach to endocochlear potential and potassium ion concentration measurements.In this article,we describe a pre-auricular surgical approach to access the middle and inner ear for endocochlear potential and potassium ion concentration measures in mini pig models.Ten one-week old normal mini pigs were used in the study.The bulla of the temporal bone was accessed via a pre-auricular approach for endocochlear potential and potassium ion concentration measurements.The condition of the animals during the first post—experiment 24 h was observed.One animal died during surgery.The preauricular approach improved protection and preservation of relevant nervous and vascular elements including the facial nerve and carotid artery.So,the pre-auricular approach can be used for endocochlear potential and potassium ion concentration measurements with improved nerve and artery preservation mini pigs.

关键词： Anatomy Mini pig models Endocochlear potential Potassium ion concentration

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Exposure to blast shock waves via the ear canal induces deficits in vestibular afferent function in rats

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Journal of Otology 2020年第3期15卷 77-85页

作者： Yue Yu Jun Huang Xuehui Tang Jerome Allison David Sandlin Dalian Ding Yi Pang Chunming Zhang Tianwen Chen Nathan Yin Lan Chen William Mustain Wu Zhou Hong Zhu Departmant of otolaryngology and communicative sciences University of Mississippi Medical CenterJacksonMSUSA Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical sciences University of Mississippi Medical CenterJacksonMSUSA Department of Pediatric University of Mississippi Medical CenterJacksonMSUSA Program in Neuroscience University of Mississippi Medical CenterJacksonMSUSA Center for Hearing and Deafness University at BuffaloBuffaloNYUSA Department of otolaryngology First Affiliated HospitalShanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuan Shanxi030001China Department of Neurology University of Mississippi Medical CenterJacksonMSUSA

The ears are air-filled structures that are directly impacted during blast exposure.In addition to hearing loss and tinnitus,blast victims often complain of vertigo,dizziness and unsteady posture,suggesting that blast exposure induces damage to the vestibular end organs in the inner ear.However,the underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated.In this report,single vestibular afferent activity and the vestibuloocular reflex(VOR)were investigated before and after exposure to blast shock waves(~20 PSI)delivered into the left external ear canals of anesthetized rats.Single vestibular afferent activity was recorded from the superior branch of the left vestibular nerves of the blast-treated and control rats one day after blast exposure.Blast exposure reduced the spontaneous discharge rates of the otolith and canal afferents.Blast exposure also reduced the sensitivity of irregular canal afferents to sinusoidal head rotation at 0.5e2Hz.Blast exposure,however,resulted in few changes in the VOR responses to sinusoidal head rotation and translation.To the best of our knowledge,this is the first study that reports blast exposure-induced damage to vestibular afferents in an animal model.These results provide insights that may be helpful in developing biomarkers for early diagnosis of blast-induced vestibular deficits in military and civilian populations.

关键词： Primary blast injury Vestibular end organ Vestibulo-ocular reflex Vestibular afferent Vestibular hair cell

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灰鼠下丘近场记录未观察到掩蔽级差(Masking Level Difference)现象

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中华耳科学杂志 2003年第3期1卷 12-15,63页

作者：郭毓卿 Robert Burkard Center for Hearing & deafness Center for Hearing & Deafness Department of Communicative Disorders and Sciences Department of OtolaryngologyUniversity at BuffaloBuffaloNY 14214

目的以往的实验中采用近场电极记录方法发现了听皮层电位的掩蔽级差(Masking level difference,MLD)样改变,本实验采用同样技术观察下丘的MLD是否存在。方法6只健康成年灰鼠,手术植入右侧下丘电极,术后恢复期7-10天,然后在无麻醉状态... 详细信息

目的以往的实验中采用近场电极记录方法发现了听皮层电位的掩蔽级差(Masking level difference,MLD)样改变,本实验采用同样技术观察下丘的MLD是否存在。方法6只健康成年灰鼠,手术植入右侧下丘电极,术后恢复期7-10天,然后在无麻醉状态下进行下丘电位的测试。短纯音条件的测试(500 Hz短纯音)共设:双耳同相纯青(b0),双耳反相纯音(bπ),左耳纯音(le)和右耳纯音(re)四个条件,用以观察纯音本身参数对实验的影响。MLD条件的测试(500 Hz短纯音+白噪声)共设:双耳同相噪声反相纯音(n0sπ),双耳同相噪声同相纯音(n0s0),双耳同相噪声左耳纯音(n0sl),左耳噪声左耳纯音(nlsl),双耳同相噪声右耳纯音(n0sr)和右耳噪声右耳纯音(nrsr)六个条件。结果纯音条件组的右侧声刺激(re)得到较弱的诱发电位。MLD条件组中下丘电位的噪声掩蔽阈,潜伏期和振幅的分析未发现各组数据间有明显差异。结论采用近电场电极记录方法不能发现下丘的MLD样活动,但能发现皮层的MLD样活动。研究结果支持MLD完成于脑干以上水平的观点。

关键词：下丘听皮层近电场灰鼠

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Tinnitus and hyperacusis in children: clinic reports and basic research

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Journal of Otology 2012年第1期7卷 15-18页

作者： NIU Yu-guang Lauren Doolittle WANG Rong-guang SUN Wei The Department of otolaryngology Chinese PLA General Hospital Beijing 100853 28 Fuxing RoadBeijing P.R. China Center for Hearing and Deafness Department of Communicative Disorders and SciencesState University of New York at Buffalo Buffalo 14214 NY USA

Objective Tinnitus and hyperacusis are subjective symptoms which can be reponeu tJy p^t, lJ ： age. Although tinnitus and hyperacusis can have a negative effect on child development, these symptoms are commonly overlooked by their parents and clinicians. In this paper, we review clinical reports on tinnitus and hyperacusis in children and basic scientific studies on these disorders in order to provide updates of these disorders in the pediatric population. Recent studies have found that tinnitus and hyperacusis are not uncommon in children, especially in those with conductive and sensorineural hearing loss. The parents and clinicians should pay attention when children show abnormal behaviors and especially when they develop hearing loss. Since there is no objective measurement for tinnitus and hyperacusis, the diagnosis in children can be challenging. Tinnitus and hyperacusis are also common in Williams syndrome and autism but the mechanisms are still not clear. High doses of salicylate and noise exposure can in- duce tinnitus. Animal studies have determined lack of inhibition in the auditory cortex and the inferior colliculus may be critical for tinnitus and hyperacusis generation. The non-classic auditory system may also be involved in the aware- ness and tolerance of tinnitus and hyperacusis.

关键词： tinnitus hyperacusis auditory system salicylate acoustic trauma

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Peripheral vestibular system: Age-related vestibular loss and associated deficits

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Journal of Otology 2021年第4期16卷 258-265页

作者： Jennifer Coto Carmen L.Alvarez Ivette Cejas Brett M.Colbert Bonnie E.Levin Joshua Huppert Tatjana Rundek Carey Balaban Susan H.Blanton David J.Lee David Loewenstein Michael Hoffer Xue Zhong Liu University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Department of OtolaryngologyMiamiFLUSA San Juan Bautista Medical School CaguasPRUSA Medical Scientist Training Program University of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiamiFLUSA University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Department of Neurology and the Evelyn F.McKnight Brain InstituteMiamiFLUSA University of Pittsburgh Departments of OtolaryngologyNeurobiologyCommunication Sciences&Disordersand BioengineeringPittsburghPAUSA University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Dr.John T.Macdonald Department of Human GeneticsMiamiFLUSA University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Department of Public Health SciencesMiamiFLUSA University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesMiamiFLUSA

Given the interdependence of multiple factors in age-related vestibular loss (e.g., balance, vision,cognition), it is important to examine the individual contributions of these factors with ARVL. While therelationship between the vestibular and visual systems has been well studied (Bronstein et al., 2015),little is known about the association of the peripheral vestibular system with neurodegenerative disorders (Cronin et al., 2017). Further, emerging research developments implicate the vestibular system asan opportunity for examining brain function beyond balance, and into other areas, such as cognition andpsychological functioning. Additionally, the bidirectional impact of psychological functioning is understudied in ARVL. Recognition of ARVL as part of a multifaceted aging process will help guide thedevelopment of integrated interventions for patients who remain at risk for decline. In this review, wewill discuss a wide variety of characteristics of the peripheral vestibular system and ARVL, how it relatesto neurodegenerative diseases, and correlations between ARVL and balance, vision, cognitive, and psychological dysfunction. We also discuss clinical implications as well as future directions for research, withan emphasis on improving care for patients with ARVL.

关键词： Peripheral vestibular system Age-related vestibular loss Balance Vision Cognitive Psychological

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Detection of apoptosis by RT-PCR array in mefloquine-induced cochlear damage

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Journal of Otology 2011年第1期6卷 1-9页

作者： DING Da-lian Someya Shinichi JIANG Hai-yan QI Wei-dong YU Dong-zhen Center for Hearing and Deafness State University of New York at Buffalo departments of Aging and Geriatric Research Division of Biology of Aging University of Florida Department of otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Huashan Hospital Affiliated Fudan University Department of otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Six People＇s Hospital of Shanghai Jiao Tong University Graduate School of Agricultural and Life sciences University of Tokyo Department of otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Xiangya Hospital of Central South University

Objective To investigate the occurrence and possible mechanisms of apoptosis in cochlear epithelium and spiral ganglion neurons after mefloquine treatment. Methods We used quantitative RT-PCR apoptosis-focused gene arrays （96-well, 84 apoptosis related genes） to assess changes of gene expression in the cochlear basilar membrane （hair cells-supporting cells） and spiral ganglion neurons of rat cochlear organotypic cultures treated with 100 IxM mefloquine for 3 h. Results Significant up-or down-regulation in gene expression was detected in 23 genes in the cochlear basilar membrane, and in 32 genes in the spiral ganglion neurons compared with time-matched controls. The responding genes could be classified as pro-or anti-apoptotic, and were mainly implicated in the Bcl-2, Caspase, Card, IAP, TNF ligand / TNF receptor, Death domain / Death effector domain, DNA damage / p53, and NF-kappa B families. Synthetic analysis suggested that these families could be revised to two major pathways mainly involved in t]he death receptor-mediated signaling pathway and apoptotic mitochondrial pathway. In addition, it was found that numerous anti-apoptotic genes such as Bcl2al, Birclb, Birc3, Birc4, Bnipl, Cflar, II10, Lhx4, Mcll, Nfkbl, Prlr, Prok2, and TNF were greatly up-regulated in the cochlear tissue, which might imply the co-existence of protective response in the ceils at the early stage of mefloquine-induced damage.

关键词： mefloquine ototoxicity apoptosis cochlea spiral ganglion neurons hair cells gene expression

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