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Behavioral thermoregulation is highly repeatable and unaffected by digestive status in Agama atra

Integrative zoology 2018年第4期13卷 482-493页

作者： Jenna Van BERKEL Susana CLUSELLA-TRULLAS Centre for Invasion Biology Department of Botany and ZoologyStellenbosch UniversityMatielandSouth Africa

The precision and the extent of behavioral thermoregulation are likely to provide fitness benefits to ectotherms.Yet the factors driving variation in selected or preferred body temperature(T_(set))and its usefulness as a proxy for optimal physiological temperature(Topt)are still debated.Although T_(set)is often conserved among closely related species,substantial variation at the individual,population and species level has also been reported.However,the repeatability(calculated as the intra-class correlation coefficient)of T_(set)is generally low.One factor that influences T_(set)is feeding status,with fed reptiles typically showing higher T_(set),a process thought to aid meal digestion.Here,using experiments simulating realistic feeding and fasting regimes in Agama atra,a heliothermic lizard from southern Africa,we test if T_(set)and its repeatability under these 2 states significantly differ.Daily T_(set)ranged from 33.7 to 38.4℃,with a mean(±SE)of 36.7±0.1℃ for fed and 36.6±0.1℃ for unfed individuals.Comparisons of repeatability showed that females tend to be more consistent in the selection of body temperature than males,but not significantly so regardless of feeding status.We report some of the highest repeatability estimates of T_(set)to date(full range:0.229–0.642),and that the weak positive effects of feeding status on T_(set)did not increase its repeatability.In conclusion,one of the major prerequisites for natural selection,consistent among-individual variation,is present,making the adaptive significance of T_(set)considerably more plausible.

关键词： climate change co-adaptation evolutionary potential inter-individual variation specific dynamic action thermal preference

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Harvesting of forest products and implications for Afrotemperate bird communities in a montane forest of the Eastern Cape, South Africa

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Forest Ecosystems 2019年第4期6卷 352-366页

作者： Jessica Leaver Johann C.Carstens Michael I.Cherry department of botany and zoology Stellenbosch University

Background: Harvesting of forest products is a widespread driver of disturbance in developing nations, where policies are increasingly aimed at managing natural forests for sustainable use. There is thus need for research aimed at understanding the impact of resource use on forest habitats and concomitant effects on biodiversity.Afromontane forests in the Eastern Cape, South Africa are harvested informally for poles and medicinal bark and occur along elevational gradients of 800–1600 m above sea level. Patterns of spatial diversity and human disturbance are expected to be affected by elevation. Furthermore, species’ responses to disturbance are expected to vary depending on their level of habitat specialisation. Understanding harvest impacts on forest biodiversity thus requires disentangling the separate effects of elevation and disturbance, and considering forest-specialist and forest-generalist species separately. This study comprises two components. First, harvest activities, resultant harvestmediated habitat heterogeneity, and avifaunal species richness, composition and beta-diversity were compared across two elevational zones in a harvested forest. Second, the role of harvest-mediated habitat heterogeneity in driving patterns of avifaunal diversity were assessed, while controlling for elevation, and considering forest-specialist and forest-generalist species separately.Results: Harvest rates were higher, and activities more varied in the lower elevation zone, with significant impacts of harvesting on habitat features resulting in higher harvest-mediated habitat heterogeneity at lower elevations.Harvest-mediated increases in habitat heterogeneity positively affected forest-generalist species richness, while forest-specialist richness was negatively affected. While species composition of both groups differed across elevational zones, variation in harvest-mediated habitat heterogeneity did not fully account for this, suggesting that factors other than disturbance shape avifaunal communities along the elevation

关键词： Human disturbance Habitat heterogeneity Habitat modification Beta-diversity Elevation Generalist species Forest-specialist species

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A fine-scale assessment of the ecosystem service-disservice dichotomy in the context of urban ecosystems affected by alien plant invasions

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Forest Ecosystems 2019年第4期6卷 323-338页

作者： Luke J.Potgieter Mirijam Gaertner Patrick J.O’Farrell David M.Richardson Centre for Invasion Biology Department of Botany and ZoologyStellenbosch University

Background: Natural resources within and around urban landscapes are under increasing pressure from ongoing urbanisation, and management efforts aimed at ensuring the sustainable provision of ecosystem services(ES) are an important response. Given the limited resources available for assessing urban ES in many cities, practical approaches for integrating ES in decision-making process are needed.Methods: We apply remote sensing techniques(integrating LiDAR data with high-resolution multispectral imagery)and combined these with supplementary spatial data to develop a replicable approach for assessing the role of urban vegetation(including invasive alien plants) in providing ES and ecosystem disservices(EDS). We identify areas denoting potential management trade-offs based on the spatial distribution of ES and EDS using a local-scale case study in the city of Cape Town, South Africa. Situated within a global biodiversity hotspot, Cape Town must contend with widespread invasions of alien plants(especially trees and shrubs) along with complex socio-political challenges. This represents a useful system to examine the challenges in managing ES and EDS in the context of urban plant invasions.Results: Areas of high ES provision(for example carbon sequestration, shade and visual amenity) are characterized by the presence of large trees. However, many of these areas also result in numerous EDS due to invasions of alien trees and shrubs – particularly along rivers, in wetlands and along the urban edge where tall alien trees have established and spread into the natural vegetation(for example increased water consumption, increased fire risk and reduced soil quality). This suggests significant trade-offs regarding the management of species and the ES and EDS they provide.Conclusions: The approach applied here can be used to provide recommendations and to guide city planners and managers to fine-tune management interventions at local scales to maximise the provision of ES.

关键词： Biodiversity Biological invasions Ecosystem disservices Ecosystem services Remote sensing Trade-offs Tree invasions Urban plant invasions

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Protease inhibitors:recent advancement in its usage as a potential biocontrol agent for insect pest management

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Insect Science 2020年第2期27卷 186-201页

作者： Sujata Singh Archana Singh Sumit Kumar Pooja Mittal Indrakant K.Singh Molecular Biology Research Laboratory Department of ZoologyDeshbandhu CollegeUniversity of DelhiKalkajiNew DelhiIndia department of botany Hans Raj CollegeUniversity of DelhiDelhiIndia

Plant derived protease inhibitors(PIs)are a promising defensin for crop im-provement and insect pest management.Although agronomist made significant efforts in utilizing PIs for managing insect pests.the potentials of PIs are still obscured.Insect ability to compensate nutrient starvation induced by dietary PI feeding using different strategies,that is,overexpression of PI-sensitive protease,expression of PI-insensitive proteases,degradation of PI,has made this innumerable collection of PIs worthless.A practical challenge for agronomist is to identify potent PI candidates,to limit insect compensatory responses and to elucidate insect compensatory and resistance mechanisms activated upon herbivory.This knowledge could be further efficiently utilized to identify potential targets for RNAi-mediated pest control.These vital genes of insects could be functionally anno-tated using the advanced gene-editing technique,CRISPR/Cas9.Contemporary research is exploiting different in silico and modern molecular biology techniques to utilize PIs in controlling insect pests efficiently.This review is structured to update recent advancements in this field,along with is chronological background.

关键词： gene stacking insect pest management PI transgenic proteases protease inhibitors transplastomic

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Ethno-medicinal plants used by Bengali communities in Tripura, northeast India

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Journal of Forestry Research 2014年第3期25卷 713-716页

作者： Joydeb Majumder Partha P. Bhattacharjee Badal K. Datta Basant K. Agarwala Ecology & Biodiversity Laboratories Department of Zoology Tripura University Plant Taxonomy & Biodiversity Laboratory Department of Botany Tripura University

Northeastern India has high medicinal plant diversity due to variance in topography and physiognomy. We documented the uses of various medicinal plants by the Bengali people of West district and South district of Tripura state for their own health care as well as for domesti-cated animals. Based on semi structured interviews, group discussions and information from local informants, a total of 93 species of medicinal plants of 52 families and 83 genera were documented. These plants were used to treat more than 55 different human diseases and 6 diseases of livestock. Sixty-eight plant species were used singly and the rest were used in combination with other species for therapeutic formulations of various diseases. Leaves of plants were most often used for most of the ethnobotanical preparations. Maximum consensus value of 96% was recorded for Chromolaena odorata （L.） King ＆amp;H. Rob., and the mini-mum was 15%for Bambusa balcooa Robx. Of the 93 plant species, 75 species showed pharmacological properties. Prospects for augmenting existing knowledge and enhancing the use of traditional medicinal plants are discussed.

关键词： ethnobotanical survey Bengali community traditionalknowledge Tripura state Northeast India

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Use of non-timber forest products from invasive alien Prosopis species(mesquite) and native trees in South Africa: implications for management

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Forest Ecosystems 2015年第3期2卷 197-207页

作者： Ross T Shackleton David C Le Maitre Brian W van Wilgen David M Richardson Centre for Invasion Biology Department of Botany and ZoologyStellenbosch University Centre for Invasion Biology Natural Resources and the EnvironmentCSIR

Background: Prosopis species have been introduced to many areas outside their native range to provide benefits to local communities. Several Prosopis species and their hybrids(hereafter "mesquite") have, however, become naturalised and invasive and now generate substantial costs. Management options are limited because of the complex conflicts of interest regarding benefits and costs. Management policies and strategies must take account of such conflicts, but further insights are needed on the dimensions of uses and impacts before such information can be usefully applied. Current policy in South Africa allows for the growth and use of mesquite in one province,but not in others where its control is mandatory. We report on a study to quantify the direct use and perceptions of non-timber forest products(NTFPs) from mesquite and native trees in South Africa.Methods: Semi-structures household interviews were conducted with various stakeholder groups to identify what tree products are used, to ascertain amounts used as well as to gauge perceptions of natural resource use between different tree species and use over time.Results: The direct household use value of native trees was higher than that of mesquite, and local stakeholders attached greater value to products from native trees than from mesquite. Therefore, native trees are and will still be preferentially harvested, and mesquite is unlikely to offer protection to native species by providing an alternative source of products. Mesquite pods do, however, provide valuable additional resources(fodder and medicinal products). The use of both native trees and mesquite is decreasing as the incomes of poorer households rise and as alternative energy sources become available. The benefits and reliance on mesquite are not as high as previously assumed and the impacts from mesquite invasions create large problems for local communities.Conclusion: This study provides further evidence that the impacts of mesquite exceed the benefits, lending support for a policy to reduce negat

关键词： Biological invasions Conflicts of interests Cost v

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Antifertility effect of ethanolic extract of Amalakyadi churna in male albino mice

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Asian Journal of Andrology 2003年第3期5卷 247-250页

作者： Y.N.Seetharam H.Sujeeth G.Jyothishwaran Arvind Barad G.Sharanabasappa B.Umareddy M.B.Vijaykumar Saraswati B.Patil Biosyatematics and Medicinal Plants Laboratory Department of Botany Department of Zoology Gulbarga University Gulbarga-585106 IndiaBiosyatematics and Medicinal Plants Laboratory Department of Botany Department of Zoology Gulbarga University Gulbarga-585106 IndiaBiosyatematics and Medicinal Plants Laboratory Department of Botany Department of Zoology Gulbarga University Gulbarga-585106 IndiaBiosyatematics and Medicinal Plants Laboratory Department of Botany Department of Zoology Gulbarga University Gulbarga-585106 IndiaBiosyatematics and Medicinal Plants Laboratory Department of Botany Department of Zoology Gulbarga University Gulbarga-585106 IndiaBiosyatematics and Medicinal Plants Laboratory Department of Botany Department of Zoology Gulbarga University Gulbarga-585106 IndiaReproductive Biology LaboratoryDepartment of Zoology Gulbarga University Gulbarga-585106 IndiaReproductive Biology LaboratoryDepartment of Zoology Gulbarga University Gulbarga-585106 India

Aim: To evaluate the antifertility activity of the ethanolic extract of Amalakyadi churna by oral administration in male albino mice. Methods: The ethanol extract of Amalakyadi churna at the dose of 250 mg/kg and 400 mg/ kg body weight was administered orally for 30 days to adult male mice. On day 31, the mice were sacrificed and the testis and accessory reproductive organs were removed and weighed. The organs were processed for biochemical estimation and histological work. Results: Treatment with Amalakyadi churna resulted in decrease in the weights of testis and accessory reproductive organs. The diameters of testis, seminiferous tubules and Leydig cell nucleus were decreased. The spermatogenic elements, like spermatogonia, spermatocytes and spermatids in the testis were reduced significantly as well as the sperm count in cauda epididymis. There was a significant reduction in the protein, glycogen, DNA and RNA contents and the activity of acid phosphatase in the testis of extract treated mice compared with the control. The cholesterol content and the alkaline phophatase activity were increased significantly in treated mice. Conclusion: Amalakyadi churna extract arrests spermatogenesis in male mice without noticeable side effects.

关键词： Amalakyadi churna testis accessory organs reproduction spermatogenesis

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Sensitivity of polyphagous(Plodia interpunctella)and stenophagous(Ephestia kuehniella)storage moths to residual insecticides:effect of formulation and larval age

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Insect Science 2021年第6期28卷 1734-1744页

作者： Vaclav Stejskal Jitka Stara Stano Pekar Marta Nesvorna Jan Hubert Crop Research Institute PragueCzechia Faculty of Science Department of Botany and ZoologyMasaryk UniversityBrnoCzechia Faculty of Agrobiology Food and Natural ResourcesCzech University of Life SciencesPragueCzechia

Pyralid moths,Ephestia kuehniella and Plodia interpunctella,are prevalent stored product pests.The insecticides are the main tool to control these moths in the stores.The data describing the response of these moths to insecticides are scarce.The lethal effect of the organophosphate,pyrethroid,and halogenated-pyrrole on moths larvae were compared in laboratory test.The hypothesis was that the very polyphagous P.inter-punctella would have generally higher insecticide tolerance than that of the stenophagous E.kuehniella.Different insecticide concentrations were applied onto the inner surface of glass tube vials.Ten larvae of 14 or 21 d old of E.kuehniella and 7 or 14 d old of P.interpunctella were used by treatment.The larval mortality was checked after 24 h of exposure.The mortality was significantly influenced by age of larvae and the groups of chemicals.No differences among the efficacies of the tested formulations with identical active compounds were found,except significant different mortality of E.kuehniella on deltamethrin formulations.A comparison of analytical standards showed that P.interpunctella was less susceptible to the active ingredient pirimiphos-methyl than E.kuehniella,while E.kuehniella was less susceptible to deltamethrin than P.interpunctella.No differences between the two species were observed for chlorfenapyr.We therefore rejected the hypothesis that polyphagy/stenophagy can be a general predictor of insecticide tolerance in the two tested storage moths.The most important finding for effective use was that the young larvae of both species were more susceptible to tested insecticides than older larvae.

关键词： efficacy integrated pest management IRAC pesticides Pyralidae residual

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Ethno-Medico-Biology of Bhadrak district, Odisha, India

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Journal of Forestry Research 2013年第1期24卷 187-192页

作者： T. Panda N. Mishra B. K. Tripathy P. K. Das R.B.Mohanty department of botany S.N.CollegeRajkanikaKendrapara- 754220OdishaIndia. department of zoology Chandbali CollegeChandbaliBhadrak-756133OdishaIndia department of botany Dharmasala MohavidyalayaDharmasalaJajpurOdishaIndia department of botany Aul CollegeAulKendraparaOdishaIndia department of botany N.C.Autonomous CollegeJajpurOdishaIndia

We carried out an ethno-medico-biological investigation in the interior of Bhadrak district, Odisha, India to explore the therapeutic use of traditional plants/animals by local inhabitants. The villagers and rural people used plant and animal species as medicine. We recorded therapeutic use of 18 plant species of 13 families and 12 animal species of seven taxonomic categories. Different plant/animal parts like bark, leaf, flower, seed, stem, root, whole plant, oil, blood, milk, urine and flesh were reported as used in raw or cooked form against 17 specific diseases. Prominent diseases treated by plant/animal remedies were asthma, cardiovascular ailments, diabetes, epilepsy, jaundice, malaria, skin disorder and rheumatism. This study provides a better database for future studies.

关键词： Ethnobiology folklore phytotherapy traditional knowledge zootherapy

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Inf luence of Spirulina platensis exudates on the endocrine and nervous systems of a mammalian model

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 2015年第6期5卷 449-455页

作者： Samah Mamdouh Mohamed Fathy Ashraf Mohamed Mohamed Essa zoology department Faculty of Science Fayoum University Biology department Faculty of Science Jazan University botany department Faculty of Science Fayoum University

Objective: To investigate the ef ect of intra-peritoneal injection of purii ed exudates of axenic Spirulina platensis on the mammalian endocrine and nervous systems. Methods: The intra-peritoneal injection of the cyanobacterial exudates in mice was applied. Sex hormonal levels of testosterone and progesterone were measured using radioimmunoassay while the follicular stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone were evaluated by direct chemiluminescence. In addition, superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase were monitored in the hippocampus region using spectrophotometric method. The levels of the hippocampal monoamines, dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography while the acetyl choline neurotransmitter was measured by colorimetric method using choline/acetylcholine assay kit. Results: A sharp disruption in the sex hormones levels of testosterone, progesterone, follicular stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone was demonstrated in the serum of the treated mice. At the same time, a signii cant reduction in the endogenous antioxidant defense enzymes, superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase was observed in the hippocampus region of the injected mice. Moreover, levels of dopamine, noradrenaline, serotonin and acetyl choline neurotransmitter in the same region were signii cantly af ected as a result of the treatment with Spirulina i ltrate. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometer and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry analysis showed the presence of some sterol-like compounds in the cyanobacterial i ltrate. Conclusions: This study demonstrated the capability of Spirulina to release detrimental bioactive metabolites into their surrounding that can disrupt the mammalian endocrine and nervous systems.

关键词： Spirulina platensis Sterol-like compounds Sex hormones Antioxidant enzymes Neurotransmitters

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