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Microplastic pollution in the Indian Ocean: Passageways and the contamination of the open ocean and its marine environment

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Toxicology Advances 2023年第2期5卷 21-33页

作者： Nayanathara Thathsarani Rupika Rajakaruna Uthpala Jayawardena department of Zoology The Open University of NawalaNawala 11222Sri Lanka department of Zoology University of PeradeniyaPelledenier 20400Sri Lanka

Microplastics(MPs)are man-made litter receiving current conversation of interest as a silent pollutant to *** impact is high on the coastal waters,sediment and organisms of the marine *** is a pertinent requirement to investigate the microplastic MP contamination in the marine environment of the Asian region aiming at the world’s 3rd largest ocean,the Indian *** the different samples,Indian Ocean water and deep-sea sediment samples have mostly been investigated covering the Southwestern Sumatran region(Eastern Indian Ocean)which is a well-known domestic and industrial shipping *** of the tested samples were in the form of granules,fibers and fragments of 100-500μm and 38-6,330μm in size range respectively in deep-sea sediment samples and in ocean water ***,the prominent MPs types were PVC(polyvinyl chloride),PP(polypropylene)synthetic micro debris,Poly methyl methacrylate PMMA plastic micro debris,PTFE(polytetrafluoroethylene),and *** plastic debris has also been found on surface ocean waters in the Eastern Indian Oceanic region as an emergent floating *** size range and the percentage abundance were documented as 0.5-5 mm and 50%***,the Western Indian Oceanic region has reported the highest percentage abundance of MPs in ocean waters(10.48%).These MPs were assumed to derive from fiber or fishing line material,regional fishery activities and the sewage disposal debris of tourist-based coastline anthropogenic *** polymer-specific sources that release this potential pollutant were not yet accurately *** review article elaborates on the topic by reviewing the MPs’pervasiveness,identifying different passageways and sources of discharging MPs to the Indian Ocean and finally the ecological and socio economic risks of the ***,it may highlight the knowledge gaps which more research studies should be focused on.

关键词： micro plastics Indian Ocean contamination floating litter

Climatic Changes and Their Effect on Wildlife of District Dir Lower, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

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Journal of Atmospheric Science Research 2020年第4期3卷 38-43页

作者： Asad Ullah Sayyed Iftekhar Ahmad Rafi Ullah Atta Ullah Khan Sikandar Khan Waheed Ullah Abdul Waris department of environmental Sciences Government Degree College Gulabad ChakdaraDir LowerPakistan Plant Ecology and Dendroecology Labartory Department of BotanyUniversity of MalakandPakistan department of Biotechnology University of Malakand ChakdaraDir LowerPakistan Pakistan forest Institute University of PeshawarPakistan department of environmental Science COMSATS University IslamabadAbbotabad CampusPakistan department of Biotechnology Quaid-i-Azam University IslamabadPakistan

Climatic changes and their impact are increasingly evident in Pakistan,especially in the mountainous regions. Mountain ecosystems are consideredto be sensitive indicators of global warming;even slight variationsin temperature can lead to significant shifts in local climate, which can,in turn, drastically affect the natural environment, subsequently alteringpeople’s lifestyle and wildlife habitats. The targeted area for the presentresearch was Lower Dir District, Pakistan. The study gathered the requiredinformation from primary and secondary sources. Secondary dataon temperature and precipitation were obtained from various sources,i.e., local CBO, including WWF Pakistan. Based on information gatheredon climate change and wildlife, a detailed questionnaire was *** showed that no regular pattern of the increase was found in temperaturefrom 2010 to 2018;the same was noticed in the rainfall decreasepattern. Results also showed that the leading causes behind climaticchanges are an increase in greenhouse gases due to pollution by industries,vehicles, crushing plants, deforestation, and some natural phenomenasuch as floods. The study showed that more than 80% of the respondentsagreed that climatic effects have a significant impact on wildlife, i.e.,the existence of wildlife falls in danger due to climatic changes as it maylead to habitat change, making it difficult for the survival and adaptationof the wildlife. Hence, in consequence, it leads to migration, low growthrate, an increase in morbidity and mortality rate, and finally leading to theextinction of the species or population. It is concluded from the study thatpeople are severely noticing the climatic change and its leading causesare greenhouse gases and deforestation. To control climatic changes andwildlife extinction, we need an appropriate policy for forest conservation,wildlife conservation, prevent hunting, industrial pollution control, vehiclepollution control, increase in plantation, awareness of

关键词： Climate change Wildlife Temperature Rainfall Lower Dir Pakistan

Air Quality Indices, Sources and Impact on Human Health of PM<sub>10</sub>and PM<sub>2.5</sub>in Alexandria Governorate, Egypt

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Journal of environmental Protection 2018年第12期9卷 1237-1261页

作者： Ashraf A. Zahran M. Ismail Ibrahim Alaa El-Din Ramadan M. M. Ibrahim department of Natural Resources and Planning to Development Environmental Studies and Research Institute El Sadat University Sadat City Egypt Matroh Branch Affairs Alexandria University Alexandria Egypt Faculty of Science Alexandria University Alexandria Egypt environmental Sciences Faculty of Science Alexandria University Alexandria Egypt

In this study, PM10 and PM2.5 were measured in seven sites representing different activities (the same sites of EEAA monitoring stations) in addition to eighth site that used as a background. All results were higher than AQLs of EEAA, US/EPA, and EC although PM10 and PM2.5 are considered to be a direct cause of cardiovascular diseases as well as lead to death and it may be a reason for a number of chest diseases in short-term as well as long-term. Results were compared to the Air Quality Forecast system which developed by EEAA and AQI which created by US/EPA was calculated for some PM10 and PM2.5. Probable potential anthropogenic sources for such high concentrations of PM included unpaved roads, indiscriminate demolition and construction work, industrial activities, and solid wastes. This study resulted in a number of suggestions and recommendations include: 1) Implementation of integrated ISO 26000 and ISO 14001, 2) EIMP/EEAA monitoring stations need restructuring plan to cover all areas in Alexandria, 3) EIMP/EEAA must be supported with PM2.5 monitors, 4) PM control systems must be used in all industrial activities to reduce PM pollution from the source, 5) AQL of PM2.5 in the ambient environment must be reduced and it must be included in the working environment parameters, 6) environmental law must be applied strictly, and 7) Multidisciplinary co-operation especially between environment and public health specialists must be increased.

关键词： Air pollution PM PM10 PM2.5 Air Quality Forecast Air Quality Index Human Health

Evaluation of environmental Impact Assessment Factors in Maritime Industry

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Journal of environmental Science and Engineering(B) 2022年第1期11卷 18-23页

作者： Georgios Daniil Michael Boviatsis department of Maritime Studies University of PiraeusPiraeus 18534Greece

The environmental impact of shipping sector includes the pollution caused by vessels to air and water *** water pollution is primarily caused by ship accidents and by untreated ballast *** avoid maritime accidents,a complex system of regulations and safety management measures has been initiated to minimize and possibly avoid similar maritime disasters in the *** the other hand,untreated ballast water,despite the ease of management by shipping companies,is regarded as one of the major maritime threats internationally and arguably a severe threat to *** International Convention on the control and Management of Ballast of Ships and Sediments,entered into force in September 2017,focusing on the prevention of the risk of importation and the proliferation of foreign species after the discharge of untreated ballast water from *** option to reduce this risk is to install water treatment systems on the ballast *** pollution deriving from vessels is an additional issue that has great significance and impact on public health and the environment in *** emit large amounts of air pollutants,mainly in the form of SO_(x)(Sulfur O_(x)ide),NO_(x)(Nitrogen O_(x)ide)and particulate matter,which are constantly growing and affecting *** also produce nearly 3%of the world’s total greenhouse gas emissions,leading to rampant weather *** 1 January 2020,the IMO(International Maritime Organization)imposed a new global sulfur emission ceiling of 0.5%on fuels,a reduction from the current limit of 3.5%,aiming at a gradual extinction of sulfur emissions in the near *** to the previous analysis,three systems/indicators that are applied to vessels are going to be assessed,based on UNCTAD(United Nations Conference on Trade and Development)Report Data,to evaluate their impact in correlation to the measure of compliance to the relevant regulations so far:(i)the ship must have an equipped and installed ballast

关键词： Water&air pollution ballast water management system and convention NO_(x)emissions SO_(x)emission

Corrosion control of Coated Structural Components in marine environment

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Sustainable marine Structures 2019年第1期1卷 21-34页

作者： G.L.Manjunath S.Surendran department of Ocean Engineering Indian Institute of Technology MadrasChennaiIndia

Tropical waters are with more salinity and harbor millions of micro *** environmental condition challenges the strength and reliability of marine *** behaviour of structural materials due to pitting and uniform corrosion is studied,and a method based on coating is suggested to improve the life cycle ensuring reliability in its *** structural materials like high strength steel and AA6063 were selected for the study and metallic coating performed for evaluation of corrosion *** are investigated in chloride concentration of 3.5%NaCl by weight loss measurements and potentiodynamic *** coating was done by electroplating and PVD(Physical Vapour Deposition)method for high strength steel,where as aluminum samples were coated by an electroplating *** high strength steel samples were mono coated by Ni and Cr using the electroplating method,and composite coating was done with Al-N(Aluminium nitride)and Ti-Al-N(Titanium Aluminium Nitride)by PVD *** electron microscopy(SEM)was used for evaluation of fracture toughness of coating around the pits *** investigation showed that the methods and thickness of coating influenced corrosion resistances of the substrate *** coated samples by PVD showed excellent corrosion resistance properties compared to electroplated samples after the *** element analysis was performed by FRANC 2D/L(Fracture Analysis Code)showed a decrease in stress intensity values for composite coated samples of PVD compared to mono coated electroplated *** in the duty cycle of the structure was observed in the simulation has a result of a decrease in stress intensity values for PVD coated samples.

关键词： Aluminum Metal coatings Steel SEM Weight loss Pitting corrosion

Water Quality and pollution control: Changes in Water Quality with River Bank Filtration (RBF)

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Hydro Science & marine Engineering 2022年第1期4卷 36-38页

作者： Fathy A.Abdalla Geology department Faculty of ScienceSouth Valley UniversityQenaEgypt

pollution of the water bodies poses a great threat to humans life and the aquatic *** surface water bodies(rivers and canals)are exposed to pollution because of discharging untreated liquid ***genic activities,including domestic activities,especially sewage disposal practices,industrial,and agricultural activities,may deteriorate both water quantity and quality representing a potential threat to the *** effect may vary depending on their types and ***,various pollutants could be detected in surface waters,the fate of these contaminants is mainly determined to large extent by adsorption mechanisms and biological transformations during their underground flow path which known by riverbank filtration(RBF)[1].

关键词： pollution pollution underground

Effects of Electroplating Effluents on Growth, Heavy Metals Accumulation and Concentrations in Amaranthus viridis Lin.

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Journal of Botanical Research 2023年第3期5卷 49-59页

作者： Ouwoe Surukite O Ogun Mautin L Ewekeye Touope S Tope-Akinyetun Rachea Asokere Simeon Y Usamot Q department of Botany Lagos State UniversityOjoLagos102101Nigeria

pollution in recent times has become prevalent due to industrial expansion,hence,releasing pollutants into the ***,this study aimed at investigating the effects of effluents from electroplating companies on growth,heavy metals accumulation and concentrations in Amaranthus *** of *** were obtained from the National Institute of Hor-ticulture,*** soils were collected from Lagos State University and two samples of electroplating effluents were obtained from Oregun,*** were sown,nursed,and transplanted in a uniform bucket filled with 5 kg loam soil and transplanted seedlings were treated with Effluent A(5 and 10%conc.)and Effluent B(5 and 10%conc.)and control *** parameters such as plant height and so on were measured and plant samples harvested were analyzed for heavy metal concentrations using Atomic Absorption *** collected were subjected to a one-way analysis of *** revealed that Effluents A and B are highly acidic and above discharge ***,the result revealed that 5%*** Effluents A and B had more effects on growth(pcontrol and permissible limits of WHO/FAO *** this study,it could be concluded that electroplating effluents had adverse effects on growth and increased metals’bioaccumulation in ***,the treatment of effluents to enhance an eco-friendly environment should be done.

关键词： Electroplating Effluent pollution Heavy metals Discharge Vegetable Amaranthus viridis

Preliminary Design, Drive-Cycle Simulation and Energy Analysis of a Hybrid Transit Bus

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Journal of Energy and Power Engineering 2019年第6期13卷 209-228页

作者： Roberto Capata department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering University Roma Sapienza Roma 00184 Italy

Modern metropolises are increasingly affected by air quality problems. Transportation is one of the largest sources of several pollutants emissions, such as nitrogen oxides (NOx) and carbon monoxide (CO). Today in the EU, vehicles' emissions are strictly limited by Euro 6 norm-Euro VI for heavy-duty vehicles-which is periodically upgraded. To match such limits, manufacturers are forced in developing new technologies to perform new sustainable vehicles design strategies, such as EVs and HEVs. Present work's aim is to provide the design of series-hybrid urban transportation bus, equipped with a novel thermal power unit, namely a small gas turbine, to exploit its cleaner combustion process in comparison with an ICE. The control logic is described, while the main drivetrain components are chosen, and suitable models from suppliers are selected as well. Then, some simulations of the resulting vehicle are performed on opportune drive cycles, using Advisor, a free software based on Matlab-Simulink environment, published by US' National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Two different final configurations are environmentally and economically analysed, with the thermal power unit being respectively fuelled by compressed natural gas (CNG) and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). Both satisfy the Euro VI norms, showing a substantial emission reduction (-89% and -43% in CO and THC releases respectively) in comparison to pollutants' threshold values.

关键词： HEV GTHV heavy-duty bus Advisor microturbine (MT) gas turbine (GT) CNG LPG simulation drive cycle Euro VI WHTC emissions NOx CO THC sustainability pollution

Tetrahydro-dibenzo[a,d]Annulene-5,11-Dihydrazone and Magnesium Oxide Used to control the Corrosion of Aluminium in Chloride Ions environment

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Journal of Metallic Material Research 2020年第2期3卷 47-53页

作者： Rajesh Kumar Singh Jay Prakash Singh Dharmendar Kumar department of Chemistry Jagdam CollegeJ P UniversityChapra841301India

Chloride ions interact with aluminium in marine atmosphere to form corrosion *** to this corrosion reaction occurs on their surface,aluminium is oxidized into Al3+.The corrosion reaction accelerates deterioration in metal and it produces galvanic,pitting,stress,crevice,intergranular *** ions decrease internal and external strength of aluminium *** is a very important metal so used in different appliances for ***,water,air transports,housing,railways and other *** and electrospray techniques used to check the corrosion of aluminium *** nanocoating and electrospray materials applied tetrahydro-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene-5,11-dihydrazone and *** materials formed composite barrier and developed a passive surface for *** barrier reduced the corrosion rate of *** spray and chemical vapour deposition technique used for coating *** corrosion rate of metal was determined by gravimetric *** potential and current density were calculated by *** composite barrier formation was confirmed by activation energy,heat of adsorption,free energy,enthalpy and *** thermal parameters were obtained by Arrhenius equation,Langmuir isotherm and Transition state *** adsorption of tetrahydro-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene-5,11-dihydrazone and MgO electrospray on aluminium surface was depicted by Langmuir,Frundlich and Temkin *** results of surface coverage area and coating efficiency were noticed that both materials were mitigated the corrosion rate of aluminium in chloride ions environment.

关键词： Chloride ions Aluminium Corrosion Electrospray Thermal parameters marine environment