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Immunologic tumor microenvironment modulators for turning cold tumors hot

Cancer Communications 2024年第5期44卷 521-553页

作者： Gholam-Reza Khosravi Samaneh Mostafavi Sanaz Bastan Narges Ebrahimi Roya Safari Gharibvand Nahid Eskandari department of Medical immunology School of MedicineIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahanIran department of immunology Faculty of Medical SciencesTarbiat Modares UniversityTehranIran department of immunology School of MedicineAhvaz Jundishapur University of Medical SciencesAhvazIran

Tumors can be classified into distinct immunophenotypes based on the presence and arrangement of cytotoxic immune cells within the tumor microenvironment(TME).Hot tumors,characterized by heightened immune activity and responsiveness to immune checkpoint inhibitors(ICIs),stand in stark contrast to cold tumors,which lack immune infiltration and remain resistant to *** overcome immune evasion mechanisms employed by tumor cells,novel immunologic modulators have emerged,particularly ICIs targeting cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4(CTLA-4)and programmed cell death protein 1/programmed death-ligand 1(PD-1/PD-L1).These agents disrupt inhibitory signals and reactivate the immune system,transforming cold tumors into hot ones and promoting effective antitumor ***,challenges persist,including primary resistance to immunotherapy,autoimmune side effects,and tumor response *** these challenges requires innovative strategies,deeper mechanistic insights,and a combination of immune interventions to enhance the effectiveness of *** the landscape of cancer medicine,where immune cold tumors represent a formidable hurdle,understanding the TME and harnessing its potential to reprogram the immune response is *** review sheds light on current advancements and future directions in the quest for more effective and safer cancer treatment strategies,offering hope for patients with immune-resistant tumors.

关键词： cold tumor hot tumor immunologic modulator immunotherapy therapeutic strategy tumor microenvironment

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Two distinct subpopulations of marginal zone B cells exhibit differential antibody-producing capacities and radioresistance

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Cellular & Molecular immunology 2024年第4期21卷 393-408页

作者： Sujin Lee Yeunjung Ko Hyun Woo Lee Won Joon Oh Hun Gi Hong Dinuka Ariyaratne Se Jin Im Tae Jin Kim department of immunology Graduate School of Basic Medical ScienceSungkyunkwan University School of MedicineSuwon16419Republic of Korea department of immunology and Molecular medicine Faculty of Medical SciencesUniversity of Sri JayewardenepuraNugegodaSri Lanka Present address:immunology and Microbiology Graduate Program Baylor College of MedicineHoustonTX77030USA

Marginal zone(MZ)B cells,which are splenic innate-like B cells that rapidly secrete antibodies(Abs)against blood-borne pathogens,are composed of heterogeneous ***,we showed that MZ B cells can be divided into two distinct subpopulations according to their CD80 expression ***80^(high)MZ B cells exhibited greater Ab-producing,proliferative,and IL-10-secreting capacities than did CD80^(low)MZ B ***,CD80^(high)MZ B cells survived 2-Gy whole-body irradiation,whereas CD80^(low)MZ B cells were depleted by irradiation and then repleted with one month after *** of CD80^(low)MZ B cells led to accelerated development of type II collagen(CII)-induced arthritis upon immunization with bovine ***80^(high)MZ B cells exhibited higher expression of genes involved in proliferation,plasma cell differentiation,and the antioxidant ***80^(high)MZ B cells expressed more autoreactive B cell receptors(BCRs)that recognized double-stranded DNA or CII,expressed more immunoglobulin heavy chain sequences with shorter complementarity-determining region 3 sequences,and included more clonotypes with no N-nucleotides or with B-1a BCR sequences than CD80^(low)MZ B *** transfer experiments showed that CD21^(+)CD23^(+)transitional 2 MZ precursors preferentially generated CD80^(low)MZ B cells and that a proportion of CD80^(low)MZ B cells were converted into CD80^(high)MZ B cells;in contrast,CD80^(high)MZ B cells stably remained CD80^(high)MZ B *** summary,MZ B cells can be divided into two subpopulations according to their CD80 expression levels,Ab-producing capacity,radioresistance,and autoreactivity,and these findings may suggest a hierarchical composition of MZ B cells with differential stability and BCR specificity.

关键词： Marginal Zone B Cell CD80 Autoreactivity Radioresistance

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SARS-CoV-2 and innate immunity:the good,the bad,and the"goldilocks"

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Cellular & Molecular immunology 2024年第2期21卷 171-183页

作者： Benjamin L.Sievers Mark T.K.Cheng Kata Csiba Bo Meng Ravindra K.Gupta department of medicine University of CambridgeCambridgeUK Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic immunology&Infectious Disease(CITID) Department of MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUk

An ancient conflict between hosts and pathogens has driven the innate and adaptive arms of *** about this interplay can not only help us identify biological mechanisms but also reveal pathogen vulnerabilities that can be leveraged *** humoral response to SARS-CoV-2 infection has been the focus of intense research,and the role of the innate immune system has received significantly less ***,we review current knowledge of the innate immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and the various means SARS-CoV-2 employs to evade innate defense *** also consider the role of innate immunity in SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and in the phenomenon of long COVID.

关键词： SARS-CoV-2 Innate immune response Interferon Cytokines Inflammation Antiviral targets

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Evaluation of hand infections in the emergency department using point-of-care ultrasound

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World Journal of Emergency medicine 2024年第4期15卷 283-288页

作者： David Ahmad Haidar David Mintz Brandon M Wubben Omar Rizvi Srikar Adhikari department of Emergency medicine Michigan MedicineAnn Arbor 48109-1382USA University of Arizona College of medicine Tucson 85724USA department of Emergency medicine University of IowaIowa City 52242-1009USA department of Surgery University of Arizona College of MedicineTucson 85724USA department of Emergency medicine University of Arizona College of MedicineTucson 85724USA

BACKGROUND:We aimed to evaluate the utility of point-of-care ultrasound(POCUS)in the assessment of hand infections that present to the emergency department(ED)and its impact on medical decision making and patient ***:We conducted a retrospective review of patients who presented to two urban academic EDs with clinical presentations concerning for skin and soft tissue infections(SSTI)of the hand between December 2015 and December *** trained POCUS fellowship physicians reviewed an ED POCUS database for POCUS examinations of the *** then reviewed patients’electronic health records(EHR)for demographic characteristics,history,physical examination findings,ED course,additional imaging studies,consultations,impact of POCUS on patient care and final ***:We included a total of 50 cases(28 male,22 female)in the final *** most common presenting symptoms and exam findings were pain(100%),swelling(90%),and erythema(74%).The most common sonographic findings were edema(76%),soft tissue swelling(78%),and fluid surrounding the tendon(57%).POCUS was used in medical decision making 68%of the time(n=34),with the use of POCUS leading to changes in management 38%of the time(n=19).POCUS use led to early antibiotic use(11/19),early consultation(10/19),and led to the performance of a required procedure(8/19).The POCUS diagnosis was consistent with the discharge diagnosis of flexor tenosynovitis 8/12 times,abscess 12/16 times,and cellulitis 14/20 ***:POCUS is beneficial for evaluating of hand infections that present to the ED and can be used as an important part of medical decision making to expedite patient care.

关键词： Ultrasound Point-of-care ultrasound Cellulitis Abscess Flexor tenosynovitis

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ROS-induced metabolic reprogramming to one-carbon metabolism and S-adenosylmethionine-mediated epigenetic modification in IL-10-producing B cells for the resolution of pneumonia

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Cellular & Molecular immunology 2024年第2期21卷 203-204页

作者： Sujin Lee Tae Jin Kim department of immunology Sungkyunkwan University School of MedicineSuwon16419Republic of Korea

B cells have an essential immunoregulatory function,which is mediated by the secretion of IL-10 and TGFβand interaction with activated CD4^(+)T *** antibody-independent function of B cells contributes to ameliorating autoimmune diseases or infection-induced tissue *** this Cellular and Molecular immunology issue,Fu et *** that regulatory B(Breg)cells play a critical role in resolving Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induced pneumonia[1].

关键词： metabolism pneumonia immunology

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New insights into astrocyte diversity from the lens of transcriptional regulation and their implications for neurodegenerative disease treatments

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Neural Regeneration Research 2024年第11期19卷 2335-2336页

作者： Ibrahim Olabayode Saliu Guoyan Zhao department of Genetics Washington University School of MedicineSt.LouisMOUSA department of Neurology Department of Pathology and ImmunologyWashington University School of MedicineSt.LouisMOUSA

Astrocytes are a major glial cell type in the central nervous system,and they provide trophic and metabolic support to *** addition to these roles,they play crucial roles in modulating synaptic functions,development,and pruning(Brandebura et al.,2023).Astrocytes become reactive(activated)by undergoing morphological,molecular,and functional alterations in response to neuropathology such as in injuries and neurodegenerative diseases(NDs)(Escartin et al.,2021).

关键词： degenerative injuries

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Recent progress in MnBi2nTe3n+1 intrinsic magnetic topological insulators: crystal growth, magnetism and chemical disorder

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National Science Review 2024年第2期11卷 65-80页

作者： Chaowei Hu Tiema Qian Ni Ni department of Physics and Astronomy and California nano Systems Institute University of California-Los Angeles

The search for magnetic topological materials has been at the forefront of condensed matter research for their potential to host exotic states such as axion insulators, magnetic Weyl semimetals, Chern insulators,etc. To date, the MnBi2nTe3n+1family is the only group of materials showcasing van der Waals-layered structures, intrinsic magnetism and non-trivial band topology without trivial bands at the Fermi level. The interplay between magnetism and band topology in this family has led to the proposal of various topological phenomena, including the quantum anomalous Hall effect, quantum spin Hall effect and quantum magnetoelectric effect. Among these, the quantum anomalous Hall effect has been experimentally observed at record-high temperatures, highlighting the unprecedented potential of this family of materials in fundamental science and technological innovation. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive review of the research progress in this intrinsic magnetic topological insulator family, with a focus on single-crystal growth, characterization of chemical disorder, manipulation of magnetism through chemical substitution and external pressure, and important questions that remain to be conclusively answered.

关键词： MnBi2Te4 magnetic topological insulator magnetism tuning antiferromagnetism ferromagnetism pressure chemical doping

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Evaluation of urea breath test as a diagnostic tool for Helicobacter pylori infection in adult dyspeptic patients

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2024年第17期30卷 2302-2307页

作者： Zeinab Nabil Ahmed Said Asmaa Mohamed El-Nasser department of Medical Microbiology&immunology Faculty of Medicine for Girls Al-Azhar UniversityNasr City 11754CairoEgypt

In this editorial,we discuss the article in the World Journal of *** article conducts a meta-analysis of the diagnostic accuracy of the urea breath test(UBT),a non-invasive method for detecting Helicobacter pylori(***)infection in *** is based on radionuclide-labeled *** methods,both invasive and non-invasive,are available for diagnosing *** infection,inclu-ding endoscopy with biopsy,serology for immunoglobulin titers,stool antigen analysis,and *** guidelines recommend UBTs as the primary choice for diagnosing *** infection and for reexamining after eradication *** is used to be the first choice non-invasive test due to their high accuracy,specificity,rapid results,and ***,its performance remains unaffected by the distribution of *** in the stomach,allowing a high flow of patients to be *** its widespread use,the performance characteristics of UBT have been inconsistently described and remain incompletely *** are two UBTs available with Food and Drug Administration approval:The 13C and 14C *** tests are affordable and can provide real-time *** may prefer the 13C test because it is non-radioactive,compared to 14C which uses a radioactive isotope,especially in young children and pregnant *** there was heterogeneity among the studies regarding the diagnostic accuracy of both UBTs,13C-UBT consistently outperforms the *** makes the 13C-UBT the preferred diagnostic ***,the provided findings of the meta-analysis emphasize the significance of precise considerations when choosing urea dosage,assessment timing,and measurement techniques for both the 13C-UBT and 14C-UBT,to enhance diagnostic precision.

关键词： Helicobacter pylori Urea breath test Diagnosis Diagnostic test accuracy Meta-analysis

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Approach to traumatic cardiac arrest in the emergency department: a narrative literature review for emergency providers

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World Journal of Emergency medicine 2024年第1期15卷 3-9页

作者： Rashed Alremeithi Quincy K.Tran Megan T.Quintana Soroush Shahamatdar Ali Pourmand department of Emergency medicine George Washington University School of Medicine and Health SciencesWashington DC 20037USA department of Emergency medicine University of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimore 21201USA Program in Trauma the R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma CenterUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimore 21201USA Center for Trauma and Critical Care Department of Surgerythe George Washington University School of Medicine&Health SciencesWashington DC 20037USA

BACKGROUND:Traumatic cardiac arrest(TCA)is a major contributor to mortality and morbidity in all age groups and poses a significant burden on the healthcare *** there have been advances in treatment modalities,survival rates for TCA patients remain *** narrative literature review critically examines the indications and eff ectiveness of current therapeutic approaches in treating ***:We performed a literature search in the PubMed and Scopus databases for studies published before December 31,*** search was refi ned by combining search terms,examining relevant study references,and restricting publications to the English *** the search,943 articles were retrieved,and two independent reviewers conducted a screening ***:A review of various studies on pre-and intra-arrest prognostic factors showed that survival rates were higher when patients had an initial shockable *** were conflicting results regarding other prognostic factors,such as witnessed arrest,bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation(CPR),and the use of prehospital or in-hospital *** thoracotomy was found to result in more favorable outcomes in cases of penetrating trauma than in those with blunt *** endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta(REBOA)provides an advantage to emergency thoracotomy in terms of occupational safety for the operator as an alternative in managing hemorrhagic *** implemented in the setting of aortic occlusion,emergency thoracotomy and REBOA resulted in comparable mortality ***-venous extracorporeal life support(V-V ECLS)and veno-arterial extracorporeal life support(V-A ECLS)are viable options for treating respiratory failure and cardiogenic shock,*** the context of traumatic injuries,V-V ECLS has been associated with higher rates of survival to discharge than V-A ***:TCA remains a signifi cant challenge for emergency medical services due to its high m

关键词： Traumatic cardiac arrest Emergency thoracotomy Resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta

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Early endotracheal intubation is not associated with the rate of return of spontaneous circulation following cardiac arrest at the emergency department:an exploratory analysis

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World Journal of Emergency medicine 2024年第4期15卷 297-300页

作者： Siwat Neamjun Phichayut Phinyo Borwon Wittayachamnankul Wachira Wongtanasarasin department of Emergency medicine Faculty of MedicineChiang Mai UniversityChiang Mai 50200Thailand department of Family medicine Faculty of MedicineChiang Mai UniversityChiang Mai 50200Thailand Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Clinical Statistics Faculty of MedicineChiang Mai UniversityChiang Mai 50200Thailand department of Emergency medicine University of California Davis School of MedicineSacramento 95817USA

Cardiac arrest poses a significant global public health challenge,manifesting in approximately 550,000 cases annually within the United States.[1]In-hospital cardiac arrest(IHCA)is commonly attributed to airways and respiratory issues.[2]Recommendations emphasize the expertise of responders in airway management.[3]Various options exist,such as chest compression-only cardiopulmonary resuscitation(CPR),bag-mask ventilation(BMV),and advanced *** BMV and advanced airways are not deemed equivalent or superior based on previous evidence.[4]Achieving consistency in choosing and timing the optimal airway approach during IHCA is *** current American Heart Association guidelines suggest an advanced airway strategy when endotracheal intubation(ETI)success rates are high,but the optimal time for advanced airway management remains unclear.[5]Wong et al[6]revealed that survival improved by less than 5 min with advanced airway *** to a subgroup analysis of IHCA patients in emergency departments(EDs),early intubation was associated with a 1.5-fold greater rate of return of spontaneous circulation(ROSC)than in other locations.[7]ED patients’constant monitoring and immediate management,with readily available intubation equipment,enhance early intubation and survival rates.[6]Nonetheless,IHCA patients intubated within the first 15 min had a lower ROSC rate.

关键词： intubation return annually

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