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Microbiota or short-chain fatty acids: which regulates diabetes?

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Cellular & Molecular Immunology 2018年第2期15卷 88-91页

作者： Chang H Kim department of comparative pathobiology and biological sciences Laboratory of Immunology and HematopoiesisWeldon School of Biomedical EngineeringPurdue Institute of InflammationImmunology and Infectious DiseasesPurdue Center for Cancer ResearchPurdue UniversityWest Lafayette47907INUSA

Diabetes mellitus,with sustained high-sugar levels in the blood,has been steadily rising in prevalence *** 12–14%of the US population has been diagnosed with diabetes in recent years.1 One major reason for the rise of diabetes is dietary *** consumption of processed carbohydrates with inadequate consumption of dietary fiber(DF)has been recognized as a major risk factor for diabetes,as hypothesized several decades ago by Trowell.

关键词： diabetes sustained dietary

The therapeutic potential of nerve growth factor combined with blood-brain barrier modulation by focused ultrasound for neurodegenerative disorders

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Neural Regeneration Research 2021年第9期16卷 1783-1785页

作者： Kristiana Xhima Isabelle Aubert department of Laboratory Medicine and pathobiology University of TorontoTorontoONCanada Hurvitz Brain sciences Research Program Sunnybrook Research InstituteTorontoONCanada biological sciences Sunnybrook Research InstituteTorontoONCanada

Nerve growth factor(NGF) is a neurotrophic factor critical for cholinergic neuronal survival, phenotypic maintenance and plasticity in the mammalian brain. NGF has been implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerat... 详细信息

关键词： degenerative disorders therapeutic

Synthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles from leaf of Litchi chinensis and its biological activities

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 2018年第3期8卷 142-149页

作者： Uzma Murad Barkatullah Shafqat Ali Khan Muhammad Ibrar Sami Ullah Umbreen Khattak department of Botany Faculty of Biological Sciences Islamia College department of Botany Faculty of Biological Sciences University of Peshawar

Objective: To synthesize and isolate silver and gold nanoparticles from Litchi chinensis leaf methanolic extract, and to evaluate its comparative biological activities including muscles relaxant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antidiarrheal. Methods: The gold and silver nanoparticles were synthesized by dissolving methanolic extract in gold chloride and silver nitrate solution separately which were confirmed by colour change and UV-Vis spectroscopy, and pellets were collected through centrifugation. biological activities of the extract were conducted on BALB/c mice through various standard methods and the data were subjected to One-way ANOVA. Results: The colorless gold chloride solution changed to purple soon after the addition of plant extract, demonstrating that the reaction took place and gold ions were reduced to gold nanoparticles, while colorless silver nitrate solution changed to light and dark brown that was indicative of silver nanoparticles. The muscles relaxant activity showed that silver nanoparticles were more effective than gold nanoparticles and methanolic extract in traction test. The analgesic activity showed that silver and gold nanoparticles showed highest percentage decrease in acetic acid induced writhing at the doses of 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg b.w. The highest anti-inflammatory activity was produced by gold nanoparticles followed by silver nanoparticles, while low activity was observed in methanolic leaf extract. Only the crude methanolic extract showed significant antidiarrheal activity as compared to the standard drug atropine sulphate, while antidiarrheal activities of gold and silver nanoparticles were non-significant. Conclusions: The present work concludes that isolated silver and gold nanoparticles from leaf methanolic extract shows strong muscles relaxant, analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities while crude methanolic extract possesses good antidiarrheal activity.

关键词： Litchi chinensis Methanolic extract Silver and gold nanoparticles Muscles relaxant Analgesic Anti-inflammatory Antidiarrheal activities

Molecular evolution of the rice miR395 gene family

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Cell Research 2005年第8期15卷 631-638页

作者： Sreelatha GUDDETI,Chuck H. LESEBERG,Mitrick A. JOHNS department of biological sciences Northern Illinois University DeKalb IL 60115 USA department of biological sciences Northern Illinois University DeKalb IL 60115 USA department of biological sciences Northern Illinois University DeKalb IL 60115 USA

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are 20-22 nucleotide non-coding RNAs that play important roles in plant and animal development. They are usually processed from larger precursors that can form stem-loop structures. Among 20 miRNA families that are conserved between Arabidopsis and rice, the rice miR395 gene family was unique because it was organized into compact clusters that could be transcribed as one single transcript. We show here that in fact this family had four clusters of total 24 genes. Three of these clusters were segmental duplications. They contained miR395 genes of both 120 bp and 66 bp long. However, only the latter was repeatedly duplicated. The fourth cluster contained miR395 genes of two different sizes that could be the consequences of intergenic recombination of genes from the first three clusters. On each cluster, both 1-duplication and 2-duplication histories were observed based on the sequence similarity between miR395 genes, some of which were nearly identical suggesting a recent origin. This was supported by a miR395 locus survey among several species of the genus Oryza, where two clusters were only found in species with an AA genome, the genome of the cultivated rice. A comparative study of the genomic organization of Medicago truncatula miR395 gene family showed significant expansion of intergenic spaces indicating that the originally clustered genes were drifting away from each other. The diverse genomic organizations of a conserved microRNA gene family in different plant genomes indicated that this important negative gene regulation system has undergone dramatic tune-ups in plant genomes.

关键词： gene duplication genome evolution Oryza sativa microRNA.

Axogenesis in the central and peripheral nervous system of the amphipod crustacean Orchestia cavimana

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Integrative Zoology 2011年第1期6卷 28-44页

作者： Petra UNGERER Maria GEPPERT Carsten WOLFF Humboldt University Berlin Department of BiologyComparative ZoologyBerlinGermany Queen Mary University of London School of Biological and Chemical SciencesLondonUK Charité-Campus Virchow-Klinikum Department of Forensic GeneticsBerlinGermany

We describe the formation of the major axon pathways in the embryonic central and peripheral nervous systems of the amphipod crustacean Orchestia cavimana Heller,1865 by means of antibody staining against acetylated *** data add to a long list of previous studies of various other aspects of development in Orchestia and provide a basis for future studies of neurogenesis on a deeper cellular and molecular *** exhibits a tripartite dorsal brain,which is a characteristic feature of *** anlagen are the first detectable structures in the developing nervous system and can be traced back to distinct neuronal cell clusters in the early *** development of the ventral nervous system proceeds with an anteroposterior gradient of *** each trunk segment,the longitudinal connectives and the anterior commissure form first,followed by the intersegmental nerve,the posterior commissure and segmental nerves,respectively.A single commissure of a vestigial seventh pleonal segment is *** the peripheral nervous system we observe a spatial and temporal pattern of leg innervation,which is strikingly similar in both limb types,the uniramous pereopods and the biramous pleopods.A proximal leg nerve splitting distally into two separated nerves probably reflects a general feature of crustaceans.

关键词： alpha-tubulin Arthropoda brain development Malacostraca

Quenching effect of deferoxamine on free radical-mediated photon production in luminol and ortho-phenanthroline-dependent chemiluminescence

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Chinese Chemical Letters 2014年第4期25卷 630-634页

作者： Mahdi Parvar Jalil Mehrzadn Mohammad Javad Chaichi Saman Hosseinkhani Hamid Golchoubian Faculty of Chemistry Mazandaran University department of pathobiology Faculty of Veterinary MedicineFerdowsi University of Mashhad Veterinary Biotechnology Research Group Institute of BiotechnologyFerdowsi University of Mashhad department of Biochemistry Faculty of Biological SciencesTarbiat Modares University

Removing excessive free radicals （FRs） by a synthetic chemical might give a clue for treatment of many iron-mediated diseases. Deferoxamine （DFO） can be one of the chemicals of choice for the clue. To investigate photoredox properties of DFO, its quenching effect on superoxide radical （O2°）, hydrogen peroxide （H202） and hydroxyl radical （OH~） was examined using luminol and ortho-phenanthroline （o- phen） chemiluminescence （CL） systems and UV-vis spectrophotometry. Stern-Volmer equation was also used for the CL kinetics. The observed quenching effect of DFO on CL]photon production in luminol and o-phen CL systems strongly confirmed the static arm of quenching properties of DFO on OH° and H2O2, but much less pronounced on O2^-°; the quenching property was maximal when iron was involved in the reaction systems. The Stern-Volmer plots in the designed photochemical reaction systems also confirmed a potent quenching effect of DFO on FR-mediated CL. Our study highlights strong photoreducing and antioxidant properties of DFO with huge quenching capacity on excessive FRs, and thus implies its promising prospects for therapeutic applications.

关键词： Chemiluminescence Deferoxamine Free radicals Photon production Stern-Volmer plot

Acute phase reaction and acute phase proteins

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Journal of Zhejiang University-Science B(Biomedicine & Biotechnology) 2005年第11期6卷 1045-1056页

作者： GRUYS E. TOUSSAINT M.J.M. NIEWOLD T.A. KOOPMANS S.J. department of pathobiology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Utrecht University Utrecht the NetherlandsDepartment of Pathobiology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Utrecht University Utrecht the NetherlandsAnimal Sciences Group Wageningen University Research Lelystad the NetherlandsAnimal Sciences Group Wageningen University Research Lelystad the Netherlands

A review of the systemic acute phase reaction with major cytokines involved, and the hepatic metabolic changes, negative and positive acute phase proteins (APPs) with function and associated pathology is given. It appears that APPs represent appropriate analytes for assessment of animal health. Whereas they represent non-specific markers as biological effect reactants, they can be used for assessing nutritional deficits and reactive processes, especially when positive and negative acute phase variables are combined in an index. When such acute phase index is applied to separate healthy animals from animals with some disease, much better results are obtained than with single analytes and statistically acceptable results for culling individual animals may be reached. Unfortunately at present no cheap, comprehensive and easy to use system is available for assessing various acute phase proteins in serum or blood samples at the same time. Protein microarray or fluid phase microchip technology may satisfy this need; and permit simultaneous analysis of numerous analytes in the same small volume sample and enable integration of information derived from systemic reactivity and nutrition with disease specific variables. Applying such technology may help to solve health problems in various countries not only in animal husbandry but also in human populations.

关键词： Acute phase protein Acute phase reaction Animal health Assessment Cytokine Index Nutrition

Deep learning-based analysis of macaque corneal sub-basal nerve fibers in confocal microscopy images

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Eye and Vision 2020年第1期7卷 255-265页

作者： Jonathan D.Oakley Daniel B.Russakoff Megan E.McCarron Rachel L.Weinberg Jessica M.Izzi Stuti L.Misra Charles N.McGhee Joseph L.Mankowski Voxeleron LLC San FranciscoCAUSA department of Molecular and comparative pathobiology Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA department of Ophthalmology Faculty of Medical and Health SciencesNew Zealand National Eye CentreUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand

Background:To develop and validate a deep learning-based approach to the fully-automated analysis of macaque corneal sub-basal nerves using in vivo confocal microscopy(IVCM).Methods:IVCM was used to collect 108 images from 35 macaques.58 of the images from 22 macaques were used to evaluate different deep convolutional neural network(CNN)architectures for the automatic analysis of sub-basal nerves relative to manual *** remaining images were used to independently assess correlations and interobserver performance relative to three ***:Correlation scores using the coefficient of determination between readers and the best CNN averaged *** inter-observer comparison,inter-correlation coefficients(ICCs)between the three expert readers and the automated approach were 0.75,0.85 and *** ICC between all four observers was 0.84,the same as the average between the CNN and individual ***:Deep learning-based segmentation of sub-basal nerves in IVCM images shows high to very high correlation to manual segmentations in macaque data and is indistinguishable across *** quantitative measurements of corneal sub-basal nerves are important biomarkers for disease screening and management,the reported work offers utility to a variety of research and clinical studies using IVCM.

关键词： Cornea Sensory nerves Macaque Deep learning In vivo confocal microscopy

comparative Analysis of Regulatory Motif Discovery Tools for Transcription Factor Binding Sites

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Genomics, Proteomics & Bioinformatics 2007年第2期5卷 131-142页

作者： Wei Wei Xiao-Dan Yu department of pathobiology Center of Computational Biology Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Beijing100850 China

In the post-genomic era, identification of specific regulatory motifs or transcription factor binding sites （TFBSs） in non-coding DNA sequences, which is essential to elucidate transcriptional regulatory networks, has emerged as an obstacle that frustrates many researchers. Consequently, numerous motif discovery tools and correlated databases have been applied to solving this problem. However, these existing methods, based on different computational algorithms, show diverse motif prediction efficiency in non-coding DNA sequences. Therefore, understanding the similarities and differences of computational algorithms and enriching the motif discovery literatures are important for users to choose the most appropriate one among the online available tools. Moreover, there still lacks credible criterion to assess motif discovery tools and instructions for researchers to choose the best according to their own projects. Thus integration of the related resources might be a good approach to improve accuracy of the application. Recent studies integrate regulatory motif discovery tools with experimental methods to offer a complementary approach for researchers, and also provide a much-needed model for current researches on transcriptional regulatory networks. Here we present a comparative analysis of regulatory motif discovery tools for TFBSs.

关键词： motif TFBS non-coding DNA sequence computational algorithm motif discovery tool