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A Comprehensive Review on Charging Topologies and Power Electronic Converter Solutions for Electric Vehicles

Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy 2024年第3期12卷 675-694页

作者： Abdelfatah Ali Hossam H.H.Mousa Mostafa F.Shaaban Maher A.Azzouz Ahmed S.A.Awad the department of electrical Engineering American University of Sharjah the department of electrical Engineering South Valley University the department of electrical and Computer Engineering University of Windsor electrical Engineering department Qatar University the department of electrical and Computer Engineering Sultan Qaboos University

Electric vehicles(EVs) are becoming more popular worldwide due to environmental concerns, fuel security, and price volatility. The performance of EVs relies on the energy stored in their batteries, which can be charged using either AC(slow) or DC(fast) chargers. Additionally, EVs can also be used as mobile power storage devices using vehicle-to-grid(V2G) technology. Power electronic converters(PECs) have a constructive role in EV applications, both in charging EVs and in V2G. Hence, this paper comprehensively investigates the state of the art of EV charging topologies and PEC solutions for EV applications. It examines PECs from the point of view of their classifications, configurations, control approaches, and future research prospects and their impacts on power quality. These can be classified into various topologies: DC-DC converters, AC-DC converters, DC-AC converters, and AC-AC converters. To address the limitations of traditional DC-DC converters such as switching losses, size, and high-electromagnetic interference(EMI), resonant converters and multiport converters are being used in high-voltage EV applications. Additionally, power-train converters have been modified for high-efficiency and reliability in EV applications. This paper offers an overview of charging topologies, PECs, challenges with solutions, and future trends in the field of the EV charging station applications.

关键词： Topology DC-DC power converters Vehicle-to-grid Electric vehicle charging Batteries Transportation Electromagnetic interference

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An Improved Modulation Strategy for Single-phase Three-level Neutral-point-clamped Converter in Critical Conduction Mode

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Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy 2024年第3期12卷 981-990页

作者： Ning Li Yujie Cao Xiaokang Liu Yan Zhang Ruotong Wang Lin Jiang Xiao-Ping Zhang School of electrical Engineering Xi'an University of Technology the department of Electronics Information and Bioengineering Xi'an Jiaotong University the department of electrical Engineering and Electronics University of Liverpool the department of Electronic Electrical and Systems Engineering University of Birmingham

Two-level totem-pole power factor correction(PFC) converters in critical conduction mode(CRM) suffer from the wide regulation range of switching frequency. Besides, in highfrequency applications, the number of switching times increases, resulting in significant switching losses. To solve these issues, this paper proposes an improved modulation strategy for the single-phase three-level neutral-point-clamped(NPC) converter in CRM with PFC. By optimizing the discharging strategy and switching state sequence, the switching frequency and its variation range have been efficiently reduced. The detailed performance analysis is also presented regarding the switching frequency, the average switching times, and the effect of voltage gain. A 2 k W prototype is built to verify the effectiveness of the proposed modulation strategy and analysis results. Compared with the totem-pole PFC converter, the switching frequency regulation range of the three-level PFC converter is reduced by 36.48% and the average switching times is reduced by 45.10%. The experimental result also shows a 1.2% higher efficiency for the three-level PFC converter in the full load range.

关键词： Switches Switching frequency Control systems Topology Bridge circuits Inductors Customer relationship management

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Maximum correntropy-based pseudolinear Kalman filter for passive bearings-only target tracking

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Control Theory and Technology 2024年第2期22卷 269-281页

作者： Asfia Urooj Rahul Radhakrishnan department of electrical Engineering SVNITSuratGujarat395007India department of electrical Engineering NIT CalicutKozhikodeKerala673601India

This paper proposes a new approach for solving the bearings-only target tracking (BoT) problem by introducing a maximum correntropy criterion to the pseudolinear Kalman filter (PLKF). PLKF has been a popular choice for solving BoT problems owing to the reduced computational complexity. However, the coupling between the measurement vector and pseudolinear noise causes bias in PLKF. To address this issue, a bias-compensated PLKF (BC-PLKF) under the assumption of Gaussian noise was formulated. However, this assumption may not be valid in most practical cases. Therefore, a bias-compensated PLKF with maximum correntropy criterion is introduced, resulting in two new filters: maximum correntropy pseudolinear Kalman filter (MC-PLKF) and maximum correntropy bias-compensated pseudolinear Kalman filter (MC-BC-PLKF). To demonstrate the performance of the proposed estimators, a comparative analysis assuming large outliers in the process and measurement model of 2D BoT is conducted. These large outliers are modeled as non-Gaussian noises with diverse noise distributions that combine Gaussian and Laplacian noises. The simulation results are validated using root mean square error (RMSE), average RMSE (ARMSE), percentage of track loss and bias norm. Compared to PLKF and BC-PLKF, all the proposed maximum correntropy-based filters (MC-PLKF and MC-BC-PLKF) performed with superior estimation accuracy.

关键词： Bearings-only target tracking Pseudolinear Kalman filter Maximum correntropy criterion Non-Gaussian noise

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Revisiting non-linear Thomson scattering with metamaterials

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National Science Review 2024年第1期11卷 71-72页

作者： Natalia M.Litchinitser department of electrical and Computer Engineering Duke University

Non-linear optics is a branch of optics that studies the intriguing and sometimes unexpected ways in which light and matter interact at high intensities, when the polarization density does not respond linearly to the electric field of the light. The pursuit of the perfect non-linear optical material has been ongoing ever since the pioneering experiment on second harmonic generation carried out by Franken in 1961 [1]. Indeed,

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Online Demand Response Characterization Based on Variability in Customer Behavior

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Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy 2024年第3期12卷 936-946页

作者： Lester Marrero Daniel Sbárbaro Luis García-Santander the department of electrical Engineering University of Concepción IEEE

This paper proposes an online framework to characterize demand response(DR) over time. The proposed framework facilitates obtaining and updating the daily consumption patterns of customers. The essential concept of response profile class(RPC) is introduced for characterization and complemented by the measure of the variability in customer behavior. This paper uses a modified version of the incremental clustering by fast search and find of density peaks(CFSFDP) algorithm for daily profiles, considering the multivariate normal kernel density estimator and incremental forms of the Davies-Bouldin(i DB) and Xie-Beni(i XB) validity indices. Case studies conducted using real-world and simulated daily profiles of residential and commercial Chilean end-users have demonstrated how the proposed framework can continuously characterize DR. The proposed framework is proven to achieve realistic customer models for effective energy management by estimating the customer response to price signals at the distribution system operator(DSO) level.

关键词： Clustering algorithms Behavioral sciences Streams Pricing Feature extraction Monitoring Kernel

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A Review of State-of-the-art Flexible Power Point Tracking Algorithms in Photovoltaic Systems for Grid Support:Classification and Application

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Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy 2024年第1期12卷 1-21页

作者： Mina Haghighat Mehdi Niroomand Hossein Dehghani Tafti Christopher D.Townsend Tyrone Fernando the department of electrical Engineering University of IsfahanIsfahanIran the department of electrical Electronic and Computer EngineeringUniversity of Western AustraliaCrawley WA 6009Australia

To maximize conversion efficiency,photovoltaic(PV)systems generally operate in the maximum power point tracking(MPPT)mode.However,due to the increasing penetra tion level of PV systems,there is a need for more developed control functions in terms of frequency support services and voltage control to maintain the reliability and stability of the power grid.Therefore,flexible active power control is a manda tory task for grid-connected PV systems to meet part of the grid requirements.Hence,a significant number of flexible pow er point tracking(FPPT)algorithms have been introduced in the existing literature.The purpose of such algorithms is to real ize a cost-effective method to provide grid support functional ities while minimizing the reliance on energy storage systems.This paper provides a comprehensive overview of grid support functionalities that can be obtained with the FPPT control of PV systems such as frequency support and volt-var control.Each of these grid support functionalities necessitates PV sys tems to operate under one of the three control strategies,which can be provided with FPPT algorithms.The three control strate gies are classified as:①constant power generation control(CP GC),②power reserve control(PRC),and③power ramp rate control(PRRC).A detailed discussion on available FPPT algo rithms for each control strategy is also provided.This paper can serve as a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art FPPT algorithms that can equip PV systems with various grid support functionalities.

关键词： Maximum power point tracking(MPPT) flexi ble power point tracking(FPPT) power reserve control(PRC) power ramp rate control(PRRC) low voltage ride-through(LVRT) constant power generation(CPG)

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Resilence Control of DC Microgrid Integrated with Multi-Nanogrids Considering Connected-Islanded States

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CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems 2024年第2期10卷 786-796页

作者： Hossien Faraji Reza Hemmati Pierluigi Siano department of electrical Engineering Amirkabir University of TechnologyTehranIran department of electrical Engineering Kermanshah University of TechnologyKermanshahIran department of Management&Innovation Systems University of Salernoand also with the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering ScienceUniversity of JohannesburgJohannesburg 2006South Africa

In this paper, a DC microgrid (DCMG) integrated with a set of nano-grids (NG) is studied. DCMG exchanges predetermined active and reactive power with the upstream network. DCMG and NGs are coordinately controlled and managed in such a way the exchanged P-Q power with external grid are kept on scheduled level following all events and operating conditions. The proposed control system, in addition to the ability of mutual support between DCMG and NGs, makes NGs support each other in critical situations. On the other hand, in all operating conditions, DCMG not only feeds three-phase loads with time-varying active and reactive power on the grid side but also injects constant active power into the grid. During events, NGs support each other, NGs support DCMG, and DCMG supports NGs. Such control strategies are realized by the proposed control method to increase resilience of the system. For these purposes, all resources and loads in DCMG and NGs are equipped with individual controllers. Then, a central control unit analyzes, monitors, and regularizes performance of individual controllers in DCMG and NGs. Nonlinear simulations show the proposed model can effectively control DCMG and NGs under normal and critical conditions.

关键词： Control system DC microgrid nanogrid resilience

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Extension of Distribution Transformer Life in the Presence of Smart Inverter-based Distributed Solar Photovoltaic Systems

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CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems 2024年第1期10卷 88-95页

作者： Kanhaiya Kumar Saran Satsangi Ganesh Balu Kumbhar department of electrical and Electronics Engineering Motihari College of EngineeringMotihariBiharIndia department of electrical Engineering National Institute of Technology(NIT)PatnaPatnaBiharIndia department of electrical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology(IIT)RoorkeeRoorkeeUttarakhandIndia

A transformer is an essential but expensive power delivery equipment for a distribution utility.In many distribution utilities worldwide,a sizable percentage of transformers are near the end of their designed life.At the same time,distribution utilities are adopting smart inverter-based distributed solar photovoltaic(SPV)systems to maximize renewable generation.The central objective of this paper is to propose a methodology to quantify the effect of smart inverter-based distributed SPV systems on the aging of distribution transformers.The proposed method is first tested on a modified IEEE-123 node distribution feeder.After that,the procedure is applied to a practical distribution system,i.e.,the Indian Institute of Technology(IIT)Roorkee campus,India.The transformer aging models,alongside advanced control functionalities of grid-tied smart inverter-based SPV systems,are implemented in MATLAB.The open-source simulation tool(OpenDSS)is used to model distribution networks.To analyze effectiveness of various inverter functionalities,time-series simulations are performed using exponential load models,considering daily load curves from multiple seasons,load types,current harmonics,etc.Findings show replacing a traditional inverter with a smart inverter-based SPV system can enable local reactive power generation and may extend the life of a distribution transformer.Simulation results demonstrate,simply by incorporating smart inverter-based SPV systems,transformer aging is reduced by 15%to 22%in comparison to SPV systems operating with traditional inverters.

关键词： Distribution transformer loss of life smart inverter functions solar photovoltaic systems thermal models Volt-VAr control

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Dynamic Setting Method of Assessment Indicators for Power Curves of Renewable Energy Sources Considering Scarcity of Reserve Resources

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Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy 2024年第1期12卷 101-114页

作者： Minghao Cao Jilai Yu the department of electrical Engineering Harbin Institute of TechnologyHarbinChina

With the increasing proportion of renewable energy sources(RESs)in power grid,the reserve resource(RR)scarcity for correcting power deviation of RESs has become a potential issue.Consequently,the power curve of RES needs to be more rigorously assessed.The RR scarcity varies during different time periods,so the values of assessment indicators should be dynamically adjusted.The assessment indicators in this paper include two aspects,i.e.,deviation exemption ratio and penalty price.Firstly,this paper proposes a method for dynamically calculating the supply capacity and RR cost,primarily taking into account the operating status of thermal units,forecast information of RES,and load curve.Secondly,after clarifying the logical relationship between the degree of RR scarcity and the values of assessment indicators,this paper establishes a mapping function between them.Based on this mapping function,a dynamic setting method for assessment indicators is proposed.In the future,RES will generally be equipped with battery energy storage systems(BESSs).Reasonably utilizing BESSs to reduce the power deviation of RESs can increase the expected income of RESs.Therefore,this paper proposes a power curve optimization strategy for RESs considering self-owned BESSs.The case study demonstrates that the dynamic setting method of assessment indicators can increase the revenue of RESs while ensuring that the penalty fees paid by RESs to the grid are sufficient to cover the RR costs.Additionally,the power curve optimization strategy can help RESs further increase income and fully utilize BESSs to reduce power deviation.

关键词： Renewable energy battery energy storage system(BESS) power curve assessment reserve service parameter setting

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DC Traction Power Supply System Based on Modular Multilevel Converter Suitable for Energy Feeding and De-icing

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CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems 2024年第2期10卷 649-659页

作者： Lingxi Hou Shuqing Zhang Yingdong Wei Xiaoqian Li Qirong Jiang Mingrui Li Weirui Li department of electrical Engineering Tsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China

A novel DC traction power supply system suitable for energy feeding and de-icing is proposed in this paper for an urban rail transit catenary on the basis of the full bridge submodule (FBSM) modular multilevel converter (MMC). The FBSM-MMC is a novel type of voltage source converter (VSC) and can directly control the output DC voltage and conduct bipolar currents, thus flexibly controlling the power flow of the urban rail transit catenary. The proposed topology can overcome the inherent disadvantages of the output voltage drop in the diode rectifier units, increase the power supply distance and reduce the number of traction substations. The flexible DC technology can coordinate multiple FBSM-MMCs in a wide area and jointly complete the bidirectional control of catenary power flow during the operation of the electric locomotive, so as to realize the local consumption and optimal utilization of the recovered braking energy of the train. In addition, the FBSM-MMCs can also adjust the output current when the locomotive is out of service to prevent the catenary from icing in winter. The working modes of the proposed topology are illustrated in detail and the control strategy is specially designed for normal locomotive operations and catenary de-icing. Simulation cases conducted by PSCAD/EMTDC validate the proposed topology and its control strategy.

关键词： DC traction power supply system de-icing for catenary energy feeding modular multilevel converter based on full-bridge submodules(FBSM-MMC) urban rail transit

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