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Temperature and mass scaling affect cutaneous and pulmonary respiratory performance in a diving frog

Integrative Zoology 2021年第5期16卷 712-728页

作者： Ryan B.MCWHINNIE Jason P.SCKRABULIS Thomas R.RAFFEL department of biological sciences Oakland UniversityRochesterMichiganUSA

Global climate change is altering patterns of temperature variation,with unpredictable consequences for species and *** Metabolic Theory of Ecology(MTE)provides a powerful framework for predicting climate change impacts on ectotherm metabolic *** postulates that physiological and ecological processes are limited by organism metabolic rates,which scale predictably with body mass and *** purpose of this study was to determine if different metabolic proxies generate different empirical estimates of key MTE model parameters for the aquatic frog Xenopus laevis when allowed to exhibit normal diving *** used a novel methodological approach in combining a flow-through respirometry setup with the open-source Arduino platform to measure mass and temperature effects on 4 different proxies for whole-body metabolism(total O_(2) consumption,cutaneous O_(2) consumption,pulmonary O_(2) consumption,and ventilation frequency),following thermal acclimation to one of 3 temperatures(8℃,17℃,or 26℃).Different metabolic proxies generated different mass-scaling exponents(b)and activation energy(EA)estimates,highlighting the importance of metabolic proxy selection when parameterizing MTE-derived *** acclimated to 17℃ had higher O_(2) consumption across all temperatures,but thermal acclimation did not influence estimates of key MTE parameters EA and *** respiration generated lower MTE parameters than pulmonary respiration,consistent with temperature and mass constraints on dissolved oxygen availability,SA:V ratios,and diffusion distances across *** results show that the choice of metabolic proxy can have a big impact on empirical estimates for key MTE model parameters.

关键词： African clawed frog amphibian pneumotachography thermal biology

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Direct and in direct effects of light pollution on the performance of an herbivorous insect

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Insect Science 2019年第4期26卷 770-776页

作者： Kylee Grenis Shannon M. Murphy department of biological sciences University of Denver Denver Colorado USA

Light pollution is a global disturbance with resounding impacts on a wide variety of organisms, but our understanding of these impacts is restricted to relatively few higher vertebrate species. We tested the direct effects of light pollution on herbivore performance as well as indirect effects mediated by host plant quality. We found that artificial light from streetlights alters plant toughness. Additionally, we found evidence of both direct and indirect effects of light pollution on the performance of an herbivorous insect, which indicates that streetlights can have cascading impacts on multiple trophic levels. Our novel findings suggest that light pollution can alter plant-insect interactions and thus may have important community-wide consequences.

关键词： anthropogenic disturbance continuous photoperiod light pollution Lepidoptera

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Cranial differences in three-toed jerboas(Dipodinae,Dipodidae,Rodentia)according to recent taxonomic revisions

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Current Zoology 2023年第4期69卷 475-490页

作者： Bader H.Alhajeri Zahraa Hasan Hasan Alhaddad department of biological sciences Kuwait UniversitySafat13060Kuwait

Recent phylogenetic studies amended the taxonomy of three-toed jerboas(subfamily Dipodinae),including raising subspecies to full ***,we use geometric morphometrics to compare scaled-shape differences in dipodine crania while considering their revised *** sampled Dipus deasyi,*** halli,***,Jaculus blanfordi blanfordi,***,***,***,*** gerboa,***,and Stylodipus *** were not sexually *** allometry explained some of the shape variation,for example,reduced braincases in larger *** operational taxonomic unit pairs differed in both size and *** and Stylodipus clustered together based on their cranial *** differed from the aforementioned genera by its larger tympanic bulla,broader braincase,larger infraorbital foramen,along with reduced molars and *** orientalis differed from other Jaculus by its broader face versus reduced cranial *** blanfordi(subgenus Haltomys)resembles members of the subgenus Jaculus more than its consubgener(***).Jaculus loftusi,previously considered a synonym of ***,clearly differed from the latter by its shorter rostrum,smaller infraorbital foramen,and more caudolaterally expanded tympanic *** hirtipes,another recent synonym of ***,resembled *** more in scaled cranial shape than it did *** sagitta halli and *** were indistinguishable,but they clearly differed from ***(recently raised to full species)with the latter having a larger molar row,more inflated tympanic bulla,and shorter,slenderer *** explanations for detected cranial shape differences are considered,including diet and habitat(particularly substrate).

关键词： crania Dipus deasyi Jaculus hirtipes Jaculus loftusi jerboa Stylodipus andrewsi

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Cranial variation in allactagine jerboas(Allactaginae,Dipodidae, Rodentia): a geometric morphometric study

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Zoological Research 2021年第2期42卷 182-194页

作者： Bader H.Alhajeri department of biological sciences Kuwait UniversitySafat 13060Kuwait

Allactaginae is a subfamily of dipodids consisting of four-and five-toed jerboas(Allactaga, Allactodipus,Orientallactaga, Pygeretmus, Scarturus) found in open habitats of Asia and North Africa. Recent molecular phylogenies have upended our understanding of this group's systematics across taxonomic scales. Here, I used cranial geometric morphometrics to examine variation across 219 specimens of 14 allactagine species(Allactaga major, A. severtzovi, Orientallactaga balikunica, ***, O. sibirica, Pygeretmus platyurus, P. pumilio,P. shitkovi, Scarturus aralychensis, S. euphraticus,S. hotsoni, S. indicus, S. tetradactylus, S. williamsi)in light of their revised taxonomy. Results showed no significant sexual size or shape dimorphism. Species significantly differed in cranial size and shape both overall and as species pairs. Species identity had a strong effect on both cranial size and shape. Only a small part of cranial shape variation was allometric,with no evidence of unique species allometries, and most specimens fit closely to the common allometric regression vector. Allactaga was the largest,followed by Orientallactaga, Scarturus, and finally Pygeretmus. Principal component 1(PC1) separated O. bullata+O. balikunica+S. hotsoni(with inflated bullae along with reduced zygomatic arches and rostra) from A. major+A. severtzovi+O. sibirica(with converse patterns), while PC2 differentiated Orientallactaga(with enlarged cranial bases and rostra along with reduced zygomatic arches and foramina magna) from Scarturus+Pygeretmus(with the opposite patterns). Clustering based on the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean(UPGMA) contained the four genera, but S. hotsoni clustered with O. bullata+O. balikunica and *** clustered with A. major+A. severtzovi, likely due to convergence and allometry, respectively.

关键词： Allactaga Cranial morphometrics Five-toed jerboas Orientallactaga Pygeretmus Scarturus

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Retinoid X receptor α downregulation is required for tail and caudal spinal cord regeneration in the adult newt

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Neural Regeneration Research 2018年第6期13卷 1036-1045页

作者： Sarah E.Walker Rachel Nottrodt Lucas Maddalena Christopher Carter Gaynor E.Spencer Robert L.Carlone department of biological sciences Brock University department of Geosciences University of Calgary Biomedical sciences Cambridge University Pre-Health sciences department Niagara College

Some adult vertebrate species,such as newts,axolotls and zebrafish,have the ability to regenerate their central nervous system（CNS）.However,the factors that establish a permissive CNS environment for correct morphological and functional regeneration in these species are not well *** evidence supports a role for retinoid signaling in the intrinsic ability of neurons,in these regeneration-competent species,to regrow after CNS ***,we demonstrated that a specific retinoic acid receptor（RAR）subtype,RARβ,mediates the effects of endogenous retinoic acid（RA）on neuronal growth and guidance in the adult newt CNS after ***,we now examine the expression of the retinoid X receptor RXRα（a potential heterodimeric transcriptional regulator with RARβ）,in newt tail and spinal cord *** show that at 21 days post-amputation（dpa）,RXRαis expressed at temporally distinct periods and in non-overlapping spatial domains compared to RARβ.Whereas RARβprotein levels increase,RXRαproteins level decrease by 21 dpa.A selective agonist for RXR,SR11237,prevents both this downregulation of RXRαand upregulation of RARβand inhibits tail and caudal spinal cord ***,treatment with a selective antagonist for RARβ,LE135,inhibits regeneration with the same morphological consequences as treatment with ***,LE135 treatment also inhibits the normal downregulation of RXRαin tail and spinal cord tissues at 21 *** results reveal a previously unidentified,indirect regulatory feedback loop between these two receptor subtypes in regulating the regeneration of tail and spinal cord tissues in this regeneration-competent newt.

关键词： retinoid X receptor spinal cord regeneration newt retinoic acid ependymoglia retinoic acid receptor

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Argonaute protein as a linker to command center of physiological processes

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Chinese Journal of Cancer Research 2013年第4期25卷 430-441页

作者： Kaifa Wei Lingjuan Wu Yanhui Chen Yina Lin Yanmei Wang Xiaoyao Liu Daoxin Xie department of biological sciences and Biotechnology Minnan Normal University School of Life sciences Tsinghua University

MicroRNAs （miRNAs） post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression by binding to target mRNAs with perfect or imperfect complementarity, recruiting an Argonaute （AGO） protein complex that usually results in degradation or translational repression of the target mRNA. AGO proteins function as the Slicer enzyme in miRNA and small interfering RNA （siRNA） pathways involved in human physiological and pathophysiological processes, such as antiviral responses and disease formation. Although the past decade has witnessed rapid advancement in studies of AGO protein functions, to further elucidate the molecular mechanism of AGO proteins in cellular function and biochemical process is really a challenging area for researchers. In order to understand the molecular causes underlying the pathological processes, we mainly focus on five fundamental problems of AGO proteins, including evolution, functional domain, subcellular location, post-translational modification and protein-protein interactions. Our discussion highlight their roles in early diagnosis, disease prevention, drug target identification, drug response, etc.

关键词： Small RNA Argonaute (AGO) protein functional domain subcellular location post-translational modification pathological process

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Impacts of the retinal environment and photoreceptor type on functional regeneration

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Neural Regeneration Research 2017年第3期12卷 376-379页

作者： Michèle G.Du Val W.Ted Allison department of biological sciences University of Alberta department of Medical Genetics University of Alberta

Retinal regeneration is a promising central nervous system（CNS） target amongst the various stem cell therapy pursuits,due to its accessibility for manipulation and its disposition towards longitudinal monitoring of treatment safety and *** offer our perspective on current hurdles towards functional regeneration of cone *** are key：For patients suffering vision loss,cone photoreceptors are a required cellular component to restoring daytime vision,colour vision,and high acuity *** challenges of regenerating cones contrast with logistic challenges of regenerating rod photoreceptors,which underlines the importance of evaluating context in degeneration and regeneration *** research is required to delineate the factors required to generate a diversity of cones in the human macula,and to coax both remaining and newly regenerating cones to rewire towards restoring daytime colour vision.A complex interplay between cell-intrinsic factors and the retinal environment determine both the specification of cone fates and the synaptic plasticity enabling their functional *** revelations that cellular materials are transferred amongst photoreceptor progenitors further emphasize the critical role of neighbouring cells in directing stem cell *** our vantage point,translation of stem cell therapies to restore the cone-rich human macula must be borne upon foundational research in cone-rich *** frameworks centered on patient outcomes should prioritize animal models and functional outputs that enable and report functional restoration of cone-mediated vision.

关键词： zebrafish synaptic plasticity horizontal cells material transfer vision neural development

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Cambrian Stem-group Cnidarians with a New Species from the Cambrian Series 3 of the Taebaeksan Basin, Korea

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2016年第3期90卷 827-837页

作者： Tae-Yoon S.PARK Ji-Hoon KIHM Jusun WOO Yong-Yi ZHEN Michael ENGELBRETSEN Jongsun HONG Suk-Joo CHOH Dong-Jin LEE Division of Polar-Earth System sciences Korea Polar Research Institute Geological Survey of New South Wales W.B.Clarke Geoscience Centre Research Affiliate Biological Sciences Macquarie University department of Earth and Environmental sciences Korea University department of Earth and Environmental sciences Andong National University

Five species, Lipopora lissa Jell and Jell, 1976, Lipopora daseia Jell and Jell, 1976, Tretocylichne perplexa Engeibretsen, 1993 from Australia, Cambroctoconus orientalis Park, Woo, Lee, Lee, Lee, Han and Chough, 2011 from China, and Cambroctoconus kyrgyzstanicus Peel, 2014 from Kyrgyzstan, belonging to the Cambrian stem-group cnidarians have been documented in the fossil record. Cambroctoconus coreaensis sp. nov., interpreted here as a stem-group cnidarian, from the Seokgaejae section in the Daegi Formation, Taebaek Group （Cambrian Series 3）, Taebaeksan Basin, central-eastern Korean Peninsula, has a slender cup-shaped skeleton. A cladistic analysis produced 21 most parsimonious trees, which invariably placed the six stem-group cnidarians below the crown-group, but their relationships within the stem-group are unresolved. Nine out of the 21 trees suggest a monophyletic relationship for the Cambrian stem-group cnidarians, whereas in six other trees a monophyly of Cambroctoconus and Tretocylichne appeared as the sister-group to the crown-group cnidarians with Lipopora at the most basal branch. This result may reflect the fact that crown-group cnidarians evolved in the Precambrian, and suggests that the diversity of stem-group cnidarians was a result of an independent radiation in the Cambrian.

关键词： Phylogeny Cnidaria Cambrian Drumian Taebaeksan Basin Korea

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Fungal-contaminated grass and well water and sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

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Neural Regeneration Research 2019年第9期14卷 1490-1493页

作者： Peter William French Russell Ian Ludowyke Gilles J.Guillemin School of Medicine University of New South WalesSydneyNSWAustralia Willoughby SydneyNSWAustralia Neuroinflammation Group Department of Biological SciencesFaculty of Medicine and Health SciencesMacquarie UniversitySydneyNSWAustralia

Fungi are important infectious disease-causing agents,but are often overlooked as environmental factors in *** review several lines of evidence that point to a potential fungal origin of sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis(ALS),the most common form of motor neurone *** 90%cases of ALS are sporadic,and the aetiology of sporadic ALS is still *** have previously postulated that grass or soil-associated fungal infections may be a leading cause of sporadic *** we extend this proposal to water-associated fungi.A wide variety of fungi have been reported in drinking water including Acremonium,Alternaria,Aspergillus,Cladosporium,Fusarium,Penicillium and *** of these are known to produce neurotoxic *** this,drinking water is not routinely monitored for fungal *** contamination could explain the close correlation between distribution of well water and cases of sporadic ALS in the United *** propose several mechanisms by which an opportunistic fungal infection from environmental exposure(to water,soil or plants)can lead to long term neuronal degradation resulting in the hallmarks of *** confirmed,the association between fungal infection and sporadic ALS could lead to novel treatment strategies for this progressive and fatal disease.

关键词： amyotrophic lateral sclerosis fungi motor neurone disease mycotoxins neurotoxins ALS well water sporadic ALS

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Functional origins of the vertebrate cerebellum from a sensory processing antecedent

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Current Zoology 2010年第3期56卷 277-284页

作者： John MONTGOMERY David BODZNICK Leigh Marine Laboratory and School of biological sciences University of Auckland department of Biology Wesleyan University

The structure of the cerebellar cortex is remarkably similar across vertebrate phylogeny. It is well developed in basaljawed fishes, such as sharks and rays with many of the same cell types and organizational features found in other vertebrategroups, including mammals. In particular, the lattice-like organization of cerebellar cortex (with a molecular layer of parallel fibres,interneurons, spiny Purkinje cell dendrites, and climbing fires) is a common defining characteristic. In addition to the cerebellarcortex, fishes and aquatic amphibians have a variety of cerebellum-like structures in the dorso-lateral wall of the *** structures are adjacent to, and in part, contiguous with, the cerebellum. They derive their cerebellum-like name from thepresence of a molecular layer of parallel fibers and inhibitory interneurons, which has striking organizational similarities to themolecular layer of the cerebellar cortex. However, these structures also have characteristics which differ from the cerebellum. Forexample, cerebellum-like structures do not have climbing fibres, and they are clearly sensory. They receive direct afferent inputfrom peripheral sensory receptors and relay their outputs to midbrain sensory areas. As a consequence of this close sensory association,and the ability to characterise their signal processing in a behaviourally relevant context, good progress has been made indetermining the fundamental processing algorithm in cerebellar-like structures. In particular, we have come to understand thecontribution to signal processing made by the molecular layer, which provides an adaptive filter to cancel self-generated noise inelectrosensory and lateral line systems. Given the fundamental similarities of the molecular layer across these structures, coupledwith evidence that cerebellum-like structures may have been the evolutionary antecedent of the cerebellum, we address the question:do both share the same functional algorithm? [Current Zoology 56 (3):

关键词： Origin Vertebrate Cerebellum

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