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Implications for fault reactivation and seismicity induced by hydraulic fracturing

Petroleum Science 2024年第2期21卷 1081-1098页

作者： Zi-Han Sun Ming-Guang Che Li-Hong Zhu Shu-Juan Zhang Ji-Yuan Lu Chang-Yu Jin Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Safe Mining of Deep Metal Mines School of Resources and Civil Engineering and Key Laboratory of Liaoning Province on Deep Engineering and Intelligent TechnologyNortheastern UniversityShenyang110819LiaoningChina Research institute of Petroleum exploration&development PetroChina Company LimitedBeijing100084China The exploration and development Research institute of daqing Oilfield Limited Company Daqing163458HeilongjiangChina

Evaluating the physical mechanisms that link hydraulic fracturing(HF) operations to induced earthquakes and the anticipated form of the resulting events is significant in informing subsurface fluid injection operations. Current understanding supports the overriding role of the effective stress magnitude in triggering earthquakes, while the impact of change rate of effective stress has not been systematically addressed. In this work, a modified critical stiffness was brought up to investigate the likelihood, impact,and mitigation of induced seismicity during and after hydraulic fracturing by developing a poroelastic model based on rate-and-state fraction law and linear stability analysis. In the new criterion, the change rate of effective stress was considered a key variable to explore the evolution of this criterion and hence the likelihood of instability slip of fault. A coupled fluid flow-deformation model was used to represent the entire hydraulic fracturing process in COMSOL Multiphysics. The possibility of triggering an earthquake throughout the entire hydraulic fracturing process, from fracturing to cessation, was investigated considering different fault locations, orientations, and positions along the fault. The competition between the effects of the magnitude and change rate of effective stress was notable at each fracturing stage. The effective stress magnitude is a significant controlling factor during fracturing events, with the change rate dominating when fracturing is suddenly started or stopped. Instability dominates when the magnitude of the effective stress increases(constant injection at each fracturing stage) and the change rate of effective stress decreases(the injection process is suddenly stopped). Fracturing with a high injection rate, a fault adjacent to the hydraulic fracturing location and the position of the junction between the reservoir and fault are important to reduce the Coulomb failure stress(CFS) and enhance the critical stiffness as

关键词： Hydraulic fracturing Coulomb failure stress Rate-and-state fraction model Linear stability analysis Critical stiffness Seismically induced fault

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Paleoenvironment evolution and organic matter enrichment mechanisms in the first member of the Qingshankou Formation,Songliao Basin,China

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Frontiers of Earth Science 2024年第2期18卷 364-383页

作者： Ying LI Min WANG Yu YAN Xin WANG Jinyou ZHANG Xuefeng BAI Yuchen ZHANG Jiaheng XUE Junsheng FEI Lianbin ZHANG Guojun WANG School of Geoscience China University of Petroleum(East China)Qingdao 266580China Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Deep Oil and Gas Qingdao 266580China exploration and development Research institute of daqing Oilfield Co Ltd. Daqing 163712China exploration Division PetroChina Daqing Oilfield CompanyDaqing 163453China Department of Physics Xiamen University MalaysiaBandar Sunsuria 43900Malaysia

Organic matter is the basis for oil and gas generation,and the depositional environment controls its *** first member of the Qingshankou Formation(K_(2)qn^(1))in Songliao Basin has a thick organic-rich shale and so is an important target section for shale oil exploration and *** the Gulong Sag,shale samples from this unit were collected over the full length of the *** characterization of the environments of deposition(EOD)of K_(2)qn^(1)was improved by utilizing lithological characteristics,thin section observations,elemental compositions,and organic carbon *** with the normalization coefficients proposed in this paper,an organic matter correlation model was established to elucidate the factors that influence organic matter *** the bottom to the top of K2qn1,the lake depth gradually becomes shallower,the primary productivity first decreases and then increases,the reducing conditions become stronger and then weaker,the water salinity gradually decreases,the climate first becomes semi-humid and then warm and humid,and the input of terrigenous debris first decreases and then increases.A major marine transgression at the base of the K_(2)qn^(1)᾽s brought in nutrients to increase primary productivity,and the density-stratified reducing environment preserved and enriched organic *** primary productivity occurred during the middle of the deposition of the K_(2)qn^(1),while terrigenous input is *** matter is preserved in reduced deep lake environments,resulting in organic matter-rich black *** lake became shallower,and the salinity decreased in the upper part of K_(2)qn^(1).Benthic organisms rapidly multiplied,consuming large amounts of oxygen and destroying the previously depositional environment,resulting in a reducing environment disturbed by benthic organisms with poor preservation conditions and the lowest organic matter content.

关键词： major and trace elements paleoenvironment evolution OM enrichment mechanism lacustrine shale Songliao Basin Qingshankou Formation

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Differences in and factors controlling organic matter enrichment in the Ziliujing Formation shale in the Sichuan Basin

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Petroleum Science 2024年第1期21卷 77-86页

作者： Peng Li Zhong-Bao Liu He Bi Tao Jiang Rui-Kang Bian Peng-Wei Wang Xiao-Yu Shang State Key Laboratory of Shale Oil and Gas Enrichment Mechanisms and Efficient development Beijing102206China Key Laboratory of Shale Oil/Gas exploration and Production Technology SINOPECBeijing102206China Petroleum exploration and Production Research institute SINOPECBeijing102206China Research institute of Petroleum exploration and development PetroChinaBeijing100083China Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences Beijing100037China No.4 Oil Production Plant in daqing Oilfield Co Ltd. Daqing163511HeilongjiangChina

Lacustrine shale oil and gas are important fields for unconventional exploration and development in China,and organic-rich shale deposition lays down the critical foundation for hydrocarbon *** are two sets of shale,the Dongyuemiao and Da’anzhai Members,in the Ziliujing Formation in the Sichuan *** identify the differential enrichment characteristics of organic matter and clarify its controlling factors,geochemical analyses of organic and inorganic geochemical analyses were *** results showed that the total organic carbon content of the Dongyuemiao shale(1.36%)is slightly higher than that of the Da’anzhai shale(0.95%).The enrichment of organic matter in the two shales resulted from the comprehensive controls of paleoproductivity,paleoenvironment,and terrigenous input,but different factors have different *** addition,driven by climate,the change in the sulfate concentration in the bottom water further led to the different intensities of bacterial sulfate reduction in early *** made a great difference regarding organic matter accumulation in the two *** general,climate may have played a dominant role in organic matter enrichment in the two sets of shale.

关键词： Lacustrine shale Ziliujing Formation Sichuan Basin Enrichment mechanism of organic matter

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Mechanical characteristics and reservoir stimulation mechanisms of the Gulong shale oil reservoirs, the northern Songliao Basin

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Petroleum Science 2024年第3期21卷 2023-2036页

作者： Si-Wei Meng Jia-Ping Tao Tian-Jiao Li Dong-Xu Li Su-Ling Wang Liu Yang Xin Liu Li-Hao Liang He Liu PetroChina Research institute of Petroleum exploration development Beijing100083China National Key Laboratory of Continental Shale Oil Daqing 163002HeilongjiangChina Dalian University of Technology Dalian116024LiaoningChina PetroChina daqing Oilfield Co.Ltd. Daqing163002HeilongjiangChina Northeast Petroleum University Daqing163002HeilongjiangChina China University of Mining and Technology(Beijing) Beijing100083China

Shale oil of the Qingshankou Formation of the Gulong Sag,the northern Songliao Basin,represents the first attempt at large-scale development of pure-shale-type shale oil in *** integrating the multiscale refined reservoir characterization with macro-micro-scale mechanical testing,it is clarified that the Gulong shale is characterized by high clay mineral content,high rock plasticity,highly-developed bedding,and prominent mechanical anisotropy.A three-dimensional(3D)fracture propagation model of hydraulic fracturing was built for the Gulong shale,which fully captures the hydraulic fracture distribution pattern affected by the high bedding density,in-situ stress,and fracturing treatment *** research showed that due to influences of bedding,hydraulic fracturing in the Gulong shale forms a complex fracture morphology featuring the main fracture with multiple perpendicular branches that have different lengths(like the outdoor directional TV antenna);however,the vertical propagation of fractures is inhibited,and the fracture height is commonly less than 10 *** limited stimulated reservoir volume(SRV)is the main problem facing the fracturing stimulation of the Gulong shale *** density has vital effects on fracture morphology,so case-specific fracturing designs shall be developed for shale intervals with different bedding development *** reservoirs with welldeveloped bedding,it is suggested to properly increase the perforation cluster spacing and raise the volume and proportions of viscous fluids of the pad,so as to effectively promote vertical fracture propagation and improve reservoir stimulation *** study integrates multi-scale fine reservoir characterization and macro-micro-scale mechanical testing,as well as the construction and numerical simulation of hydraulic fracturing models for high-density layered shale reservoirs,providing a new approach and methodological framework for the fracturing research of high-density layer

关键词： Shale oil Hydraulic fracturing High bedding density Fracture propagation model

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The determination of sedimentary environment and associated energy in deep-buried marine carbonates:insights from natural gamma ray spectrometry log

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Frontiers of Earth Science 2024年第1期18卷 204-218页

作者： Jingyan LIU Qian CHANG Junlong ZHANG Hui CHAI Feng HE Yizan YANG Shiqiang XIA School of Energy Resources China University of Geosciences(Beijing)Beijing 100083China exploration and development Research institute Daqing Oilfield CompanyPetroChinaDaqing 163712China China National Oil and Gas exploration and development Co. Ltd(CNODC)Beijing 100032China Beijing Research institute of Uranium Geology Beijing 100029China College of Mining Engineering North China University of Science and TechnologyTangshan 063210China

It has always been challenging to determine the ancient sedimentary environment and associated energy in deep-buried marine *** energy represents the hydrodynamic conditions that existed when the carbonates were *** energy includes light and chemical energies in compounds and kinetic energy in currents and mass ***-buried marine carbonates deposited during the Ordovician depositional period in the eastern Tarim Basin result from a complex interplay of tectonics,sedimentation,and *** a result,determining the ancient sedimentary environment and associated energy is *** natural gamma-ray spectrometry(GRS)log(from 12 wells)is used in this paper to conduct studies on the sedimentary environment and associated energy in deep-buried marine *** findings show that the values of thorium(Th),uranium(U),potassium(K),and gamma-ray without uranium(KTh)in a natural GRS log can reveal lithological associations,mineral composition,diagenetic environment,stratigraphic water activity,and ancient climatic *** the Ordovician,quantitative analysis and determination of sedimentary environment energy are carried out using a comprehensive calculation of natural GRS log parameters in typical wells(penetrating through the Ordovician with cores and thin sections)of well GC4,well GC6,well GC7,and well *** results show that GRS log can determine different lithology associations in typical wells than a sieve residue ***,cores and thin sections can be used to validate the determination of lithology *** on the determination of lithology associations,the lithology associations that reflect the sedimentary environment and associated energy can be analyzed in a new ***,the sedimentary environment energy curve derived from a natural GRS log can reveal hydrodynamic fluctuations during depositional periods,which will aid in the discovery of carbonate reservoirs,establishing sequence stratigra

关键词： ancient sedimentary environment energy of sedimentary environment marine deep-buried carbonates natural GRS the Ordovician eastern Tarim Basin

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Evaluating the stability and volumetric flowback rate of proppant packs in hydraulic fractures using the lattice Boltzmann-discrete element coupling method

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Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 2024年第6期16卷 2052-2063页

作者： Duo Wang Sanbai Li Rui Wang Binhui Li Zhejun Pan National Key Laboratory of Continental Shale Oil Northeast Petroleum UniversityDaqing163318China institute of Unconventional Oil&Gas Northeast Petroleum UniversityDaqing163318China School of Environmental Science and Engineering Southern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhen518055China National Center for Applied Mathematics Shenzhen(NCAMS) Southern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhen518055China National Key Laboratory of Continental Shale Oil Daqing Oilfield of CNPCDaqing163002China daqing Oilfield exploration and development Research institute DaqingHeilongjiang163712China

The stability and mobility of proppant packs in hydraulic fractures during hydrocarbon production are numerically investigated by the lattice Boltzmann-discrete element coupling method(LB-DEM).This study starts with a preliminary proppant settling test,from which a solid volume fraction of 0.575 is calibrated for the proppant pack in the *** the established workflow to investigate proppant flowback,a displacement is applied to the fracture surfaces to compact the generated proppant pack as well as further mimicking proppant embedment under closure *** a pressure gradient is applied to drive the fluid-particle flow,a critical aperture-to-diameter ratio of 4 is observed,above which the proppant pack would *** results also show that the volumetric proppant flowback rate increases quadratically with the fracture aperture,while a linear variation between the particle flux and the pressure gradient is exhibited for a fixed fracture *** research outcome contributes towards an improved understanding of proppant flowback in hydraulic fractures,which also supports an optimised proppant size selection for hydraulic fracturing operations.

关键词： Numerical simulation Hydraulic fracturing Proppant flowback Closure stress Particulate flow

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Anisotropy measurements and characterization of the Qingshankou shale

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Applied Geophysics 2024年第3期21卷 468-478,617页

作者： Li Qing-feng Yan Xue-hong Yan Wei-lin Ren Li Wang Peng Han Jian-qiang Xia Xue Chen Hao daqing Oilfield exploration Division Daqing163000HeilongjiangChina daqing Branch Company of CNPC Logging Daqing163000HeilongjiangChina exploration and development Research institute of daqing Oilfield Co. Ltd.Daqing163712China State Key Laboratory of Acoustics Institute of AcousticsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China

Qingshankou shale(Gulong area,China)exhibits strong acoustic anisotropy characteristics,posing significant challenges to its exploration and *** this study,the five full elastic constants and multipole response law of the Qingshankou shale were studied using experimental *** show that the anisotropy parametersϵandγin the study region are greater than 0.4,whereas the anisotropy parameterδis smaller,generally *** simulations show that the longitudinal and transverse wave velocities of these strong anisotropic rocks vary significantly with inclination angle,and significant differences in group velocity and phase velocity are also *** logging measures the group velocity in dipped boreholes;this differs from the phase velocity to some *** the dip angle increases,the longitudinal and SH wave velocities increase accordingly,while the qSV-wave velocity initially increases and then decreases,reaching its maximum value at a dip of approximately 40°.These results provide an effective guide for the correction and modeling of acoustic logging time differences in the region.

关键词： Transverse isotropy anisotropy parameter sonic logging group velocity phase velocity

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Uncover the diagenetic water condition and dolomite formation in the Songliao Basin 91 Ma

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Journal of Earth Science 2024年

作者： Yuke Liu Huajian Wang Jinyou Zhang Yuntao Ye Xiaomei Wang Shuichang Zhang Research institute of Petroleum exploration and development National Key Laboratory for Multi-resource Collaborated Green development of Continental Shale Oil Key Laboratory of Deep Petroleum Intelligent exploration and development， institute of Geology and Geophysics， Chinese Academy of Sciences PetroChina daqing Oilfield Co.， Ltd.

Lacustrine dolomite is receiving increasing attention to answer the diagenetic water condition of paleo-lake and “dolomite problem”. Here， a dolomite nodule from the Qingshankou Formation in the Songliao Basin was analyzed to explore the salinity， alkalinity， and redox conditions of the diagenetic water. Multiple proxies， including bulk boron （B） content， B isotope composition (δ11Bbul)， boron to gallium weight ratio （B/Ga） and carbonate oxygen isotope composition (δ18Ocarb)， were used to determine the diagenetic water to be brackish-fresh. Through numerical simulation， we calculated the B contents， δ11B values and B/Ga in detritus （e.g.， clay， quartz and feldspar） and dolomite as two endmembers， confirming the intense interference of clay minerals on δ11Bbul. By using the fitted δ11B of dolomite endmember （20.6‰）， we calculated the pH value of the diagenetic water to be 8.2. The negative δ11B value of detritus endmember （-12.9‰） might be related to the terrestrial weathering. The indicative nature of strontium to barium weight ratio （Sr/Ba） was discussed to deny its applicability as a proxy of salinity in carbonate system. High Sr/Ba ratio in this dolomite nodule indicated a sulfate-poor water condition， consistent with the iron-manganese （Fe-Mn） reduction environments reflected by the Mn/Fe molar ratio. The positive carbonate carbon isotopes (δ13Ccarb， 4.5‰-9.4‰) indicate that methanogenesis dominated the formation of dolomite， coinciding with the weak sulfate reduction reaction in sulfate-poor water. The growth of dolomite nodule might be related to the microbial activities of methanogen and iron reducing bacteria， which had not only maintained the salinity， pH， and redox status of the diagenetic water， but also led to a ferric-methane transition zone （FMTZ）. This research depicts a scenario about the diagenetic water environment of lacustrine dolomite formed in brackish-fresh water， which is different from that occurred in sulfate-rich condition.

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Controls of strike-slip fault on fractures:Insight from 3D discrete element simulation

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Science China Earth Sciences 2024年第1期67卷 146-164页

作者： Lianbo ZENG Zhe MAO Guoping LIU He TIAN Yingtao YAO Kewei ZU Shaoqun DONG Mehdi OSTADHASSAN State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Prospecting China University of Petroleum(Beijing)Beijing 102249China College of Geosciences China University of Petroleum(Beijing)Beijing 102249China institute of Energy Peking UniversityBeijing 100871China exploration and development Research institute Zhongyuan Oilfield Branch CompanySINOPECZhengzhou 457001China Northeast Petroleum University Daqing 163318China

The fracture-cave reservoirs controlled by strike-slip faults are the main targets for oil and gas exploration of ultradeep carbonate in the Tarim *** is of great significance to clarify the distribution rules of fractures related to strike-slip faults for guiding the exploration and development of ultra-deep oil and *** this study,six groups of strike-slip fault 3D models based on discrete element numerical simulation method have been created to investigate characteristics of fault-related fracture development and distribution *** addition,we compared the modeling results to the measurement of fractures from the outcrop of a strike-slip fault in the Northern Tarim Basin to verify their *** results show that the stress environment is stable in the simple strike-slip section,and fractures intersecting with the strike-slip direction at a small angle are the principal *** the releasing stepover and double-bend sections,the maximum principal stress changes from horizontal to vertical during the formation of pull-apart zones,where the principal fractures intersect the strike-slip direction at a large *** maximum principal stress in the restraining stepover and double-bend section remains horizontal,but their strikes change significantly with the increment of fault ***,fractures intersecting the strike-slip direction at a small angle will become principal fractures early on,while those parallel to or anti-intersecting the strike-slip direction at a small angle will become principal fractures *** are obvious differences in the development of fractures in different structural positions of strike-slip *** are mainly concentrated in the fault tips,connections,and fault plane,and the magnitude of the fault damage zone is relatively larger in the first *** with fault displacement,the principal damage zone(PDZ)shows stronger control on the distribution and development intensity of *** the in

关键词： Strike-slip fault Fault-related fracture Stepover Double-bend Discrete element method

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Clay mineral transformation in medium–high maturity shale oil reservoir: a case study of the Qingshankou Formation， Songliao Basin， Northeast China

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Journal of Earth Science 2024年

作者： Xinping Liang Xueyu Yao Rukai Zhu Xiaojun Wang Zhijun Jin Changrong Li institute of Energy， Peking University State Key Laboratory of Shale Oil and Gas Enrichment Mechanisms and Effective development College of Geosciences/National Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Engineering， China University of Petroleum (Beijing) Research institute of Petroleum exploration & development PetroChina Petroleum exploration and Production Research institute SINOPEC

Currently， significant hurdles lie ahead in China’s lacustrine shale oil exploration and exploitation， particularly due to the high clay mineral content， which severely impacts pore development in organic-rich shales. In this study， we take the medium- to high-maturity shale of the Qingshankou Formation (K2qn) in the Gulong Sag， Songliao Basin， China， as an example and analyze the dynamic evolution of the clay minerals and their effects on pore development by core observations， scanning electron microscopy， X-ray diffraction， physical property and nitrogen adsorptions to provide a valuable reference for the effective evaluation of lacustrine clay-rich shale oil reservoirs. Our findings reveal that the dynamic transformation of clay minerals in the Qingshankou Formation is classified into three stages based on diagenesis， thermal maturity， and mineral characteristics: the initial stage (vitrinite reflectivity (Ro) 1.3%). Clay minerals play crucial roles in controlling shale reservoirs during the rapid transformation process， which is evidenced by the formation of shrinkage fractures， enhanced pore connectivity， increased porosity， and expanded space for shale oil adsorption and storage. In addition， authigenic quartz can form during the transformation of clay minerals， contributing to increased reservoir brittleness and improving the potential for reservoir fracturing.

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