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In Vitro Validation of Tissue Doppler Left Ventricular Regional Wall Velocities by Using a Novel Balloon Phantom

Journal of Huazhong university of Science and Technology(Medical sciences) 2001年第4期21卷 337-340页

作者：吴瑛李小魁 Shenzhen People’s Hospital The Second Teaching Hospital of Medical College of Jinan University Shenzhen clinical care for congenital heart disease Oregon Health Sciences University Portland USA

To investigate the validity and accuracy of tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) using a novel balloon phantom, validation of TDI myocardial velocity measurements has been carried out indirectly from conventional M mode images. However it is not a true and independent gold standard. We described a new TDI validation method by using a specially developed left ventricular balloon model mounted in a water bath and constructed using two pear shaped balloons. It was connected to a pulsatile flow pump at 8 stroke volumes (50-85 ml/beat). The displacement and velocity of the balloon walls were recorded simultaneously by video imaging and TDI on a GE Vingmed System Five with a 5 MHz phased array probe at the highest frame rates available. Conventional M mode and 2 D imaging verified that our balloon model mimicked the shape and wall motion of left ventricle. There was a good correlation and agreement between the maximum video excursion of the anterior and posterior walls of the phantom and the results of the temporal integration of digital distance data by TDI (Anterior wall: r =0.97, SEE=0.24 mm, ±s =0.04±0.24 mm; Posterior wall: r =0.95, SEE=0.22 mm, ±s =0.03±0.24 mm). Analysis of the velocity profile by the TDI method showed that the velocity at each measured point was correlated well with the velocity obtained from the video images (Anterior wall: r =0.97, SEE=0.30 mm, ±s =-0.04±0.28 mm; Posterior wall: r =0.97, SEE=0.30 mm, ±s =0.04±0.28 mm). Our balloon model provided a new independent method for the validation of TDI data. This study demonstrated that the present TDI system is reliable for measuring wall motion distance and velocity.

关键词： tissue Doppler imaging in vitro left ventricular regional velocity

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Accuracy of three-dimensional quantification of left ventricular function using magnetic sensor acquisition: a dynamic in vitro model

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Chinese Medical Journal 2001年第10期114卷 3-6,101页

作者：徐金峰吴瑛李小葵 Ghada Elsedfy 李军 Jongsoo Lee Grispin H Davies David J Sahn 深圳市人民医院超声诊断科深圳518020 clinical care center for congenital heart disease oregon health sciences university

Objective To evaluate the accuracy of a three-dimensional (3D) magnetic position sensor system in the quantification of ventricular stroke volumes in a dynamic *** A latex balloon model of the left ventricle was suspended in a water bath connected to a pump producing 10 different pulsatile stroke volumes (15-65mi/beat). Scanning was performed using a 5.0 mHz transducer mounted with a Flock of Birds (FOB) magnetic receiver (GE System Five). The probe was scanned to sweep continuously across and over the balloon volume over 3 - 7 seconds. Digital loops were stored on magneto-optical disks and reviewed retrospectively using 3D Echopac software (GE)based on Simpson's method and compared with a two-dimensional (2D) biplane area-length method (1/2L x R) measurements at end systole and end diastole. Both 3D and 2D derived stroke volumes were compared with the reference stroke volume calculated by direct measurement of balloon *** There was an improved correlation between 3D stroke volume and reference stroke volume ( y = 0.91 x + 0.41, r = 0.97, SEE = 2.83 ml, P = 0.0001 ) compared to 2D stroke volume and reference stroke volume (y=0.49x+8.68, r=0.87, SEE=3.87 ml, P=0.0011, difference between 2D and 3D P＜0.003).Conclusion 3D magnetic FOB scanning is practical, accurate and should facilitate assessment of left ventricular function.

关键词： three dimensional echocardiography · left ventricular function · magnetic sensor

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“I Dread the heart Surgery but it Keeps My Child Alive”—Experiences of Parents of Children with Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Anomalies during the Assessment for Cardiac Reoperation

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congenital heart disease 2023年第3期18卷 349-359页

作者： Birgitta Svensson Petru Liuba Anne Wennick Malin Berghammer Department of Cardiology Pediatric Heart CenterSkåne University HospitalLundSweden Department of clinical sciences Lund PediatricsLund UniversityLundSweden Department of care Science Faculty of Health and SocietyMalmöUniversityMalmöSweden Department of Paediatrics The Queen Silvia Children’s HospitalGothenburgSweden The Department of health sciences University WestTrollhättanSweden

Background:Parents of children with complex right ventricular outflow tract(RVOT)anomalies are confronted with their child’s need for heart surgery early in life and repeated reoperations later *** assessment needs to be performed whenever an indication for reoperation is *** aim was to illuminate the experiences of parents of children diagnosed with RVOT anomalies,in particular,how they experience their child’s heart disease and everyday life during the assessment and after the decision on whether to perform a ***:Individual interviews(n=27)were conducted with nine parents on three occasions between 2014 and 2016 and analyzed using reflexive thematic ***:The analysis resulted in the following five main coexisting themes:The heart surgery keeps my child alive illuminates parents’experiences during and after the assessment and emphasizes that heart surgery,although dreaded,is central for their child’s survival;Everyday struggles illuminates the different struggles parents had to face to ensure that their child would be in the best possible condition;the remaining three themes,Unconditional love,Trust in life,and Togetherness,illuminate the ways in which the parents gained inner strength and confidence in their everyday ***:Although the parents were grateful for the assessment and had learned to navigate among the fears it aroused,they experienced several distressing situations during the assessment process that should be *** inviting both the parents and their child to participate in the child’s care,individualized support can take into account the needs of both parents and child.

关键词： Parents children right ventricular outflow tract anomalies everyday life heart surgery reflexive thematic analysis

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Perioperative extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in pediatric congenital heart disease:Chinese expert consensus

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World Journal of Pediatrics 2023年第1期19卷 7-19页

作者： Ru Lin Wei Wang Xu Wang Zhuo-Ming Xu Jin-Ping Liu Cheng-Bin Zhou Xiao-Yang Hong Xu-Ming Mo Shan-Shan Shi Li-Fen Ye Qiang Shu Department of Extracorporeal Life Support Heart InstituteNational Clinical Research Center for Child HealthChildren's HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Shanghai Children's Medical CenterShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina Department of Pediatric Intensive care Unit National Center for Cardiovascular Disease and Fuwai HospitalChinese Academy of Medical SciencesPeking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina Department of Cardiopulmonary Bypass National Center for Cardiovascular Disease and Fuwai HospitalChinese Academy of Medical SciencesPeking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina Department of Cardiovascular Surgery Guangdong Provincial Cardiovascular InstituteGuangdong Provincial People's HospitalGuangdong Academy of Medical SciencesGuangzhouChina Pediatric Intensive care Unit Faculty of PediatricsChinese PLA General HospitalBeijingChina Department of Cardiothoracic Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina Department of CICU Heart InstituteNational Clinical Research Center for Child HealthChildren's HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina Department of Cardiac Surgery National Clinical Research Center for Child HealthChildren's HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineBinsheng Road 3333Hangzhou 310052China

Background congenital heart disease(CHD)is one of the main supportive diseases of extracorporeal membrane oxygena-tion in *** management of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation(ECMO)for pediatric CHD faces more severe challenges due to the complex anatomical structure of the heart,special pathophysiology,perioperative complications and various concomitant *** survival rate of ECMO for CHD was significantly lower than other classifica-tions of diseases according to the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization *** expert consensus aims to improve the survival rate and reduce the morbidity of this patient population by standardizing the clinical *** The editing group of this consensus gathered 11 well-known experts in pediatric cardiac surgery and ECMO field in China to develop clinical recommendations formulated on the basis of existing evidences and expert *** The primary concern of ECMO management in the perioperative period of CHD are patient selection,cannulation strategy,pump flow/ventilator parameters/vasoactive drug dosage setting,anticoagulation management,residual lesion screening,fluid and wound management and weaning or transition *** and treatment of complications of bleeding,thromboembolism and brain injury are emphatically discussed *** conditions of ECMO management related to the cardiovascular anatomy,haemodynamics and the surgical procedures of common complex CHD should be *** The consensus could provide a reference for patient selection,management and risk identification of periop-erative ECMO in children with CHD.

关键词： Circulatory support congenital heart disease Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation Pediatric Respiratory support

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COVID-19 and congenital heart disease:a case series of nine children

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World Journal of Pediatrics 2021年第1期17卷 71-78页

作者： Elmira Haji Esmaeil Memar Babak Pourakbari Mojtaba Gorgi Meisam Sharifzadeh Ekbatani Amene Navaeian Mahmoud Khodabandeh Shima Mahmoudi Setareh Mamishi Pediatrics center of Excellence Children's Medical CenterTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran Pediatric Infectious disease Research center Tehran University of Medical ScienceTehranIran Division of Pediatric Intensive care Unit Pediatrics Center of ExcellenceChildren's Medical CenterTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran Department of Infectious diseases Pediatrics Center of ExcellenceChildren's Medical CenterTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran

Background Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)is the current pandemic disease without any vaccine or efficient treat-ment to rescue the *** diseases predispose the patients to a more severe disease and to a higher mortality ***,little evidence exists about COVID-19 outcomes in the pediatric population with congenital heart disease(CHD).Here,we report nine children with COVID-19 and concomitant *** Our study included nine children with COVID-19 and concomitant CHD who were admitted to Children Medical center Hospital during March and April *** patients were classified based on the final outcome(death),and their clinical sign and symptoms,type of CHD,and drugs administered were *** Among the nine patients,two died and we compared different characteristics,laboratory results and clinical findings of these cases based on the *** deceased patients had severe types of CHD,worse arterial blood gases,severe clinical symptoms,higher mean level of partial thromboplastin time and C-reactive protein,and required more *** The present study showed that the general consideration of mild COVID-19 in children does not include patients with CHD and that it is necessary to pay greater attention to children with CHD to determine guidelines for treatment of COVID-19 in these *** to the scarcity of CHD and COVID-19,we reported only nine ***,further studies are highly required in this regard.

关键词： congenital heart disease Coronavirus disease 2019 Pediatrics

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Diagnostic Yield of Non-Invasive Testing in Patients with Anomalous Aortic Origin of Coronary Arteries:A Multicentric Experience

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congenital heart disease 2022年第4期17卷 375-385页

作者： Alberto Cipriani Pietro Bernardo Dall’Aglio Laura Mazzotta Domenico Sirico George Sarris Mark Hazekamp Thierry Carrel Alessandro Frigiola Vladimir Sojak Mauro Lo Rito Jurgen Horer Regine Roussin Julie Cleuziou Bart Meyns Jose Fragata Helena Telles Anastasios C.Polimenakos Katrien Francois Altin Veshti Jukka Salminen Alvaro Gonzalez Rocafort Matej Nosal Eleftherios Protopapas Roberto Tumbarello Patrizio Sarto Cinzia Pegoraro Raffaella Motta Giovanni Di Salvo Domenico Corrado Vladimiro LVida Massimo A.Padalino Department of Cardio-Thoracic Vascular Sciences and Public HealthUniversity of PadovaPadovaItaly Department of Woman and Child’s health Pediatric CardiologyUniversity of PadovaPadovaItaly Athens heart Surgery Institute and Iaso Children’s Hospital AthensGreece Department for Cardiovascular Surgery University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands Department for Cardiovascular Surgery University Hospital BernBernSwitzerland Department of congenital Cardiac Surgery IRCCS Policlinico San DonatoSan Donato MilaneseItaly Department of Pediatric Cardiology and congenital heart disease Hôpital Marie LannelongueUniversitéParis-SudLe Plessis-RobinsonFrance Deutsch Herz Zentrum MunichGermany Katholieke Universiteit Leuven LeuvenBelgium Cardiothoracic Surgery Hospital de Santa Marta Rua LisbonPortugal Department of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery Children’s Hospital of GeorgiaGeorgiaUSA Department of Cardiac Surgery University Hospital GhentGhentBelgium Division of Cardiac Surgery University Hospital Center of TiranaTiranaAlbania Department of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery Hospital for Children and AdolescentsUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland congenital Cardiac Surgery Department Hospital Universitario La PazMadridSpain Department of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery National Institute of Cardio-Vascular Diseases-Children’s Heart CenterBratislavaSlovakia Division of Pediatric Cardiology Ospedale BrotzuCagliariItaly Division of Sport Medicine Ospedale Ca’FoncelloTrevisoItaly Department of Medicine Radiology ClinicUniversity of Padua Medical SchoolPadovaItaly

Background:Anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery(AAOCA)is a congenital heart disease with a 0.3%−0.5%*** is challenging due to nonspecific clinical *** stratification and treatment are currently based on expert consensus and single-center case ***:Demographical and clinical data of AAOCA patients from 17 tertiary-care centers were *** imaging studies(Bidimensional echocardiography,coronary computed tomography angiography[CCTA]were *** correlations with anomalous coronary course and origin were ***:Data from 239 patients(42%males,mean age 15 y)affected by AAOCA were collected;154 had AAOCA involving the right coronary artery(AAORCA),62 the left(AAOLCA),23 other anomalies.211(88%)presented with an inter-arterial *** electrocardiogram(ECG)was abnormal in 37(16%).AAOCA was detected by transthoracic echocardiography and CCTA in 53%and 92%of patients,*** of the patients reported cardiac symptoms(119/239;50%),mostly during exercise in 121/178(68%).An ischemic response was demonstrated in 37/106(35%)and 16/31(52%)of patients undergoing ECG stress test and stress-rest single positron emission cardiac *** with AAORCA,patients with AAOLCA presented more frequently with syncope(18%vs.5%,P=0.002),in particular when associated with inter-arterial course(22%vs.5%,Pclinical challenge due to nonspecific clinical presentations and low sensitivity of first-line cardiac screening *** seems to be strictly correlated to AAOLCA with inter-arterial course.

关键词： Anomalous coronary arteries congenital echocardiography coronary computed tomography angiography

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Expert Consensus on Nutritional Support for Children with congenital heart disease(2023 Edition)

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congenital heart disease 2023年第6期18卷 571-593页

作者： Xuming Mo Wei Cai Jirong Qi Zhuoming Xu Ying Wang Weihui Yan Shoujun Li Nianguo Dong Xinxin Chen Jinfen Liu Qiang Shu Jimei Chen Haibo Zhang Hao Zhang Quansheng Xing Qi An Xiaofeng Li Xu Wang Yan He Junwu Su Taibing Fan Teng Ming Weibing Tang Li Hong Jinghao Zheng Ming Ye Guocheng Sun Yiqun Ding Liang Tao Yifeng Yang Zhongshi Wu Hua Cao Qiang Wang Keming Yang Libing Zhang Ping Wen Yanqin Cui Bo Zhai Yong Zou Qingya Tang Rui Chen Chun Wu Zhiyu Feng Caixia Liu Yaping Mi Rufang Zhang Ke Lin Xin Li Mingan Pi Xiangming Fan Shanshan Shi Peng Huang Zhengxia Pan Jiafeng Qi Renwei Chen Shuguang Tao Yaqin Shu Huifeng Zhang Lan Jiang Min Da Nishant Patel Liang Hu Cardiac Surgery Group of Pediatric Surgery Society of Chinese Medical Association and Parenteral Enteral Nutrition Society of Chinese Medical Association Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing210008China Department of Pediatric Surgery and Nutrition Xinhua HospitalSchool of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200092China Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery Shanghai Children’s Medical CenterSchool of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200127China Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition Xinhua HospitalSchool of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200092China Pediatric Cardiac Surgery center Fuwai HospitalNational Centre for Cardiovascular DiseasesState Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular DiseaseChinese Academy of Medical SciencesPeking Union Medical CollegeBeijing100037China Department of Cardiovascular Surgery Union HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430022China Cardiovascular center Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical CenterGuangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhou510623China Department of Cardiac Surgery Children’s HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineNational Clinical Research Center for Child HealthHangzhou310052China Department of Cardiovascular Surgery Guangdong Cardiovascular InstituteGuangdong Provincial People’s HospitalGuangdong Academy of Medical SciencesSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhou519041China heart center and Shanghai Institue of Pediatric congenital heart disease Shanghai Children’s Medical CenterNational Children’s Medical CenterSchool of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200127China heart center Qingdao Women and Children’s HospitalQingdao266034China Department of Cardiovascular Surgery West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengdu610041China Department of Cardiac Surgery Beijing Children’s HospitalCapital Medical UniversityNational Center for Children’s HealthBeijing100045China Department of Pediatric Intensive care Unit Fuwai HospitalChinese Academy of Medical SciencesPeking Union Medical CollegeBeijing100037China Depar

The second edition of the expert consensus on pediatric nutrition was formed based on a global update of pedia-tric nutrition guidelines or consensus worldwide,the management of congenital heart disease,and the results of multi-center clinical nutrition research for congenital heart disease following theﬁrst Chinese consensus edition of *** consensus was also shaped by the results of three discussion sessions and two questionnaires con-ducted by the 13-member collaboration *** process was informed by both clinical guidelines and expert *** quality of literature,both in English and Chinese,and the level of recommendations were evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment,Development,and Evaluations(GRADE)system.

关键词： congenital heart disease nutrition enteral parenteral expert consensus

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Potential role of an athlete-focused echocardiogram in sports eligibility

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World Journal of Cardiology 2021年第8期13卷 271-297页

作者： Stefano Palermi Alessandro Serio Marco Vecchiato Felice Sirico Francesco Gambardella Fabrizio Ricci Franco Iodice Juri Radmilovic Vincenzo Russo Antonello D'Andrea Department University of Naples Federico IINaples 80131Italy Sport and Exercise Medicine Division Department of MedicineUniversity Hospital of PadovaPadova 35128Italy Department of Neuroscience Imaging and Clinical Sciences“G.d’Annunzio”University of Chieti-PescaraChieti 66100Italy Department of clinical sciences Faculty of MedicineLund UniversityClinical Research CenterMalmö21428Sweden Casa di Cura Villa Serena Pescara 65013Italy Unit of Cardiology Department of Translational Medical SciencesUniversity of Campania“Luigi Vanvitelli”Monaldi HospitalNaples 80131Italy Unit of Cardiology and Intensive Coronary care “Umberto I”HospitalNocera Inferiore 84014Italy

Sudden cardiac death(SCD)of an athlete is a rare but tragic event and sport activity might play a trigger role in athletes with underlying structural or electrical heart *** screenings(PPs)have been conceived for the potential to prevent SCD in young athletes by early identification of cardiac *** European Society of Cardiology protocol for PPs includes history collection,physical examination and baseline electrocardiogram,while further examinations are reserved to individuals with abnormalities at first-line ***,transthoracic echocardiography has been hypothesized to have a primary role in the *** review aims to describe how to approach an athlete-focused echocardiogram,highlighting what is crucial to focus on for the different diseases(cardiomyopathies,valvulopathies,congenital heart disease,myocarditis and pericarditis)and when is needed to pay attention to overlap diagnostic zone(“grey zone”)with the athlete's *** properly tested,focused echocardiography by sports medicine physicians may become standard practice in larger screening practices,potentially available during first-line evaluation.

关键词： Echocardiogram Athletes Sport eligibility Pre-participation screening Sudden cardiac death Sport cardiology

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Ventricular Septal Defects at the Souro Sanou university Hospital center (CHUSS): Ultrasound, Therapeutic and Evolutionary Aspects of 88 Cases

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World Journal of Cardiovascular diseases 2018年第8期8卷 403-410页

作者： Somnoma Jean-Baptiste Tougouma Oumarou Sombie Makoura Barro Aimé Bama Georges Kinda Samba Sidibé Boubacar Nacro Higher Institute of health sciences (INSSA) Nazi Boni University Bobo-Dioulasso Burkina Faso Cardiology Department Sour&ocirc Sanou university Hospital center Bobo-Dioulasso Burkina Faso Pediatrics Department Sour&ocirc Sanou university Hospital center Bobo-Dioulasso Burkina Faso Charles de Gaulle Pediatrics university Hospital center Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Cardiology Department Point G University Hospital Center Bamako Mali Department of health sciences University of Ouagadougou Ouagadougou Burkina Faso

Background: There is a need for data on epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic aspects of ventricular septal defect among children in?Sub-Saharan Africa. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, epidemioclinical, echocardiographic, therapeutic and evolutionary aspects of ventricular septal defects (VSD) in the pediatric department of the university Hospital center (CHUSS) of Bobo-Dioulasso. Methods: This study was a descriptive cross-sectional study, conducted from November 2013 to December 2016. All children aged 1 to 179 months seen at the pediatric consultation in CHUSS were included. CIV was confirmed with Doppler echocardiography. Results: Out of 36,240 children who received consultation in the pediatric ward of CHUSS during the study period, one hundred (100) cases of them had congenital heart disease representing a hospital prevalence of 2.76%. This was diagnosed with Doppler echocardiography. Of these, 88% were VSD isolated or associated with other cardiac malformations. Isolated form was reported in 54.3% of cases. The average?age at diagnosis was 39.6 months. The sex ratio was 1.05. Perimembranous topography and hemodynamic type 2 were the highest, representing 56.8% and 35.2% respectively. The indication for surgical repair was recommended for 81.8% of the cases, but only 9.7% of these cases benefited from cardiac surgery. The rest were for medicalcare with a high proportion of lost to follow-up (48.9%). Conclusion: VSD is the most common congenital heart disease. Its care is mainly surgical. This cardiac surgery is non-existent in Burkina Faso. The design of multidisciplinary strategies associated with an optimization of the means of the countries of Sub-Saharan Africa could improve the management of this cardiopathy.

关键词： Ventricular Septal Defect congenital heart disease Echocardiography Burkina Faso

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Sotagliflozin in Patients with Diabetes and Chronic Kidney disease

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四川生理科学杂志 2020年第4期42卷 391-391页

作者： Deepak L Bhatt From Brigham and Women’s Hospital heart and Vascular center and Harvard Medical School Boston (D.L.B. C.P.C. B.M.S.) Colorado Prevention center clinical Research and Department of Medicine Division of Cardiovascular Medicine University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora (M.S.) the State university of New York Downstate School of Public health Brooklyn (M.S.) the university of Michigan Ann Arbor (B.P.) Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism St. Michael’s Hospital and the Departments of Medicine and Nutritional Sciences University of Toronto (L.A.L.) and the Division of Nephrology (D.Z.I.C.) and the Cardiovascular Division Department of Medicine Women’s College Hospital and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (J.A.U.) University Health Network University of Toronto — all in Toronto the university of Texas Southwestern Medical center and Parkland health and Hospital System Dallas (D.K.M.) and Lexicon Pharmaceuticals The Woodlands (P.L.) — both in Texas Vanderbilt university Medical center Nashville (J.B.L. J.P.D.) the Division of Endocrinology Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition Oregon Health and Science University Portland (M.C.R.) the Section of Endocrinology Yale School of Medicine New Haven CT (S.E.I.) Saint Luke’s Mid America heart Institute University of Missouri–Kansas City Kansas City (M.N.K.) the School of Life and health sciences Aston University Birmingham (C.J.B.) and the Imperial Centre for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention Department of Primary Care and Public Health Imperial College London London (K.K.R.) — both in the United Kingdom the Department of Medicine Estudios Clínicos Latinoamérica Instituto Cardiovascular de Rosario Rosario Argentina (R.D.) Duke clinical Research Institute Duke University School of Medicine Durham NC (R.D.L.) and Université de Paris French Alliance for Cardiovascular Trials Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris Hôpital Bichat INSERM Unité 1148 Paris (P.G.S.).

Background:The efficacy and safety of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors such as sotagliflozin in preventing cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes with chronic kidney disease with or without albuminur... 详细信息

关键词： Kidney cardiovascular Diabetes

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