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Advancements in Polymer Science: Synthesis, Characterization, and Biomedical Applications of Homopolymers and Copolymers

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Open Journal of Polymer Chemistry 2024年第3期14卷 167-198页

作者： Anaif M. Alhewaitey Ishrat Khan Emmanuel Ramsey Buabeng Department of Chemistry Clark Atlanta University Atlanta USA Department of Chemistry University of Tabuk Tabuk Saudi Arabia Department of Chemistry Georgia State University Atlanta GA USA

Polymer science encompasses a different range of materials critical to industries spanning from packaging to biomedicine. Understanding the synthesis, characterization, and applications of common homopolymers and copolymers is fundamental to advancing polymer research and development. In this comprehensive review, we explore various preparation methods, including free radical, anionic, and cationic polymerization, utilized for synthesizing homopolymers and copolymers. Furthermore, we investigate solvent choices commonly employed for polymer characterization, ranging from neat conditions, polar protic and polar aprotic solvents. We also explored characterization techniques, including Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). In addition to industrial applications, we highlight the diverse biological applications of homopolymers, poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (pHEMA) and polystyrene, which find its extensive use in biomedicine. By synthesizing and analyzing this wealth of information, this review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the synthesis, characterization, and applications of homopolymers and copolymers, with a particular focus on their biological applications. This holistic approach not only contributes to advancements in polymer science and technology but also fosters innovation in biomedicine, ultimately benefiting human health and well-being.

关键词： Homopolymer Copolymer Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (pHEMA) Polystyrene Free Radical Polymerization Atomic Force Microscopy Solvent Polarity

Synthesis and Characterization of Poly Styrene-Co-Poly 2-Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (HEMA) Copolymer and an Investigation of Free-Radical Copolymerization Propagation Kinetics by Solvent Effects

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Open Journal of Polymer Chemistry 2024年第1期14卷 63-93页

作者： Anaif M. Alhewaitey Ishrat Khan Naif M. Alhawiti Department of Chemistry Clark Atlanta University Atlanta USA Department of Chemistry University of Tabuk Tabuk Saudi Arabia CAHFS University of California Davis Davis California

A series of homo and copolymers of styrene (ST) and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) in three different media (bulk, tetrahydrofuran, and benzene) have been investigated by free radical polymerization method. The samples obtained from the synthesis were characterized by Fourier Transform-Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results show that the synthesis of the polymers is more feasible under neat conditions rather than solvent directed reaction. Moreover, the DSC data shows that the polystyrene obtained is amorphous in nature and therefore displayed only a glass transition signal rather than crystallization and melting peaks. In addition, this study indicates that homolopolymerization of styrene via free radical polymerization tends to be preferable in less polar solvents like THF than in non-polar solvents like benzene. Benzene might destabilize the formation of the reactive radicals leading to the formation of the products. In summary, the homolpolymerization of styrene is more feasible than the homopolymerization 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate under the experimental setup used. Styrene is more reactive than 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate than free radical polymerization reaction due in part of the generation of the benzylic radical intermediate which is more stable leading to the formation of products than alkyl radical which are less stable. Furthermore, polymerization of styrene under neat conditions is preferable in solvent-assisted environments. The choice of solvent for the synthesis of these polymers is crucial and therefore the selection of solvent that leads to the formation of a more stable reaction intermediate is more favorable. It is worth noting that the structure of the proposed copolymer consists of a highly polar and hydrophilic monomer, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate and a highly non-polar and hydrophobic monome

关键词： 2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate Polymerization

Comparative analysis of breast and lung cancer survival rates and clinical trial enrollments among rural and urban patients in Georgia

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Oncology Research 2024年第9期32卷 1401-1406页

作者： TATIANA KURILO REBECCA D.PENTZ Winship Cancer Institute Emory University School of MedicineEmory UniversityAtlanta30322USA

Objectives:Rural patients have poor cancer outcomes and clinical trial(CT)enrollment compared to urban patients due to attitudinal,awareness,and healthcare access *** of cancer survival disparities and CT enrollment is important for designing interventions and innovative approaches to address the stated *** study explores the potential disparities in cancer survival rates and clinical trial enrollments in rural and urban breast and lung cancer *** hypotheses are that for both cancer types,urban cancer patients will have longer 5-year survival rates and higher enrollment rates in clinical trials than those in rural ***:We compared breast and lung cancer patients’survival rates and enrollment ratios in clinical trials between rural(RUCC 4-9)and urban counties in Georgia at a Comprehensive Cancer Center(CCC).To assess these differences,we carried out a series of independent samples t-tests and Chi-Square ***:The outcomes indicate comparable 5-year survival rates across rural and urban counties for breast and lung cancer patients,failing to substantiate our *** clinical trial enrollment rates demonstrated a significant difference between breast and lung cancer patients at CCC,no significant variation was observed based on rural or urban ***:These findings underscore the need for further research into the representation of rural patients with diverse cancer types at CCC and other cancer ***,the findings have considerable implications for the initiation of positive social change to improve CT participation and reduce cancer survival disparities.

关键词： Cancer Cancer survival rates Clinical trial enrollment Rural patients Health disparities Barriers to clinical trial participation Geographic disparities

An efficient and safe strategy for germ cell-specific automatic excision of foreign DNA in F1 hybrid transgenic silkworms

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Insect Science 2024年第1期31卷 28-46页

作者： Dingpei Long Rongpeng Liu Yang Huang Anyao Fu Yuli Zhang Zhanzhang Hao Qiang Li Hanfu Xu Zhonghuai Xiang Aichun Zhao State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects Institute of Sericulture and Systems BiologySouthwest UniversityChongqingChina Department of Biology Georgia State UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA Guangxi Institute of Sericulture Science NanningGuangxiChina Department of Mathematics and Statistics Georgia State UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA

The safety of transgenic technology is a major obstacle in the popularization and use of transgenic silkworms and their *** sericulture,only the first filial generation(F1)hybrid eggs produced by cross-breeding Japanese and Chinese original strains are usually used for the large-scale breeding of silkworms,but this may result in uncontrolled transgene dispersal during the popularization and application of the F1 hybrid transgenic *** address this issue,we developed a safe and efficient strategy using the GAL4/Upstream activating sequence(UAS)system,the FLP/flippase recognition target(FRT)system,and the gonad-specific expression gene promoters(RSHP1p and Nanosp)for the germ cell-specific automatic excision of foreign DNA in the F1 hybrid transgenic *** established 2 types of activator strains,R1p::GAL4-Gr and Nsp::GAL4-Gr,containing the testis-specific GAL4 gene expression cassettes driven by RSHP1p or Nanosp,respectively,and 1 type of effector strain,UAS::FLP-Rg,containing the UAS-linked FLP gene expression *** FLP recombinase-mediated sperm-specific complete excision of FRT-flanked target DNA in the F1 double-transgenic silkworms resulting from the hybridization of R1p::GAL4-Gr and UAS::FLP-Rg was 100%,whereas the complete excision efficiency resulting from the hybridization of Nsp::GAL4-Gr and UAS::FLP-Rg ranged from 13.73%to 80.3%.Additionally,we identified a gene,sw11114,that is expressed in both testis and ovary of Bombyx mori,and can be used to establish novel gonad-specific expression systems in transgenic *** strategy has the potential to fundamentally solve the safety issue in the production of F1 transgenic silkworm eggs and provides an important reference for the safety of transgenic technology in other insect species.

关键词： Bombyx mori FLP/FRT system GAL4/UAS system germ cell-specific excision safety of transgenic technology transgenic silkworm

Advances in Wireless,Batteryless,Implantable Electronics for Real‑Time,Continuous Physiological Monitoring

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Nano-Micro Letters 2024年第3期16卷 254-302页

作者： Hyeonseok Kim Bruno Rigo Gabriella Wong Yoon Jae Lee Woon‑Hong Yeo IEN Center for Wearable Intelligent Systems and Healthcare Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGA 30332USA George W.Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGA 30332USA School of Electrical and Computer Engineering Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGA 30332USA Wallace H.Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering Georgia Tech and Emory University School of MedicineAtlantaGA 30332USA Parker H.Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences Institute for MaterialsInstitute for Robotics and Intelligent MachinesGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGA 30332USA

This review summarizes recent progress in developing wireless,batteryless,fully implantable biomedical devices for real-time continuous physiological signal monitoring,focusing on advancing human health *** considerations,such as biological constraints,energy sourcing,and wireless communication,are discussed in achieving the desired performance of the devices and enhanced interface with human *** addition,we review the recent achievements in materials used for developing implantable systems,emphasizing their importance in achieving multi-functionalities,biocompatibility,and *** wireless,batteryless devices offer minimally invasive device insertion to the body,enabling portable health monitoring and advanced disease ***,we summarize the most recent practical applications of advanced implantable devices for human health care,highlighting their potential for immediate commercialization and clinical uses.

关键词： Implantable electronics Biomedical systems Batteryless devices Wireless electronics Physiological signal monitoring

Lipid nanoparticles deliver mRNA to the blood-brain barrier

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Nano Research 2024年第10期17卷 9126-9134页

作者： Yanina Kuzminich Avraham Shakked Randi Calkins Sebastian Rudden Camille Jones Jessie Doan Bora Jang Elisa Schrader Echeverri Ryan Zenhausern Liming Lian David Loughrey Hannah E.Peck Rachelle Wiese Dorothy Koveal Philip J.Santangelo James E.Dahlman George C.Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGA 30332USA Parker H.Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGA 30332USA Wallace H.Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering Emory University School of Medicine and Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGA 30332USA

Lipid nanoparticles(LNPs)have delivered RNA to hepatocytes in patients after intravenous *** clinical data support efforts to design LNPs that transfect cells in the central nervous system(CNS).However,delivery to the CNS has been difficult,in large part because quantifying on-target delivery alongside common off-target cell types in adult mice remains *** we report methods to isolate different cell types from the CNS,and subsequently present mRNA delivery readouts using a liver-detargeted *** data suggest that LNPs without targeting ligands can transfect cerebral endothelial cells in mice after intravenous *** the difficulty of crossing the blood-brain barrier,they also underscore the value of quantifying delivery in the CNS with cell-type resolution instead of whole-tissue resolution.

关键词： lipid nanoparticle mRNA nanomedicine central nervous system blood-brain barrier

Modeling tuberous sclerosis complex with human induced pluripotent stem cells

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World Journal of Pediatrics 2024年第3期20卷 208-218页

作者： Weibo Niu Benjamin Siciliano Zhexing Wen Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Emory University School of MedicineWhitehead Research Building 447615 Michael StreetAtlantaGA 30322USA The Graduate Program in Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Laney Graduate SchoolEmory UniversityAtlanta.GA 30322.USA Department of Cell Biology Emory University School of MedicineWhitehead Research Building 447615 Michael StreetAtlantaGA30322USA Department of Neurology Emory University School of MedicineWhitehead Research Building 447.615 Michael StreetAtlantaGA 30322USA

Background Tuberous sclerosis complex(TSC)is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder with a birth incidence of I:6000 in the United States that is characterized by the growth of non-cancerous tumors in multiple organ systems including the brain,kidneys,lungs,and ***,TSCis also associated with signicant neurological manifestations including epilepsy TSC-associated neuropsychiatric disorders,intellectual disabilities,and autism spectrum *** in the TSCI or TSC2 genes are well-established causes of TSC,which lead to TSC1/TSC2 deficiency in organs and hyper-activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin signaling *** models have been widely used to study the effect of TSCl/2 genes on the development and function of the *** considerable progress in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying TSC in animal models,a human-specific model is urgently needed to investigate the effects of TSCl/2 mutations that are unique to human *** sources Literature reviews and research articles were published in PubMed-indexed *** Human-induced pluripotent stem cells(iPSCs),which capture risk alleles that are identical to their donors and have the capacity to differentiate into virtually any cell type in the human body,pave the way for the empirical study of previously inaccessible biological systems such as the developing human *** In this review,we present an overview of the recent progress in modeling TSC with human iPSC models,the existing limitations,and potential directions for future research.

关键词： Induced pluripotent stem cells Three-dimensional cultures Tuberous sclerosis complex Two-dimensional cultures

On-chip physiological mimicry of neurovascular unit: challenges and perspectives

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Neural Regeneration Research 2024年第3期19卷 499-500页

作者： Song Ih Ahn YongTae Kim School of Mechanical Engineering Pusan National UniversityBusanSouth Korea George W.Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGAUSA Parker H.Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGAUSA Wallace H.Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGAUSA Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGAUSA

Neurological disorders including neurodegenerative diseases,brain tumors,and stroke are the second leading cause of death and the greatest cause of disability ***,it remains challenging to achieve effective drug delivery to the central nervous system for treatments of neurological diseases due to the blood-brain barrier(BBB).The function of the BBB is regulated by the physiological interactions between various types of cells in the neurovascular unit(NVU).In the NVU,the brain vasculature of the BBB is surrounded by brain pericytes,brain astrocytes,neurons,and microglia(Figure 1).Moreover,the NVU at the levels of arteries and veins includes contractile smooth muscle cells(Schaeffer and Iadecola,2021).

关键词： diseases death arteries

*** Teachers Learning With Multilingual Learners in Korea Through Educational Technology:Bringing Heteroglossic and Global Approaches to TESOL Teacher Education

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ECNU Review of Education 2024年第2期7卷 308-332页

作者： Ji Hye Shin Jayoung Choi TubaAngay-Crowder Nihal Khote 30 Pryor Street SW atlanta GA 30303USA Kenneaw State university

Purpose This study aimed to explore how educational technology influenced a preparatory teacher education program using heteroglossic and global ***/Approach/Methods The researchers drew upon the theoretical framework of multilingual digital storytelling(MDST),which emphasizes the intercultural awareness attributes of multilingual learners(MLs)and takes a heteroglossic perspective in linguistic *** qualitative case study examined the experiences of 11 U.S.-based preservice teachers(PSTs)and 12 MLs elementary students in Korea in the MDST project of a TESOL methods *** The findings showed that PSTs and MLs enhanced their appreciation for educational technology,multilingualism,and intercultural *** the project aimed to decenter English as a hegemonic language,both PSTs and MLs maintained traditional discourses that privileged English over MLs’home language and targeted literacy correctness in written English only,moving away from the heterogeneous goals of the course *** and MLs also faced challenges in navigating technological tools,which negatively affected their perception of the ***/Value This study contributes to heteroglossic approaches in preparatory TESOL teacher education programs and improves the understanding of challenges in educational technology use for global multilingual exchanges to promote global citizenship.

关键词： Digital story project educational technology heteroglossic approach multilingual learners TESOL teacher education