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真实和虚拟金钱奖赏影响风险决策行为

心理学报 2013年第8期45卷 874-886页

作者：徐四华方卓饶恒毅广东财经大学应用社会学与心理学系广州510320 中山大学心理学系广州510275 center for functional neuroimaging Department of NeurologyUniversity of Pennsylvania

在风险情境下人类如何决策是长久以来心理学和经济学研究中一个极具挑战性的核心问题。众多研究采用真实或虚拟金钱作为奖赏强化物来探索风险决策行为的过程和机制,但对金钱奖赏真实性如何影响决策了解很少。仿真气球冒险任务(BART:Ball... 详细信息

在风险情境下人类如何决策是长久以来心理学和经济学研究中一个极具挑战性的核心问题。众多研究采用真实或虚拟金钱作为奖赏强化物来探索风险决策行为的过程和机制,但对金钱奖赏真实性如何影响决策了解很少。仿真气球冒险任务(BART:BalloonAnalogueRiskTask)可以在实验室条件下有效评估个体在真实社会中的风险行为。本研究采用BART任务,通过两个实验探讨和比较了真实与虚拟金钱奖赏对风险决策行为的影响。实验一的结果发现,与虚拟金钱奖赏相比,真实金钱奖赏情境下的风险决策更容易受上一次决策结果的影响,上一次决策失败会导致被试的风险偏好水平显著降低(平均吹气球的次数显著减少),同时决策失败(气球吹爆)次数也显著减少,提示真实金钱奖赏下有更强的反馈学习效应。实验二重复了实验一的结果,并进一步发现,虚拟金钱奖赏的幅度对被试的风险决策行为没有影响,而真实金钱奖赏的幅度能显著改变被试的风险决策行为,较大幅度的真实金钱奖赏可以显著降低被试的风险偏好水平,但这种奖赏幅度对风险偏好的调控效应只对感觉寻求水平低的被试有效,感觉寻求水平高的被试不受影响。这些发现表明真实与虚拟金钱奖赏对风险决策行为有不同的影响。我们的结果可以用风险决策的后悔理论或齐当别模型来解释。

关键词：仿真气球冒险任务风险决策真实金钱奖赏虚拟金钱奖赏

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy findings of brain olfactory areas in patients with COVID-19-related anosmia:A preliminary comparative study

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World Journal of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 2024年第2期10卷 105-112页

作者： Shadman Nemati Mohammad Haghani Dogahe Alia Saberi Naghi Ramezani Pejman Kiani Tofigh Yaghubi Kalurazi Ehsan Kazemnejad Leili Sara Seddighi Abbas Monsef Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery School of MedicineOtorhinolaryngology Research CenterGuilan University of Medical SciencesRashtIran Guilan Road Trauma Research center Guilan University of Medical SciencesRashtGuilanIran Department of Neurology Neuroscience Research CenterPoursina HospitalGuilan University of Medical SciencesRashtIran Department of Radiology Pars International HospitalGuilan ProvinceIran Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies School of Advanced Technologies in MedicineTehranIran Department of Infectious Diseases Razi Clinical Research Development UnitRazi HospitalGuilan University of Medical SciencesRashtIran center of Magnetic Resonance Research Department of Radiation OncologyUniversity of Minnesota Medical SchoolMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA

Objectives:2019 novel coronavirus disease(COVID-19)infection is commonly associated with olfactory dysfunctions,but the basic pathogenesis of these complications remains *** study seeks to evaluate the value of magnetic resonance spectroscopy(MRS)in determining the molecular neurometabolite alterations within the main brain olfactory areas in patients with COVID-19-related ***:In a cross-sectional study,seven patients with persistent COVID-19-related anosmia(mean age:29.57 years)and seven healthy volunteers(mean age:27.28 years)underwent MRS in which N-acetyl-aspartate(NAA),choline(Cho),creatine(Cr),and their ratios were measured in the anterior cingulate cortex,dorsolateral prefrontal cortex,orbitofrontal cortex(OFC),insular cortex,and ventromedial prefrontal *** were analyzed using TARQUIN software(version 4.3.10),and the results were compared with an independent sample t-test and nonparametric Mann-Whitney test based on the normality of the MRS data ***:The mean duration of anosmia before imaging was 8.5 months in COVID-19-related anosmia *** analysis elucidated a significant association between MRS findings within OFC and COVID-19-related anosmia(P_(disease)<0.01),and NAA was among the most important neurometabolites(P_(interaction)=0.006).Reduced levels of NAA(P<0.001),Cr(P<0.001)and^(NAA)/Cho ratio(P=0.007)within OFC characterize COVID-19-related ***:This study emphasizes that MRS can be illuminating in COVID-19-related anosmia and indicates a possible association between central nervous system impairment and persistent COVID-19-related anosmia.

关键词： anosmia COVID-19 magnetic resonance spectroscopy neuroimaging olfaction

The role of Epstein-Barr virus in multiple sclerosis:from molecular pathophysiology to in vivo imaging

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Neural Regeneration Research 2019年第3期14卷 373-386页

作者： Yi Guan Dejan Jakimovski Murali Ramanathan Bianca Weinstock-Guttman Robert Zivadinov Buffalo neuroimaging Analysis center Department of Neurology Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences University at BuffaloState University of New York Jacobs Comprehensive MS Treatment and Research center Department of Neurology Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical SciencesUniversity at Buffalo State University of New York Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences State University of New York center for Biomedical Imaging at Clinical Translational Science Institute University at Buffalo State University of New York

Multiple sclerosis(MS) is a disease of the central nervous system characterized by inflammation, demyelination, and neuronal damage. Environmental and genetic factors are associated with the risk of developing MS, but the exact cause still remains unidentified. Epstein-Barr virus(EBV), vitamin D, and smoking are among the most well-established environmental risk factors in MS. Infectious mononucleosis, which is caused by delayed primary EBV infection, increases the risk of developing MS. EBV may also contribute to MS pathogenesis indirectly by activating silent human endogenous retrovirus-W. The emerging B-cell depleting therapies, particularly anti-CD20 agents such as rituximab, ocrelizumab, as well as the fully human ofatumumab, have shown promising clinical and magnetic resonance imaging benefit. One potential effect of these therapies is the depletion of memory B-cells, the primary reservoir site where EBV latency occurs. In addition, EBV potentially interacts with both genetic and other environmental factors to increase susceptibility and disease severity of MS. This review examines the role of EBV in MS pathophysiology and summarizes the recent clinical and radiological findings, with a focus on B-cells and in vivo imaging. Addressing the potential link between EBV and MS allows the better understanding of MS pathogenesis and helps to identify additional disease biomarkers that may be responsive to B-cell depleting intervention.

关键词： Epstein-Barr virus multiple sclerosis meningeal inflammation magnetic resonance imaging leptomeningeal contrast enhancement mononucleosis human endogeneous retrovirus-W B-cells

Qualitative and Quantitative Perfusion Parameters Determined by 3D Single-Shot GRASE ASL MR Imaging

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Open Journal of Medical Imaging 2012年第1期2卷 1-9页

作者： Claus Kiefer Frauke Kellner-Weldon Marwan El-Koussy Martinus Hauf Gerhard Schroth Support center for Advanced neuroimaging Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology University of Bern (Inselspital) Bern Switzerland

Rationale and Objectives: A particular arterial spin (ASL) labeling technique, called 3D-single-shot GRASE ASL is discussed with respect to the ability and limits of quantifying perfusion parameters. Materials and Methods: The technique enables the acquisition of perfusion weighted signal at multiple delay times (TI) in one scan. The readout part is a gradient and spin-echo combination (GRASE) that uses switched gradient rephrasing of signals to produce several times as many signals as turbo-spin-echo, which translates into faster imaging time and higher signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) per imaging time. The technique provides the possibility for model based quantification of cerebral blood flow and the determination of the bolus arrival information without use of contrast agent and thus the characterization and determina-tion of regions that are supported by collaterals. Results: Whereas for a quantification of the permeability using ASL the SNR is not high enough, at least qualitative permeability maps can be determined, if an optimal homogenous SNR was guaranteed. This was accomplished in brain regions with a high blood supply, typically given in tumors, and by using a correction for coil sensitivity at the highest possible additional scaling. Conclusion: The single-shot 3D GRASE ASL can provide information about the principal blood supply, the transit delay of the blood flow due to a stenosis or collaterals and a qualitative measure of the permeability.

关键词： ASL Perfusion GRASE Model Permeability

Computational Fluid Dynamics and Its Impact on Flow Measurements Using Phase-Contrast MR-Angiography

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Open Journal of Medical Imaging 2012年第1期2卷 23-28页

作者： Claus Kiefer Frauke Kellner-Weldon Support center for Advanced neuroimaging Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology University of Bern (Inselspital) Bern Switzerland

Rationale and Objectives: Computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations are discussed with respect to their potential for quality assurance of flow quantification using commercial software for the evaluation of magnetic resonance phase contrast angiography (PCA) data. Materials and Methods: Magnetic resonance phase contrast angiography data was evaluated with the Nova software. CFD simulations were performed on that part of the vessel system where the flow behavior was unexpected or non-reliable. The CFD simulations were performed with in-house written software. Results: The numerical CFD calculations demonstrated that under reasonable boundary conditions, defined by the PCA velocity values, the flow behavior within the critical parts of the vessel system can be correctly reproduced. Conclusion: CFD simulations are an important extension to commercial flow quantification tools with regard to quality assurance.

关键词： CFD Flow Phase Contrast Angiography Quality Assurance

Watching cartoons activates the medial prefrontal cortex in children

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2007年第24期52卷 3371-3375页

作者： HAN ShiHui JIANG Yi Glyn W. HUMPHREYS Department of Psychology Peking University Beijing 100871 China functional Imaging center Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies Peking University Beijing 100871 China Behavioral Brain Sciences School of Psychology University of Birmingham Birmingham UK

The medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) of human adults is involved in attributing mental states to real human agents but not to virtual artificial characters. This study examined whether such differential MPFC activity can be observed in children who are more fascinated by cartoons than adults. We measured brain activity using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while 10-year-old children watched movie and cartoon clips, simulating real and virtual visual worlds, respectively. We showed neuroimaging evidence that, in contrast to adults, the MPFC of children was activated when perceiving both human agents and artificial characters in coherent visual events. Our findings suggest that, around the age of 10 years, the MPFC activity in children is different from that in adults in that it can be spontaneously activated by non-human agents in a virtual visual world.

关键词： fMRI MPFC 漫画刺激中间脑前额皮层小孩

Neuroplastin in Ca^(2+)signal regulation and plasticity of glutamatergic synapses

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Neural Regeneration Research 2023年第8期18卷 1705-1706页

作者： Ayse Malci Xiao Lin Yun Stone Shi Rodrigo Herrera-Molina center for Neuroscience Research Children’s National Medical CenterWashingtonDCUSA Guangdong Institute of Intelligence Science and Technology ZhuhaiGuangdong ProvinceChina Combinatorial Combinatorial neuroimaging Leibniz Institute for NeurobiologyMagdeburgGermany Centro Integrativo de Biología y Química Aplicada Universidad Bernardo O’HigginsSantiagoChile

The main function of neurons is information transmission in the form of action *** fulfill this duty,neurons are connected functionally with each other via synapses,the microscopic structures where specialized molecular machinery is strategically placed to release and receive neurotransmitters and to generate and extinguish calcium(Ca^(2+))*** synaptic molecular components are highly dynamic and they influence each other to confer structural and functional adaptability(plasticity)to neuronal communication(Biederer et al.,2017).

关键词： plasticity specialized structural

Guiding extension catheter facilitated percutaneous coronary intervention for a dextrocardia patient with acute left anterior descending artery occlusion:a case report

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Journal of Geriatric Cardiology 2020年第12期17卷 790-792页

作者： Jing NAN Shuai MENG Ya-Li TIAN Tong ZHANG Rui WANG Shao-Bin WEI Ze-Ning JIN Department of Cardiology and Macrovascular Disease Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina Tiantan neuroimaging center of Excellence Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina Department of Cardiology Beijing Anzhen HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina

Dextrocardia refers to a right-sided location of the heart within the thoracic cavity which is the primary manifestation of the abnormal lateralisation of the embryonic leftright axis.[1]As a rare cardiac malformation,the prevalence rate of dextrocardia is between 1/6000 to 1/35000 live births.[2]It is reported that the incidence rate of coronary artery disease for dextrocardia patients is similar for patients without ***,the detailed information including electrocardiogram(ECG)manifestation and percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI)technique for dextrocardia patients is still limited.[3,4]Herein,we report a dextrocardia patient who was diagnosed by modified ECG and treated by trans-radial PCI facilitated with guiding extension catheter(GEC).

关键词： Dextrocardia Guiding extension catheter Percutaneous coronary intervention

Detailed phenotype of RNF213 p.R4810K variant identified by the Chinese patients with acute ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack

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Stroke & Vascular Neurology 2023年第6期8卷 503-510页

作者： Hongyu Zhou Jing Jing Yuehua Pu Wei Li Xia Meng Anxin Wang Yingting Zuo Zhe Xu Qin Xu Yue Suo Hao Li Yongjun Wang Department of Neurology Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina China National Clinical Research center for Neurological Diseases BeijingChina Tiantan neuroimaging center of Excellence Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina Monogenic Disease Diagnosis center for Neurological Disorders and Precision Medicine Research center for Neurological Disorders Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina Advanced Innovation center for Human Brain Protection Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina center of excellence for Omics Research(CORe) Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina Research Unit of Artificial Intelligence in Cerebrovascular Disease Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina

Background and purpose The ring finger protein 213 gene(RNF213)p.R4810K variant increased the risk of acute ischaemic stroke(AIS)attributable to intracranial arterial stenosis(ICAS)in the Japanese and Korean *** this study,we aimed to examine the prevalence of the RNF213 p.R4810K variant in Chinese patients with AIS or transient ischaemic attack and identify the phenotype of the *** We analysed data from the Third China National Stroke *** included participants were divided into two groups by carrier status of the p.R4810K *** aetiological classification was conducted according to the Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment(TOAST)*** presence of ICAS and extracranial arterial stenosis(ECAS)was defined as 50%-99%stenosis or occlusion of any intracranial and extracranial *** regression models and Cox regression models were used to evaluate the association of the p.R4810K variant with TOAST classification,stenosis phenotypes and clinical *** A total of 10381 patients were enrolled,among which 56(0.5%)had the heterozygote GA genotype for *** variant carriers were younger(p=0.01),and more likely to suffer from peripheral vascular disease(p=0.04).The p.R4810K variant was associated with large-artery atherosclerosis(LAA)(adjusted OR=1.94,95%CI 1.13 to 3.33),anterior circulation stenosis(adjusted OR=2.12,95%CI 1.23 to 3.65)and ECAS(adjusted OR=2.29,95%CI 1.16 to 4.51).Nevertheless,the p.R4810K variant was not associated with recurrence,poor functional outcome and mortality at 3 months and 1 *** The RNF213 p.R4810K variant was associated with LAA,anterior circulation stenosis and ECAS in Chinese *** the low carrying rate and only 1-year follow-up information,caution should be taken to interpret our findings in no statistically significant association between the p.R4810K variant and stroke prognosis in Chinese patients.

关键词： patients transient younger