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A comparison of statistical learning of naturalistic textures between DCNNs and the human visual hierarchy

Science China Technological sciences 2024年第8期67卷 2310-2318页

作者： LU XinCheng YUAN ZiQi ZHANG YiChi AI HaiLin CHENG SiYuan GE YiRan FANG Fang CHEN NiHong Department of Psychological and cognitive sciences Tsinghua University Department of Computer Science and Technology Tsinghua University School of Psychological and cognitive sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health Peking University Key Laboratory of Machine Perception (Ministry of Education) Peking University Peking-Tsinghua center for Life sciences Peking University IDG/McGovern Institute for brain Research Peking University State Key Laboratory of brain and cognitive Science Institute of Psychology Chinese Academy of Sciences IDG/McGovern Institute for brain Research Tsinghua University

The visual system continuously adapts to the statistical properties of the environment. Existing evidence shows a close resemblance between deep convolutional neural networks(CNNs) and primate visual stream in neural selectivity to naturalistic textures above the primary visual processing stage. This study delves into the mechanisms of perceptual learning in CNNs,focusing on how they assimilate the high-order statistics of natural textures. Our results show that a CNN model achieves a similar performance improvement as humans, as manifested in the learning pattern across different types of high-order image statistics. While L2 was the first stage exhibiting texture selectivity, we found that stages beyond L2 were critically involved in learning. The significant contribution of L4 to learning was manifested both in the modulations of texture-selective responses and in the consequences of training with frozen connection weights. Our findings highlight learning-dependent plasticity in the mid-to-high-level areas of the visual hierarchy. This research introduces an AI-inspired approach for studying learning-induced cortical plasticity, utilizing DCNNs as an experimental framework to formulate testable predictions for empirical brain studies.

关键词： CNN perceptual learning naturalistic texture psychophysics

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Rapid Unconscious Acquisition of Conditioned Fear with Low-Spatial-Frequency but Emotionally Neutral Stimuli

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Research 2024年第1期2023卷 753-762页

作者： Yujie Chen Si Chen Zhongju Sun Xilei Zhang Xiangyong Yuan Liang Wang Yi Jiang State Key Laboratory of brain and cognitive sciences CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence TechnologyInstitute of PsychologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China Department of Psychology University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China Chinese Institute for brain Research Beijing 102206China CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health Institute of PsychologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China

It has long been proposed that emotionally“prepared”(i.e.,fear-related)stimuli are privileged in the unconscious acquisition of conditioned ***,as fear processing is suggested to highly depend on the coarse,low-spatial-frequency(LSF)components of the fear-related stimuli,it is plausible that LSF may play a unique role in the unconscious fear conditioning even with emotionally neutral ***,we provided empirical evidence that,following classical fear conditioning,an invisible,emotionally neutral conditioned stimulus(CS+)with LSF,but not with high spatial frequency(HSF),can rapidly elicit stronger skin conductance responses(SCRs)and larger pupil diameters than its CS−*** comparison,consciously perceived emotionally neutral CS+with LSF and HSF elicited comparable *** together,these results support that the unconscious fear conditioning does not necessarily entail emotionally prepared stimuli but prioritizes LSF information processing and highlight the crucial distinctions between the unconscious and the conscious fear *** findings not only coincide with the postulation that a rapid,spatial-frequency-dependent subcortical route is engaged in unconscious fear processing but also suggest the existence of multiple routes for conscious fear processing.

关键词： neutral necessarily diameters

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Local field potentials,spiking activity,and receptive fields in human visual cortex

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Science China(Life sciences) 2024年第3期67卷 543-554页

作者： Lu Luo Xiongfei Wang Junshi Lu Guanpeng Chen Guoming Luan Wu Li Qian Wang Fang Fang School of Psychological and cognitive sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health Peking UniversityBeijing 100871China School of Psychology Beijing Sport UniversityBeijing 100084China Department of Neurosurgery Sanbo Brain HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijing 100093China Beijing Key Laboratory of Epilepsy Epilepsy CenterSanbo Brain HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijing 100093China IDG/McGovern Institute for brain Research Peking UniversityBeijing 100871China Peking-Tsinghua center for Life sciences Peking UniversityBeijing 100871China Beijing Institute for brain disorders Beijing 100069China State Key Laboratory of cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for brain Research Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing 100875China

The concept of receptive field(RF) is central to sensory neuroscience. Neuronal RF properties have been substantially studied in animals,while those in humans remain nearly unexplored. Here, we measured neuronal RFs with intracranial local field potentials(LFPs) and spiking activity in human visual cortex(V1/V2/V3). We recorded LFPs via macro-contacts and discovered that RF sizes estimated from lowfrequency activity(LFA, 0.5–30 Hz) were larger than those estimated from low-gamma activity(LGA, 30–60 Hz) and high-gamma activity(HGA, 60–150 Hz). We then took a rare opportunity to record LFPs and spiking activity via microwires in V1 simultaneously. We found that RF sizes and temporal profiles measured from LGA and HGA closely matched those from spiking activity. In sum, this study reveals that spiking activity of neurons in human visual cortex could be well approximated by LGA and HGA in RF estimation and temporal profile measurement, implying the pivotal functions of LGA and HGA in early visual information processing.

关键词： human visual cortex receptive field intracranial EEG local field potential spiking activity

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Movement Trend Alterations in the Periaqueductal Gray(PAG)-Employed Ratbot Navigation Are Correlated with Stimulation Parameters

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Journal of Bionic Engineering 2024年第2期21卷 866-876页

作者： Sina Khajei Abed Khorasani Mohammad Reza Afarinesh Vahid Sheibani Neuroscience Research center Institute of NeuropharmacologyKerman University of Medical SciencesKerman***Iran cognitive Neuroscience Research center Institute of NeuropharmacologyKerman University of Medical SciencesKerman***Iran

In previous studies,Periaqueductal Gray(PAG)stimulation was used to stop ratbots from *** to the homology between the PAG and the intercollicular nucleus,which has been used for forward movement in birds,we investigated the possibility of PAG application to induce forward locomotion for the first *** a corridor maze,the traveled distances via PAG electrical stimulation were examined in nine Wistar male rats during three sessions.A custom-designed stimulator was developed to apply the *** results showed reductions in responses to stimulation over ***,the traveled distances had negative slopes during the consecutive trials(in 8 out of the 9 rats),and the slope mean was significantly different from *** was a strong correlation between the stimulation parameters(electric Charge per Phase(CPP)and the Number of Pulses(NP))and the observed *** negative Movement Slopes(MS)were highly correlated with the CPP and the NP,as the Pearson's linear correlation coefficients were−0.87 and−0.79,*** MS-CPP coefficients of determination(R-squared)were also between 0.76 and *** addition,the MS-NP coefficients of determination were between 0.63 and ***,it is concluded that the electrical stimulation parameters influence the behavioral outcomes ***,the PAG area may be considered a suitable candidate for forward locomotion control in the future if the area is harnessed effectively to prevent undesirable chaotic behaviors.

关键词： Periaqueductal Gray(PAG) Navigation Ratbot Animal-robot Forward locomotion Movement slope

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brain-inspired dual-pathway neural network architecture and its generalization analysis

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Science China Technological sciences 2024年第8期67卷 2319-2330页

作者： DONG SongLin TAN ChengLi ZUO ZhenTao HE YuHang GONG YiHong ZHOU TianGang LIU JunMin ZHANG JiangShe College of Artificial Intelligence Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Mathematics and Statistics Xi'an Jiaotong University State Key Laboratory of brain and cognitive Science Institute of Biophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Artificial Intelligence Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center University of Chinese Academy of sciences

In this study, we explored the neural mechanism of global topological perception in the human visual system. We showed strong evidence that the retinotectal pathway in the archicortex of the human brain is responsible for global topological perception, and for modulating the local feature processing in the classical ventral visual pathway. Inspired by this recent cognitive discovery,we developed a novel CogNet architecture to emulate the global-local dichotomy of human visual cognitive mechanisms. The thorough experimental results indicate that the proposed CogNet not only significantly improves image classification accuracies but also effectively addresses the texture bias problem observed in baseline CNN models. We have also conducted mathematical analysis for the generalization gap for general neural networks. Our theoretical derivations suggest that the Hurst parameter, a measure of the curvature of the loss landscape, can closely bind the generalization gap. A larger Hurst parameter corresponds to a better generalization ability. We found that our proposed CogNet achieves a lower test error and attains a larger Hurst parameter,strengthening its superiority over the baseline CNN models further.

关键词： global topological perception dual-pathway generalization gap analysis Hurst parameter

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Microplastic exposure disturbs sleep structure,reduces lifespan,and decreases ovary size in Drosophila melanogaster

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Zoological Research 2024年第4期45卷 805-820页

作者： Wei Yan Zi-Jie Li Zi-Yi Lin Shu-Qin Ji William Ka Fai Tse Zhi-Qiang Meng Chang Liu Lei Li Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of brain Science Shenzhen Institute of Advanced TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShenzhenGuangdong 518000China CAS Key Laboratory of brain Connectome and Manipulation the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease InstituteShenzhen Institute of Advanced TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShenzhenGuangdong 518000China Laboratory of Developmental disorders and Toxicology Center for Promotion of International Education and ResearchFaculty of AgricultureKyushu UniversityFukuokaFukuoka 819-0395Japan Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease InstituteShenzhen Institute of Advanced TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShenzhenGuangdong 518000China Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of brain Connectome and Behavior Brain Cognition and Brain Disease InstituteShenzhen Institute of Advanced TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShenzhenGuangdong 518000China

The organ-specific toxicity resulting from microplastic(MP)exposure has been extensively explored,particularly concerning the gut,liver,testis,and ***,under natural conditions,these effects are not restricted to specific organs or *** whether MP exposure presents a systemic threat to an entire organism,impacting factors such as lifespan,sleep,and fecundity,is *** this study,we investigated the effects of dietary exposure to two different doses of MPs(1–5μm)using the terrestrial model organism Drosophila *** indicated that the particles caused gut damage and remained within the digestive *** MP exposure significantly shortened the lifespan of adult *** short-term exposure disrupted sleep patterns,increasing the length of daytime sleep ***,one week of MP exposure reduced ovary size,with a trend towards decreased egg-laying in mated *** MPs did not penetrate the brain or ovaries,transcriptome analysis revealed altered gene expression in these *** the ovary,Gene Ontology(GO)analysis indicated genotoxic effects impacting inflammation,circadian regulation,and metabolic processes,with significant impacts on extracellular structure-related *** the brain,GO analysis identified changes in pathways associated with proteolysis and carbohydrate ***,this study provides compelling evidence of the systemic negative effects of MP exposure,highlighting the urgent need to address and mitigate environmental MP pollution.

关键词： Microplastics Sleep Lifespan Reproduction Risk assessment Drosophila melanogaster

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Glioma-derived ANXA1 suppresses the immune response to TLR3 ligands by promoting an anti-inflammatory tumor microenvironment

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Cellular & Molecular Immunology 2024年第1期21卷 47-59页

作者： Yu Zheng Haihui Jiang Naixue Yang Shaoping Shen Daosheng Huang Lemei Jia Jing Ling Longchen Xu Mingxiao Li Kefu Yu Xiaohui Ren Yong Cui Xun Lan Song Lin Xin Lin Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine Tsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China Department of Neurosurgery Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityChina.National Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseasesCenter of Brain TumorBeijing Institute for Brain Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain TumorBeijing100070China Department of Neurosurgery Peking University Third HospitalPeking UniversityBeijing100191China Tsinghua-Peking center for Life sciences Beijing100084China

A highly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment(TME)and the presence of the blood‒brain barrier are the two major obstacles to eliciting an effective immune response in patients with high-grade glioma(HGG).Here,we tried to enhance the local innate immune response in relapsed HGG by intracranially injecting poly(I:C)to establish a robust antitumor immune response in this registered clinical trial(NCT03392545).During the follow-up,12/27(44.4%)patients who achieved tumor control concomitant with survival benefit were regarded as responders in our *** found that the T-cell receptor(TCR)repertoire in the TME was reshaped after poly(I:C)*** on the RNA-seq analysis of tumor samples,the expression of annexin A1(ANXA1)was significantly upregulated in the tumor cells of nonresponders,which was further validated at the protein *** vitro and in vivo experiments showed that ANXA1 could induce the production of M2-like macrophages and microglia via its surface receptor formyl peptide receptor 1(FPR1)to establish a Treg cell-driven immunosuppressive TME and suppress the antitumor immune response facilitated by poly(I:C).The ANXA1/FPR1 signaling axis can inhibit the innate immune response of glioma patients by promoting an anti-inflammatory and Treg-driven ***,ANXA1 could serve as a reliable predictor of response to poly(I:C),with a notable predictive accuracy rate of 92.3%.In light of these notable findings,this study unveils a new perspective of immunotherapy for gliomas.

关键词： glioma ANXA1 TLR3 poly(I:C) immunotherapy

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Oligodendrocytes in central nervous system diseases:the effect of cytokine regulation

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Neural Regeneration Research 2024年第10期19卷 2132-2143页

作者： Chengfu Zhang Mengsheng Qiu Hui Fu center for Cognition and brain disorders The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhouZhejiang ProvinceChina Department of Psychiatry National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disordersand National Center for Mental DisordersThe Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangshaHunan ProvinceChina Institute of Life sciences Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration of Zhejiang ProvinceCollege of Life and Environment SciencesHangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhouZhejiang ProvinceChina Key Laboratory of Aging and Cancer Biology of Zhejiang Province School of Basic Medical SciencesHangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhouZhejiang ProvinceChina

Cytokines including tumor necrosis factor, interleukins, interferons, and chemokines are abundantly produced in various diseases. As pleiotropic factors, cytokines are involved in nearly every aspect of cellular functions such as migration, survival, proliferation, and differentiation. Oligodendrocytes are the myelin-forming cells in the central nervous system and play critical roles in the conduction of action potentials, supply of metabolic components for axons, and other functions. Emerging evidence suggests that both oligodendrocytes and oligodendrocyte precursor cells are vulnerable to cytokines released under pathological conditions. This review mainly summarizes the effects of cytokines on oligodendrocyte lineage cells in central nervous system diseases. A comprehensive understanding of the effects of cytokines on oligodendrocyte lineage cells contributes to our understanding of central nervous system diseases and offers insights into treatment strategies.

关键词： astrocyte central nervous system disease CXC chemokine cytokine interferonγ interleukin microglia oligodendrocyte oligodendrocyte precursor cell tumor necrosis factorα

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Deep learning-based optical aberration estimation enables offline digital adaptive optics and super-resolution imaging

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Photonics Research 2024年第3期12卷 474-484页

作者： CHANG QIAO HAOYU CHEN RUN WANG TAO JIANG YUWANG WANG DONG LI Department of Automation Tsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China Institute for brain and cognitive sciences Tsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules New Cornerstone Science LaboratoryCAS Center for Excellence in BiomacromoleculesInstitute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China College of Life sciences University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China Beijing National Research center for Information Science and Technology Tsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China

Optical aberrations degrade the performance of fluorescence *** adaptive optics(AO)leverages specific devices,such as the Shack–Hartmann wavefront sensor and deformable mirror,to measure and correct optical ***,conventional AO requires either additional hardware or a more complicated imaging procedure,resulting in higher cost or a lower acquisition *** this study,we proposed a novel space-frequency encoding network(SFE-Net)that can directly estimate the aberrated point spread functions(PSFs)from biological images,enabling fast optical aberration estimation with high accuracy without engaging extra optics and image *** showed that with the estimated PSFs,the optical aberration can be computationally removed by the deconvolution ***,to fully exploit the benefits of SFE-Net,we incorporated the estimated PSF with neural network architecture design to devise an aberration-aware deeplearning super-resolution model,dubbed *** demonstrated that the combination of SFE-Net and SFT-DFCAN enables instant digital AO and optical aberration-aware super-resolution reconstruction for live-cell imaging.

关键词： optics resolution enable

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Interaction between catechol-O-methyltransferase Val/Met polymorphism and cognitive reserve for negative symptoms in schizophrenia

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World Journal of Psychiatry 2024年第5期14卷 695-703页

作者： Wen-Peng Hou Xiang-Qin Qin Wei-Wei Hou Yun-Yi Han Qi-Jing Bo Fang Dong Fu-Chun Zhou Xian-Bin Li Chuan-Yue Wang Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental disorders National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders&National Center for Mental DisordersBeijing Anding HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijing 100088China Advanced Innovation center for Human brain Protection Capital Medical UniversityBeijing 100069China

BACKGROUND cognitive reserve(CR)and the catechol-O-methyltransferase(COMT)Val/Met polymorphism are reportedly linked to negative symptoms in ***,the regulatory effect of the COMT genotype on the relationship between CR and negative symptoms is still *** To investigate whether the relationship between CR and negative symptoms could be regulated by the COMT Val/Met *** In a cross-sectional study,54 clinically stable patients with schizophrenia underwent assessments for the COMT genotype,CR,and negative *** was estimated using scores in the information and similarities subtests of a short form of the Chinese version of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence *** COMT Met-carriers exhibited fewer negative symptoms than Val *** the total sample,significant negative correlations were found between negative symptoms and information,*** between information,similarities and negative symptoms were observed in Val homozygotes only,with information and similarities showing interaction effects with the COMT genotype in relation to negative symptoms(information,β=-0.282,95%CI:-0.552 to-0.011,P=0.042;similarities,β=-0.250,95%CI:-0.495 to-0.004,P=0.046).CONCLUSION This study provides initial evidence that the association between negative symptoms and CR is under the regulation of the COMT genotype in schizophrenia.

关键词： Catechol-O-methyltransferase Val/Met polymorphism cognitive reserve Crystallized intelligence Negative symptoms Schizophrenia

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