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Hand Hygiene Knowledge, Practices and Attitudes among Nurses and Physicians

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Health 2016年第5期8卷 456-462页

作者： Mu’taz M. Dreidi Intima Alrimawi Ahmad R. Saifan Abdul-Monim Batiha School of Nursing Birzeit University Ramallah Palestine School of Nursing Applied Science Private University Amman Jordan School of Nursing Philadelphia University Amman Jordan

Background: Hand hygiene is one of the most effective ways to control health care related infection. Nurses and physicians are the main health care workers contacting with patients, representing the vector in the chain of infection. Thus, assessing their knowledge, practice and attitudes regarding hand hygiene is very important to decrease the incidence of health care related infection and to improve quality of care. Aims: The aim is to assess the knowledge, practice and attitude of Palestinian physicians and nurses regarding hand hygiene in hospitals. Methods: The study adopted a cross-sectional, quantitative design. Nurses and doctors who worked in the major governmental and private hospitals in the West Bank (Palestine) were targeted. Data was collected using Hand Hygiene Questionnaire. Results: 200 nurses and physicians participated in this study. The results showed that the participants had a moderate knowledge regarding the hand hygiene (m = 6, SD = 1.7). They had a better attitude score than practice with a mean of 82.5 ± 8.8. There was a significant difference between male and female only in practice score (p = 0.015). Older participants had better attitudes, and private hospitals had significantly higher scores for compliance, importance of hand hygiene and practice than governmental hospitals (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The results of the current study showed that there was a further need to focus on the practices of hand hygiene by continuous education for both Palestinian nurses and physicians.

关键词： Health Care Infection Hand Hygiene Palestine

Pollution Aspects Interconnections to Socio-economical impact of Natuf Springs-Palestine

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Journal of Geographical Research 2021年第1期4卷 67-74页

作者： Anwar Atta Marwan Ghanem birzeit university P.O.Box 14BirzeitRamallahPalestine birzeit university Geography Dep.P.O.Box 14BirzeitRamallahPalestine

This study aims at determining the types of pollutants and their sources for the springs in the Natuf catchment/Palestine in addition to evaluating the socio-economic environmental impact on water utilization from residential *** spring water samples were collected for hydrochemical qualitative analyses of major and trace elements as well as microbiological analyses in the summer of *** spring water samples on the Piper Diagram indicated the water type of Mg-Ca-HCO3-and eleven samples could be classified as fresh *** questionnaires were distributed to the farmers and land owners in order to study the impact of socio-economic and environmental conditions for the spring water *** study shows that 90%of local people are using the springs for agricultural *** spring water chemical analysis indicates that they are free from industrial pollutants in regards that 84%of them are located away from the dumping *** study shows that respondents are not interested in rain water harvesting during winter season,because 44%of them have their own *** existence of the water network as well as the absence of the related authority role's contributes to the reduction of people’s dependence on spring *** results will be used for the qualitative aspects potentiality of the appropriated rainwater harvesting techniques to be installed in the *** is recommended to establish a qualitative monitoring network in Natuf watershed as well as for the springs of the other catchments in the west Bank.

关键词： Pollution aspects Hydrochemistry Socio-economy Natuf catchment

Seasonal and Spatial Variation in the Monitoring Parameters of Zomar Stream, Palestine during 2010

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Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering(A) 2013年第1期2卷 1-14页

作者： Saleh Sulaiman Laura Scrano Sabino Aurelio Bufo Rafik Karaman Department of Science University of Basilicata Potenza 85100 Italy Institute of Environmental and Water Studies Birzeit University West Bank Palestine Department of European Culture University of Basilicata Potenza 85100 Italy Department of Bioorganic Chemistry Faculty of Pharmacy Al-Quds University Jerusalem 20002 Palestine

Levels of pollutants at Zomar stream, the only recreational area for the inhabitants of the northern part of the West Bank, Palestine, were recently determined, and have shown to be relatively high. Three bathing sites along the Zomar stream area were monitored for one year （fortnightly）. Wastewater samples were subjected to microbiological analysis （fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas, Enterococcus and Klebsiella）, physico-chemical analyses （water temperature, pH, electroconductivity and DO （dissolved oxygen））, biochemical oxygen demand, total Kjeldahl nitrogen and ammonia. The study results demonstrated seasonal and locational variations in all parameters studied. The highest levels of pollution were detected during summer, especially before a rainfall or after a discharge from onsite cesspits. Locations associated with sewage discharge were found to have the highest fecal indicator levels.

关键词： Wastewater pollution seasonal variations Zomar stream microbiological contamination BOD (biochemical oxygen demand).

Towards Smart, Sustainable, Accessible and Inclusive City for Persons with Disability by Taking into Account Checklists Tools

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Journal of Geographic Information System 2020年第4期12卷 348-371页

作者： Raed A. Salha Muain Q. Jawabrah Usama I. Badawy Amjad Jarada Abdelkhalek I. Alastal Geography and GIS Department Arts College Islamic University of Gaza Gaza Palestine Architecture and Planning Department Birzeit University West Bank Palestine Engineering and Camp Improvement Department United Nation Gaza Palestine Geography and GIS Department Arts College Islamic University of Gaza Gaza Palestine

The main characteristics of potential smart cities in the future, smart citizens, smart energy, smart buildings, smart mobility, smart technology, smart healthcare, smart infrastructure, smart governance and education, and finally smart security are the aspects of smart cities. In the smart city, smart accessible infrastructure creates an inclusive environment for people with disabilities, in which they can integrate into the community and enjoy their civil, cultural, political, social and economic rights and entitlements. The aim of this study is to integrate disabled people into society so that they can actively participate in society and lead to a normal life. An integrated approach is needed to ensure that people with disabilities are not left alone. A combination of mainstreaming and targeted action is required for all interventions. People with disabilities have the same basic needs as everyone else: health protection and treatment, basic services, housing and income. Targeted intervention measures need to complement disability mainstreaming by addressing specific needs identified by general responses, including such interventions need not add materially to the overall cost, especially if the requirements of the maximum number of users are considered in the initial planning. This paper recommends how we can use an appropriate design checklist as a guide for our initial architectural concept and smart city planning to facilities reasonably accessible for people with disabilities in private and public buildings, making our cities smarter and more inclusive and helping to improve the quality of life for all people, especially people with disabilities.

关键词： Smart City Disability Inclusion Accessibility Urban Design Smart City Disability Inclusion Checklist Architectural Design Checklist

Hydro-Geochemistry and Application of Water Quality Index (WQI) for Ground Water Quality Assessment, Wadi Al-Samen—Hebron—West Bank

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Journal of Water Resource and Protection 2023年第10期15卷 481-508页

作者： Waseem Al-Tamimi Fadoua Hamzaoui-Azaza Marwan Ghanem Rachida Bouhalila Modeling Hydraulic and Environmental Laboratory National Engineering School of Tunis University of Tunis El Manar Tunis Tunisia Laboratory of Sedimentary Basins and Petroleum Geology (SBPG) Geology Department Faculty of Sciences of Tunis University of Tunis El Manar Tunis Tunisia Department of Geography Birzeit University Ramallah West Bank Palestine

Located south of the West Bank, Wadi Al-Samen is considered one of the most important sources of groundwater recharge for the eastern aquifer in Hebron. It is polluted by sewage originating from domestic and industrial consumption in the Hebron area. Water quality assessment is an important criterion for achieving sustainable development. To evaluate water quality, twenty samples were collected from groundwater sources for two seasons and were analyzed for Physical properties (Total dissolved solids (TDS), Electrical conductivity (EC), potential hydrogen (pH), Temperature (T)), Four major cations (Mg2+, Ca2+, Na+ and K+), and the Major anions (HCO-3, Cl-, and SO2-4);geochemical methods such as Piper scheme were used for the sample result analysis. To characterize wastewater components, six samples were collected from the Wadi discharge for two seasons and were analyzed (potential hydrogen (pH), Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solid (TDS), Total Suspended Solids (TDS), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD5), and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). The results of nitrate levels showed that 20% of the ground water samples exceeded the standard limit of the World Health Organization (WHO). The quality of drinking water was assessed using the Water Quality Index (WQI), which suggests that 10% of samples are classified from poor to very poor. The abundance of cations from highest to lowest was found to be: Ca;Mg;Na, and for the anions it is HCO3;Cl;SO4. The dominant hydrochemical facies of 35% of collected aquifer samples reveal that Ca-Mg-Na-Cl-HCO3 are in the domain. Evaluation of irrigation suitability was performed using parameters of Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), electric conductivity (EC), and Salinity. The results in both rounds for EC showed that all water sources are suitable for irrigation according

关键词： Drinking and Irrigation Suitability Water Quality WHO Guidelines Wadi Al-Samen West Bank

Environmental and Socio- Economic Impact of Wastewater in Wadi- Qana Drainage Basin- Salfeet- Palestine

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Journal of Geographical Research 2018年第1期1卷 1-6页

作者： Shawkat Naser Marwan Ghanem birzeit university Geography Dep. P.O.Box 14 Birzeit West Bank Palestine

This study discussed the social- economic and environmental impacts of wastewater on Qana drainage basin. This study has been accomplished through carrying out biological and physio-chemical characterization for water samples from various springs in Qana valley in order to specify the quality of the springs' water. Moreover, the socio-economic effects of wastewater on the population in the study area were discussed. The study was relied mainly on using the analytical field methodology to analyse the samples of the springs water. It also used the applied quantitative methodology to check the results of the questionnaire that was distributed between the farmers in Qana valley. The study has found that the flowing wastewater from the Israeli settlements that lie in the study area is regarded as the main source in polluting the underground water in the basin. The results also revealed that 84% of the population of the Palestinian villages that lie in Qana basin use open septic tanks in getting rid of their wastewater then draining it in the nearby valleys which in turn increased the percentage of pollution. Moreover, results also pointed that 82% of Qana valley population has left their homes in Qana valley to the nearby villages because of the spread of bad smells in the valley. The results also revealed that 45.5% of Qana valley farmers have stopped planting their agricultural lands because of wastewater which in turn lowers the percentage of agricultural production. The analyses showed that all the springs in the study area are biologically polluted by the bacteria which is regarded as an indicator wastewater pollution. The chemical analyses also revealed that all elements lie within the allowed limits according to the World Health Organization except iron which exceeded the allowed limits in Al-Fawwar and Al-Maasser springs which indicates the pollution of these springs.

关键词： Qana Salfeet Spring Wastewater pollution

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钢筋混凝土梁抗剪的一种机理

福州大学学报（自然科学版） 1996年第S1期24卷 99-103页

作者：苏小卒 David Haldance Atalah S Kutab 同济大学建工系 Heriot-Wat大学 birzeit大学

对简支梁试件进行了对称两点加载试验．试件中箍筋的高度仅为梁截面高度的一半并仅在梁的上半部配置．在距每个支座１５倍梁有效截面高度的范围内则未配任何箍筋．因此，这些试件根据通常标准是未配抗剪钢筋的．然而，试验结果表明，... 详细信息

对简支梁试件进行了对称两点加载试验．试件中箍筋的高度仅为梁截面高度的一半并仅在梁的上半部配置．在距每个支座１５倍梁有效截面高度的范围内则未配任何箍筋．因此，这些试件根据通常标准是未配抗剪钢筋的．然而，试验结果表明，这些试件的抗剪强度却平均是相应无箍筋梁抗剪强度的１６倍，某些梁甚至达到了其弯曲破坏极限荷载．

关键词：混凝土钢筋简支梁抗剪结构

Socio-Economic and Environmental Impacts Assessment of Using Different Rainwater Harvesting Techniques in Sarida Catchment, West Bank, Palestine

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Journal of Geographical Research 2020年第2期3卷 1-5页

作者： Marwan Ghaleb Ghanem Wasim Ahmed Sameer Shadeed Michel Riksen birzeit university Palestinian Ministry of Health RamallahPalestinian An-Najah National university NablusPalestinian Wageningen university&Research WageningenNetherlands

A statistically representative questionnaire targeted people using rainwater harvesting(RWH)techniques in rural communities of Sarida catchment,West Bank,Palestine was distributed and *** main objective of this study is to assess the social,economic,and environmental impacts of adopting RWH techniques(***,concrete and clay ponds,Wadi ponds,earth dams,and stone terraces)in different uses to increase water *** results showed a simple sharing of the female component among beneficiaries,while concrete ponds and cisterns were the most used ***,social impacts were noticeable by sharing the same RWH structure and reflected to responsibility skills and role exchange *** the other hand,RWH techniques showed a significant economic impact for end users represented by enhancing domestic,agricultural,and recreational activities leading to good profit *** addition to food security as output,the most important environmental impact was water wasting prevention,which in turn could be linked to sustainable water management and considered as universal challenge for future generations.

关键词： Rainwater harvesting Social Economic Environment Food security Sarida West Bank Palestine

Stability and Removal of Commonly Used Drugs in Environmental Water and Wastewater

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Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering(B) 2023年第4期12卷 161-191页

作者： Amin Mahmood Thawabteh Samer Khalaf Mustafa Khamis Donia Karaman Rafik Karaman Faculty of Pharmacy Nursing and Health ProfessionsBirzeit UniversityRamallah 3570Palestine General Safety Section General Services DepartmentBirzeit UniversityRamallah 3570Palestine Soil&Hydrology Research Lab Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesAl-Quds UniversityJerusalem 20002Palestine Department of Biology Chemistry and Environmental SciencesAmerican University of SharjahSharjah 26666United Arab Emirates Faculty of Pharmacy Al-Quds UniversityJerusalem 20002Palestine Department of Bioorganic&Pharmaceutical Chemistry Faculty of PharmacyAl-Quds UniversityJerusalem 20002Palestine

Introduction:Pharmaceuticals are regarded as emerging contaminants in the *** recent years,their destiny and removal have piqued people’s ***:Examine how well conventional wastewater treatment facilities and cutting-edge technologies(ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis)can remove specific pharmaceutical compounds from water,with a focus on the compounds'environmental status,their origin,deterioration,metabolites,and the capacities of these *** and discussion:the ability and efficacy of sophisticated treatment technologies such as membrane separation,adsorption,and AOPs(Advanced Oxidation Processes)in eliminating chosen commonly used drugs from water are *** adsorption experiments were integrated with appropriate adsorption isotherms and appropriate kinetic models to predict the final extent of pollutant removal by this *** filtration mode was also *** filtration(using AC(Activated Carbon)and micelle-clay granule complexes)with AOPs improves the economy of treating wastewater,which contains recalcitrant PhACs(Pharmaceutical Compounds).

关键词： Pharmaceutical compounds membrane technology wastewater plants adsorption membrane separation micelle-clay AOPs.