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Mineral concentrations of chickpea and lentil cultivars and breeding lines grown in the *** Northwest

The Crop Journal 2018年第3期6卷 253-262页

作者： George J.VANDemark Michael A.Grusak Rebecca J.Mc Gee USDA-ars Grain Legume Genetics and Physiology Research Unit USDA-ars Red River Valley Agricultural Research Center

Diseases and health complications caused by mineral deficiencies afflict billions of people globally. Developing pulse crops with elevated seed mineral concentrations can contribute to reducing the incidence of these deficiencies. The objectives of this study were to estimate variance components conditioning seed mineral concentrations of chickpea and lentil grown in Washington and Idaho, determine correlations between different mineral concentrations and between mineral concentrations and yield, 100-seed weight, and days to flowering, and compare seed mineral concentrations between chickpeas and lentils grown in adjacent plots. Genotype effects, although significant in chickpea and lentil for all minerals except selenium, tended to be minimal compared to location, year, and their interaction effects. In both chickpeas and lentils high positive correlations were observed between seed concentrations of phosphorus and potassium, phosphorus and zinc, and potassium and zinc. Correlations between mineral concentration and yield, and mineral concentration and days to 50% flowering were similar for chickpeas and lentils across the majority of minerals. These results may reflect similarities between the two crops in physiological processes for mineral uptake and partitioning. Lentils had higher concentrations of iron and zinc than chickpea when the two crops were grown in adjacent plots,whereas chickpeas had higher concentrations of calcium and manganese. Plant genotypes that are more efficient at obtaining minerals from growing environments will be useful as parental materials to develop improved chickpea and lentil cultivars that have good yield potential coupled with high seed mineral concentrations.

关键词： Chickpea Lentil Mineral Nutrition Pulse

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Applied and Environmental Chemistry of Animal Manure:A Review

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Pedosphere 2016年第6期26卷 779-816页

作者： Zhongqi HE Paulo H.PAGLIARI Heidi M.WALDRIP USDA-ars Southern Regional Research Center Department of Soil Waterand ClimateUniversity of MinnesotaSouthwest Research and Outreach Center USDA-ars Conservation and Production Research Laboratory

Animal manure consists of predominantly urine and feces, but also may contain bedding materials, dropped feed, scurf, and other farming wastes. Manure is typically applied to soils as fertilizer for agricultural production. The estimated amount of manure produced in 12 major livestock-producing countries is 9 × 10^9 Mg of manure annually. Manure is rich in plant nutrients. However, manure is also considered as an environmental pollutant when it is over-applied to cropland or following runoff into surface water. Manure can also influence global climate change via emissions of methane （CH4） and nitrous oxide （N2O）. Thus, increased and updated knowledge of applied and environmental chemistry of animal manure is needed to shed light on the research and development of animal manure utilization and minimization of its adverse environmental concerns. The advances in basic and applied studies of manure major components, organic matter, phosphorus, and nitrogen, primarily related to US livestock production are summarized in this review. Detailed focus was placed on three notable challenges for future manure research： 1） soil application of animal manure, 2） manure phytate phosphorus, and 3） manure nitrogen availability. This review may contribute to the global effort in sustainable and environmentally sound agriculture by stimulating new ideas and directions in animal manure research, and promoting application of knowledge and insight derived from manure research into improved manure management strategies.

关键词： environmental pollutant fertilizer nitrogen availability organic matter phosphorus phytate plant nutrients

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Efficacy of chlorfenapyr against adult Tribolium castaneum exposed on concrete＂ effects of exposure interval, concentration and the presence of a food source after exposure

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Insect Science 2009年第2期16卷 157-163页

作者： Frank H. Arthur USDA-ars Grain Marketing and Production Research center Manhattan Kansas USA

Chlorfenapyr, an insecticidal pyrrole, was applied to concrete arenas at concentrations of 1. 1, 0.825, 0.55, and 0.275 g of active ingredient [AI]/m^2. Adult Tribolium castaneum （Herbst）, the red flour beetle, were exposed for 2, 4, or 8 h at each concentration, then removed and held either with or without food （wheat flour） for 7 days. Survival was assessed when the beetles were removed fi＇om the exposure arenas and daily during the post- exposure period. In the presence of food, survival was high regardless of concentration and the day on which post-treatment survival was assessed, but survival did decrease as the exposure period increased from 4 to 8 h. When the beetles were not given food after exposure, survival at each concentration and exposure period declined during the 1-week post- exposure assessments. This pattern of decrease could be described by linear and non-linear equations. Results show the presence of food material greatly compromised effectiveness of the insecticide, and emphasize the importance of cleaning and sanitation in conjunction with insecticide treatments.

关键词： chlorfenapyr efficacy sanitation Tribolium castaneum

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Aerosol distribution and efficacy in a commercial food warehouse

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Insect Science 2008年第2期15卷 133-140页

作者： Frank H. Arthur USDA-ars Grain Marketing and Production Research center Manhattan Kansas USA

A series of field trials were conducted in a commercial food storage facility to evaluate exposure of stored-product insects to aerosol formulations of synergized pyrethrins and the insect growth regulator methoprene. When adults of Tribolium castaneum （Herbst）, the red flour beetle, and Tribolium confusum （Jacqueline DuVal）, the confused flour beetle were exposed with and without a food source to synergized pyrethrin aerosol, there was no difference in adult mortality with respect to availability of food at either 7 or 14 days after exposure （P≥0.05）. However, mortality was lower in T. confusum （40.4% and 79.3% with flour at 7 and 14 days, 38.9% and 84.8% without flour at 7 and 14 days） compared to T. castaneum （96.5% and 99.8% with flour at 7 and 14 days, 91.0% and 98.7% without flour at 7 and 14 days）. Few late-stage larvae and pupae of either species exposed to the pyrethrin aerosol emerged as adults. In tests with methoprene aerosol, adult emergence of exposed 3- and 4-week-old larvae of T. confusum was less than 2%. Only 0.3% of 4-week-old larvae of T. castaneum exposed in open and obstructed areas emerged as adults. Emergence of adults from eggs of Plodia interpunctella （Hubner）, the Indianmeal moth, embedded in culture media and exposed to the methoprene aerosol was 13.2%±3.5%. Results show that the aerosols evaluated in our study could give effective control of some of the major storedproduct insect pests in commercial food storage facilities, and may offer an alternative to fumigation.

关键词： aerosols control methoprene Plodia pyrethrin Tribolium

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Amino Compounds in Poultry Litter,Litter-Amended Pasture Soils and Grass Shoots

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Pedosphere 2014年第2期24卷 178-185页

作者： Z.Q.HE Z.N.SENWO H.X.ZOU I.A.TAZISONG D.A.MARTENS USDA-ars Southern Regional Research Center Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences Alabama A&M University Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering the University of Maine USDA-ars Southwest Watershed Research Center

Amino compounds （ACs）, i.e., amino acids and amino sugars, are the major forms of organic nitrogen （N） in animal manure and soil. To increase our understanding on the effect of long-term poultry litter （PL） application on soil AC pools and turnover, in this study, we determined the contents of 21 ACs in 23 PL samples, i5 soil samples collected from 0-20, 20-40, and 40-60 cm layers of five pasture plots with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 years of PL applications, and 5 grass shoot samples grown on these pasture fields. The contents of 21 ACs were simultaneously determined by methanesulfonic acid hydrolysis/extraction and anion chromatography-pulsed amperometry. PL application increased soil total and individual AC contents with a distribution pattern similar to that of AC in PL. The highest AC-N concentrations were observed in the soils with 10- or 15-year PL applications, inconsistent with the order of annual application rates or eunmlative applied PL amounts. Application of PL increased the AC contents in grass shoots whereby the highest increase of most ACs was with the shoots from the fields that received PL for 5 years. These observations suggested that both freshly applied and residual PL had contributions to the soil AC-N, and that PL application also accelerated AC-N transformation in soil.

关键词： amino acids amino sugars broiler feed soil nitrogen

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The role of aluminum sensing and signaling in plant aluminum resistance

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Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2014年第3期56卷 221-230页

作者： Jiping Liu Miguel A.Piros Leon V.Kochian USDA‐ars Robert W.Holley center for Agriculture and Health Tower Road Cornell University

As researchers have gained a better understanding in recent years into the physiological, molecular, and genetic basis of how plants deal with aluminum （AI） toxicity in acid soils prevalent in the tropics and sub-tropics, it has become clear that an important component of these responses is the triggering and regulation of cellular pathways and processes by AI. In this review of plant AI signaling, we begin by summarizing the understanding of physiological mechanisms of AI resistance, which first led researchers to realize that AI stress induces gene expression and modifies protein function during the activation of AI resistance responses. Subsequently, an overview of AI resistance genes and their function provides verification that AI induction of gene expression plays a major role in AI resistance in many plant species. More recent research into the mechanistic basis for Al-induced transcrip- tional activation of resistance genes has led to the identifica- tion of several transcription factors as well as cis-elements in the promoters of AI resistance genes that play a role in greater Al-induced gene expression as well as higher constitutive expression of resistance genes in some plant species. Finally, the post-transcriptional and translational regulation of AI resistance proteins is addressed, where recent research has shown that AI can both directly bind to and alter activity of certain organic acid transporters, and also influence AI resistance proteins indirectly, via protein phosphorylation.

关键词： ALMT aluminum resistance aluminum signaling aluminumtoxicity MATE

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Efficacy of an esfenvalerate plus methoprene aerosol for the control of eggs and fifth instars of Plodia interpunctella （Lepidoptera： Pyralidae）

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Insect Science 2010年第1期17卷 21-28页

作者： Emily A. Jenson Frank H. Arthur James R. Nechols Kansas State University USDA-ars Grain Marketing and Production Research center Manhattan KS USA

Aerosol insecticides may provide an alternative to fumigants for control of the Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella （Hübner）, the Indianmeal moth, a major insect pest of stored processed food. In this study, eggs and larvae （5th instars） ofP. interpunctella were exposed to aerosol applications of the pyrethroid esfenvalerate and insect growth regulator methoprene, alone and in combination, in open and obstructed positions inside small sheds. When larvae were exposed to methoprene alone, adult emergence from those exposed larvae was 7.1% ± 1.5%. In contrast, adult emergence was 92.5% ± 3.5% when larvae were exposed to esfenvalerate alone. When eggs were exposed to methoprene, adult emergence of those exposed eggs was approximately 75%; however, when eggs were exposed to esfenvalerate, adult emergence was approximately 35%. In the combination treatment of methoprene plus esfenvalerate at their respective label rates, adult emergence following larval exposure was 0.91% ±0.61% compared to 16.3% ± 9.6% when eggs were exposed. Based on our results, methoprene alone is highly effective in reducing adult emergence after larval exposure. However, it is not as effective on eggs as esfenvalerate. A combination treatment of esfenvalerate plus methoprene could be used to control eggs and the wandering-phase larval stages ofP. interpunctella. An economic risk analysis also supports a strategy of combining methoprene and esfenvalerate.

关键词： control Indianmeal moth Plodia interpunctella

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Bemisia tabaci （Hemiptera： Aleyrodidae） nymphal feeding in cotton （Gossypium hirsutum） leaves

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Insect Science 2007年第5期14卷 375-381页

作者： CHANG-CHI CHU DENNIS A. MARGOSAN JAMES S. BUCKNER THOMAS P. FREEMAN THOMAS J. HENNEBERRY USDA ARS US Arid Land Agricultural Research Center Maricopa Arizona USDA ARS San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Science Center Parlier California Biosciences Research Laboratory Fargo North Dakota Electron Microscopy center North Dakota State University Fargo North Dakota USA

We used brightfield electron microscopy （BEM）, differential interference contrast microscopy （DICM）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, transmission electron microscopy （TEM）, and confocal laser scanning microscopy （CLSM） to investigate the stylet pathways of Bemisia tabaci during nymphal feeding behavior in cotton leaves beginning with penetration of the abaxial leaf surface and ending with stylets in sieve tubes in phloem tissues. Most nymphal stylets within salivary sheaths penetrating leaf tissues made complex turns and developed more than one salivary sheath branch before ending in sieve tubes. The external morphology of the salivary sheaths and their routes between and through leaf cells are described during the present study. Results showed the presence of the stylet within the sieve tubes. B. tabaci nymphs may remove stylets and feed in different sieve tubes. Ten short movies showing the progression of the stylet penetrations from adaxial surface to the sieve tubes are attached to Figures 8-15. The report and movies can be viewed from the internet. Download the movies to a local drive in your computer first for fast upload. The movies are posted on the website http：//***/Services/***？docid=14629. The movies can be used as a teaching aid in biology classes.

关键词： Bemisia tabaci microscopy nymphs feeding stylet sheath stylet

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Analysis of Carbon Functional Groups in Mobile Humic Acid and Recalcitrant Calcium Humate Extracted from Eight US Soils

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Pedosphere 2013年第6期23卷 705-716页

作者： HE Zhong-Qi CAO Xiao-Yan MAO Jing-Dong T.OHNO H.M.WALDRIP USDA-ars Southern Regional Research Center Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Old Dominion University Department of Plant Soiland Environmental SciencesUniversity of Maine USDA-ars Conservation and Production Research Laboratory

Solid state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance （NMR） spectroscopy is a common tool to study the structure of soil humic fractions; however, knowledge regarding carbon structural relationships in humic fractions is limited. In this study, mobile humic acid （MHA） and recalcitrant calcium humate （CallA） fractions were extracted from eight soils collected from six US states and representing a variety of soils and ecoregions, characterized by this spectroscopic technique and analyzed for statistical significance at P 〈 0.05. We found that the abundances of COO and N-C=O functional groups in the MHA fractions were negatively correlated to soil sand content, but were positively correlated to silt, total N and soil organic carbon contents. In contrast, the abundances of the COO and N-C=O functional groups were only positively correlated to the content of clay in the CallA fractions, indicating that the two humic fractions were associated with different soil components. The two 13C NMR peaks representing alkyls and OCH3/NCH were negatively correlated to the peaks representing aromatics, aromatic C-O and N-C=O/COO. Comparison of the sets of data from 13C NMR spectroscopy and ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry revealed that the aromatic components identified by the two methods were highly consistent. The comparison further revealed that protein in MHA was associated with, or bound to, the nonpolar alkyl groups, but a component competitively against （or complementary to） aromatic groups in the MHA composition. These observations provided insight on the internal correlations of the functional groups of soil humic fractions.

关键词： correlation analysis humic substances nuclear magnetic resonance soil organic matter ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry

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Regulation of cytokine gene expression by orosomucoid in neonatal swine adipose tissue

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Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2016年第3期7卷 403-411页

作者： Timothy G.Ramsay Margo J.Stoll Le Ann Blomberg Thomas J.Caperna Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory USDA/ARSBeltsville Agricultural Research CenterUSDABeltsvilieMD 20705USA

Background： Porcine adipose tissue expresses orosomucoid（ORM1） mRNA, a protein with anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. Previous research has demonstrated that porcine ORM1 can reduce insulin stimulated glucose metabolism in porcine adipose tissue in vitro. The present study was designed to examine the preweaning ontogeny of ORM1 m RNA abundance in porcine subcutaneous adipose and to determine if ORM1 can regulate m RNA abundance of inflammatory cytokines that contribute to insulin resistance in primary cultures derived from neonatal porcine subcutaneous adipose tissue. Cultures were differentiated in vitro and subsequently the adipocyte containing cultures were incubated for 24 h with 0–5000 ng porcine ORM1/m L medium. Cultures were then harvested, total RNA extracted for use in reverse transcription and the m RNA abundance of cytokine m RNA quantified by real-time ***： ORM1 m RNA abundance within neonatal adipose tissue does not change from d 1 to d 21 of age and is a very small fraction relative to liver m RNA abundance. The ORM1 m RNA level in porcine adipocytes and stromalvascular cells are similar（P 〉 0.05）. Treatment with ORM1 did not affect TNFα（tumor necrosis factor α） m RNA level（P 〉 0.05）, while interleukin 6（IL6） m RNA abundance was reduced 32 % at 1,000 ng ORM1/m L（P 〈 0.01）. However,TNFα protein content in the cell culture media was reduced by ORM1 treatment（5,000 ng/m L, P 〈 0.05）, whereas ORM1 had no detectable effect on the media content of IL6（P 〉 0.05）. The reduction of macrophage migration inhibitory factor（MIF） m RNA abundance by ORM1 was dose dependent（P 〈 0.01）. Monocyte chemotactic protein（MCP） m RNA level was reduced 27 % by 1,000 ng ORM1/m L（P 〈 0.05）.Conclusions： The data suggest that ORM1 has limited effects TNFα, IL6, MIF or MCP expression at the concentrations tested. Secondly, these cytokines do not appear to contribute to the reported insulin resistance induced by ORM1 in porcine adipose tissue in vitro as an in

关键词： Adipose Cytokines Neonate Orosomucoid Swine

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