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Preliminary Deformation Experiment of Ringwoodite at 20 GPa and 1 700 K Using a D-DIA Apparatus

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Journal of Earth Science 2010年第5期21卷 517-522页

作者： Takaaki Kawazoe Tomohiro Ohuchi Norimasa Nishiyama Yu Nishihara Tetsuo Irifune Geodynamics Research Center Ehime University senior Research fellow Center Ehime University

A deformation experiment of ringwoodite with a strain of 9% was achieved at 20 GPa and 1 700 K and at a strain rate of 3×10^-5 s^-1 using a deformation-DIA （D-DIA） apparatus and a multi-anvil 6-6 （MA 6-6） assembly. The crystallographic orientations of the deformed sample were successfully analyzed by the electron backscatter diffraction （EBSD） method, although any notable latticepreferred orientation （LPO） was not observed presumably due to the insufficient strain in the present experiment. In this study, the deformation experiment on ringwoodite succeeded at P-T conditions consistent with the lower part of the mantle transition zone and at a controlled strain rate for the first time. The present study extended the pressure range of deformation experiments in the D-DIA apparatus from 16 GPa in our earlier study to 20 GPa at 1 700 K. The successful extension of the pressure range demonstrates potential importance of the D-DIA apparatus in studying rheological properties of minerals under the P-T conditions of the whole mantle transition zone.

关键词： ringwoodite mantle transition zone rheology viscosity mantle dynamics.

Technical Development of Simple Shear Deformation Experiments Using a Deformation-DIA Apparatus

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Journal of Earth Science 2010年第5期21卷 523-531页

作者： Tomohiro Ohuchi Takaaki Kawazoe Norimasa Nishiyama Yu Nishihara Tetsuo Irifune Geodynamics Research Center Ehime University senior Research fellow Center Ehime University

Technical developments for simple shear deformation experiments at high pressures were made. The newly designed cell assembly can be compressed by deformation-DIA apparatuses with the MA 6-6 system, which consists of six second-stage tungsten carbide anvils （with a truncated edge length of 5 mm） and the anvil guide. Deformation of samples was barely observed during the compression process, showing that the shear strain of the deformed samples can be measured by the rotation of a strain marker. Simple shear deformation experiments on anhydrous and hydrous oli- vine aggregates were conducted under upper mantle conditions （pressures of 5.2-7.6 GPa and temperatures of 1 473-1 573 K）, and sample deformation with a shear strain of 7=0.8-1.2 was successfully achieved at a shear strain rate of 4.0×10^-5-7.5×10^-5 s^-1. The present study extended the pressure range of simple shear deformation experiments in the deformation-DIA apparatus from 3 GPa in an early study to 7.6 GPa at high temperatures.

关键词： simple shear deformation deformation-DIA MA 6-6 upper mantle.

Velocity Profiles between Two Baffles in a Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger

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Journal of Thermal Science 2015年第4期24卷 356-363页

作者： Tae-Hyun Chang Chang-Hoan Lee Hae-Soo Lee Kwon-Soo Lee senior Research fellow of RESEAT Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information Postdoctoral Research fellow School of Mechanical Engineering of Kyungnam University International University of Korea

Heat exchangers are extensively utilized for waste heat recovery,oil refining,chemical processing,and steam *** this study,velocity profiles are measured using a 3D particle image velocimetry(PIV)system between two baffles in a shell and tube heat exchanger for parallel and counter *** PIV and computational fluid dynamics results show the occurrence of some strong vectors near the *** vectors are assumed due to the clearance between the inner tubes and the front ***,the major parts of the vectors are moved out through the bottom opening of the rear baffle,and other vectors produce a large circle between the two *** simulations are conducted to investigate the effects of the baffle on the heat exchanger using the Fluent *** k-εturbulence model is employed to calculate the flows along the heat exchanger.

关键词：管壳式换热器速度分布计算流体动力学 FLUENT软件隔板粒子图像测速管式换热器余热回收

Hacking Contests Offer Big Payouts for Exposing Security Flaws

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Engineering 2022年第10期17卷 10-12页

作者： Mitch Leslie senior Technology Writer

Like any competitor,Yueqi Chen was anxious as he awaited the chance to demonstrate his skill in *** was the afternoon of 19May 2022,and Chen,then a visiting fellow in computer science at Northwestern University in Evanston,IL,USA,was sitting at a cloth-draped table in front of a small audience at Pwn2Own2022 Vancouver,a computer hacking competition held at the Vancouver Sheraton Wall Centre in Canada [1].

关键词： Canada computer Vancouver

Can the Trading System Survive US-China Trade Friction？

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China & World Economy 2018年第5期26卷 62-82页

作者： Robert Z. Lawrence Nonresident senior fellow Peterson Institute for International Economics

Donald Trump has sought to change US trading relationships by raising protection at home and taxing the offshore activities of US companies abroad. These measures, which both use and violate trade rules, have provoked retaliation from other countries. Such friction has restricted and distorted trade and investment, undermined the rules-based trading system and perhaps permanently damaged global value chains that depend on stable rules for market access. Trump has justified some of his measures as a response to China＇s alleged unfair practices and indeed, China has adopted industrial and technology policies that are formally neutral between domestic and foreign firms but in practice have led foreign firms to complain about discriminatory practices that favor Chinese firms. The US friction with China is unfortunate because instead of trying to bully China into submission in a tariff war, the US could have dealt with many of its concerns more effectively by cooperating with other countries and taking actions that are consistent with maintaining the rules-based system. While the US has undermined its leadership role, the overall damage to the trading system could still be limited if other countries, especially China, take actions that sustain and strengthen it.

关键词： industrial policy trade rules trade war

Exchange Rate Regime, Financial Market Bubbles and Long-term Growth in China： Lessons from Japan

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China & World Economy 2017年第1期25卷 32-57页

作者： Gunther Schnabl senior fellow Leipzig University Institute for Economic Policy Leipzig.

Since 2014, capital inflows into China have turned into capital outflows, reversing the gradual appreciation path of the renminbi against the US dollar into an erratic depreciation path. The paper explains the current capital outflows by comparing China and Japan with respect to the impact of exchange rate expectations on speculative capital flows. It is argued that both in China and Japan, given benign liquidity conditions in the USA, policy-induced appreciation expectations have generated capital inflows that have contributed to overinvestment and financial market bubbles. The current reversal of capital flows is seen as a signal that the bubble in China has burst. To stabilize growth in China and to discourage speculative capital outflows a fixed exchange rate to the dollar is recommended. Given Japan's experience and given that China's foreign assets remain high, the depreciation pressure on the Chinese renminbi can be expected to abate.

关键词： China capital controls exchange rate policy Japan rebalancing secular stagnation E32 E42 E58

China＇s 40 Years of Fiscal and Tax Reform： A Basic Trajectory

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China & World Economy 2018年第2期26卷 94-106页

作者： Peiyong Gao senior fellow Institute of Economics Chinese Academy of Social Sciences China

The present paper describes the trajectory of China＇s fscal and tax reform in the past 40 years, which can be summarized in five phases. The reform commenced with ＂＇decentralizing power and transferring benefits. ＇＂ Then, under great fiscal pressure, institutional reform was instigated, which aimed to establish a new fiscal and tax system. To regulate the government revenue and expenditure beyond the fiseal and tax system, reforms were put in place to build an institutional framework for public finance. As the fiscal and tax reform had gradually entered the more sophisticated phases, China took a series of measures to further improve the public finance system. Since 2012, based on the overall plan of comprehensively deepening reform, China has embarked on establishing a modern public finance system. The present paper characterizes China＇s fiscal and tax reform as gradually moving toward a system that aligns with the overall reform and complements the goal of marketization and modernization of state governance.

关键词： China fiscal and tax reform public finance

Perceiving Truth and Ceasing Doubts： What Can We Learn from 40 Years of China＇s Reform and Opening up？

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China & World Economy 2018年第2期26卷 1-22页

作者： Fang Cai Fang Cai Senior Fellow Chinese Academy of Social Sciences China

China＇s reform, opening up and resultant economic growth in the past 40 years have led to the accumulation of an immense array of experiences, which economists are obligated to look into, analyze and theorize upon. In fact, the rich literature in this area has positively assessed and documented China＇s successful experiences. However, theories that were established in Western countries have been applied as doctrine to judge China＇s experiences. By adopting an analytical framework unifying historical logic and theoretical logic, the purpose of this paper is to reveal the unique Chinese experience and its relevance to the general laws of economic development. Based on the experiences of and in reference to research findings about China, this paper chronicles the process of reform, opening up and economic growth, and analyzes the nexus between them. The study demystifies how the incentive mechanism, the factor accumulation and allocation system, market development, and macro policy environment reforms have spurred China＇s economic growth, structural changes and the increase in productivity. The changes in development stage are examined and policy implications for further reform are discussed.

关键词： Chinese economy demographic dividend reform and opening up

Regional Differences in China's Energy Efficiency and Conservation Potentials

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China & World Economy 2007年第1期15卷 96-115页

作者： Shi Dan senior Research fellow Institute of Industrial Economics Chinese Academy of Social Sciences

This paper investigates the maximum energy efficiency level and the energy saving potentials in each region in China that can be practically attained at current economic and technological development levels. Most of the nation ＇s energy efficient provinces are found along the coast of southeast China, while most of its least energy efficient provinces are in the hinterland that is rich in coal resources, and which depends heavily on coal consumption. China＇s low efficiency in energy resource allocation stems from its secondary industry, which is handicapped by the lowest energy efficiency and the most striking regional differentials. A comparison of the factors affecting the energy efficiency shows that the provinces being compared in this study differ tremendously in energy consumption structure, technological level of the secondary industry, and abundance of energy resources, and that the other factors are only adequate, rather than necessary, conditions. It is imperative to rectify the behaviors of provinces in balancing local energy allocation, to channel energy resources to energy efficient provinces, and to improve the national energy efficiency as a whole. When taking energy-saving steps, provinces must take into full consideration both the national and local factors that affect energy efficiency. Furthermore, it is unrealistic for China to set a unified energy saving goal for differentprovinces.

关键词： energy efficiency energy efficiency convergence energy saving potentials regional differences