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The Plant Vascular System: Evolution, Development and Functions

Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2013年第4期55卷 294-388页

作者： William J. Lucas Andrew Groover Raffael Lichtenberger Kaori Furuta Shri-Ram Yadav Yk Helariutta Xin-Qiang He Hiroo Fukuda Julie Kang Siobhan M. Brady John W. Patrick John Sperry Akiko Yoshida Ana-Flor López-Millan Michael A. Grusak Pradeep Kachroo Department of Plant Biology College of Biological Sciences University of California US Forest Service Pacific SW Res Stn Institute for Forest Genetics Institute of Biotechnology/Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences University of Helsinki State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research College of Life Sciences Peking University Department of Biological Sciences Graduate School of Science The University of Tokyo Biology Department University of Northern Iowa School of Environmental and Life Sciences The University of Newcastle Biology Department University of Utah Plant Nutrition Department Aula Dei Experimental Station (CSIC) USDA-ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center Department of Pediatrics Baylor College of Medicine Department of Plant Pathology College of Agriculture University of Kentucky

The emergence of the tracheophyte-based vascular system of land plants had major impacts on the evolution of terrestrial biology, in general, through its role in facilitating the development of plants with increased stature, photosynthetic output, and ability to colonize a greatly expanded range of environmental habitats. Recently, considerable progress has been made in terms of our understanding of the developmental and physiological programs involved in the formation and function of the plant vascular system. In this review, we first examine the evolutionary events that gave rise to the tracheophytes, followed by analysis of the genetic and hormonal networks that cooperate to orchestrate vascular development in the gymnosperms and angiosperms. The two essentialfunctions performed by the vascular system, namely the delivery of resources （water, essential mineral nutrients, sugars and amino acids） to the various plant organs and provision of mechanical support are next discussed. Here, we focus on critical questions relating to structural and physiological properties controlling the delivery of material through the xylem and phloem. Recent discoveries into the role of the vascular system as an effective long-distance communication system are next assessed in terms of the coordination of developmental, physiological and defense-related processes, at the whole-plant level. A concerted effort has been made to integrate all these new findings into a comprehensive picture of the state-of-the-art in the area of plant vascular biology. Finally, areas important for future research are highlighted in terms of their likely contribution both to basic knowledge and applications to primary industry.

关键词： Evolution vascular development phloem xylem nutrient delivery long-distance communication systemic signaling.

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Phosphorylation of LTF1, an MYB Transcription Factor in Populus, Acts as a Sensory Switch Regulating Lignin Biosynthesis in Wood Cells

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Molecular Plant 2019年第10期12卷 1325-1337页

作者： Jinshan Gui Laifu Luo Yu Zhong Jiayan Sun Toshiaki Umezawa Laigeng Li National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and EcologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai 200032China University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China School of Life Science Lanzhou UniversityLanzhou 730000China Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere Kyoto UniversityUjiKyoto 611-0011Japan

Lignin is specifically deposited in plant secondary cell walls,and initiation of lignin biosynthesis is regulated by a variety of developmental and environmental signals.However,the mechanisms governing the regulation of lignin biosynthesis remain to be elucidated.In this study,we identified a lignin biosynthesis-associated transcription factor(LTF)from Populus,LTF1,which binds the promoter of a key lignin biosynthetic gene encoding 4-coumarate-CoA ligase(4CL).We showed that LTF1 in its unphosphorylated state functions as a regulator restraining lignin biosynthesis.When LTF1 becomes phosphorylated by PdMPK6 in response to external stimuli such as wounding,it undergoes degradation through a proteasome pathway,resulting in activation of lignification.Expression of a phosphorylation-null mutant version of LTF1 led to stable protein accumulation and persistent attenuation of lignification in wood cells.Taken together,our study reveals a mechanism whereby LTF1 phosphorylation acts as a sensory switch to regulate lignin biosynthesis in response to environmental stimuli.The discovery of novel modulators and mechanisms modifying lignin biosynthesis has important implications for improving the utilization of cell-wall biomass.

关键词： lignin Populus secondary xylem cell wall

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GTR-Mediated Radial Import Directs Accumulation of Defensive Glucosinolates to Sulfur-Rich Cells in the Phloem Cap of Arabidopsis Inflorescence Stem

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Molecular Plant 2019年第11期12卷 1474-1484页

作者： Deyang Xu Pascal Hunziker Olga Koroleva Andreas Blennow Christoph Crocoll Alexander Schulz Hussam Hassan Nour-Eldin Barbara Ann Halkier DynaMo Center Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesFaculty of ScienceUniversity of Copenhagen1871 Frederiksberg CDenmark Lonza Biologies Pic 228 Bath RoadSlough SL14DXUK Section for Plant Glycobiology Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesFaculty of ScienceUniversity of Copenhagen1871 Frederiksberg CDenmark

In the phloem cap region o i Arabidopsis plants,sulfur-rich cells(S-cells)accumulate>100 mM glucosinolates(GLS),but are biosynthetically inactive.The source and route of S-cell-bound GLS remain elusive.In this study,using single-cell sampling and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis we show that two GLS importers,NPF2.10/GTR1 and NPF2.11/GTR2,are critical for GLS accumulation in S-cells,although they are not localized in the S-cells.Comparison of GLS levels in S-cells in multiple combinations of homo-and heterografts o lg t r l gtr2,biosynthetic null mutant and wild-type plants indicate that S-cells accumulate GLS via symplasmic connections either directly from neighboring biosynthetic cells or indirectly to non-neighboring cells expressing GTR1/2.Distinct sources and transport routes exist for different types of GLS,and vary depending on the position of S-cells in the inflorescence stem.Based on these findings,we propose a model illustrating the GLS transport routes either directly from biosynthetic cells or via GTR-mediated import from apoplastic space radially into a symplasmic domain,wherein the S-cells are the ultimate sink.Similarly,we observed accumulation of the cyanogenic glucoside defensive compounds in high-turgor cells in the phloem cap of Lotus japonicus,suggesting that storage of defensive compounds in high-turgor cells may be a general mechanism for chemical protection of the phloem cap.

关键词： Arabidopsis glucosinolate S-cell phloem cap xylem symplasmic transport

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PtrHB7, a class III HD-Zip Gene, Plays a Critical Role in Regulation of Vascular Cambium Differentiation in Populus

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Molecular Plant 2013年第4期6卷 1331-1343页

作者： Yingying Zhu Dongliang Song Jiayan Sun Xingfen Wang Laigeng Li National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology ShanghaiInstitutes for Biological Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences 300 Fenglin Rd Shanghai 200032 China

A key question in the secondary growth of trees is how differentiation of the vascular cambium cells is directed to concurrently form two different tissues： xylem or phloem, class III homeodomain-leucine zipper （HD-Zip III） genes are known to play critical roles in the initiation, patterning, and differentiation of the vascular system in the process of primary and secondary growth. However, the mechanism of how these genes control secondary vascular dif- ferentiation is unknown. Here, we show that a Populus class III HD-Zip gene, PtrHB7, was preferentially expressed in cambial zone. PtrHB7-suppressed plants displayed significant changes in vascular tissues with a reduction in xylem but increase in phloem. Transcriptional analysis revealed that genes regulating xylem differentiation were down-regulated, whereas genes regulating phloem differentiation were up-regulated. Correspondingly, PtrHB7 overexpression enhanced differentiation of cambial cells toward xylem cells but inhibited phloem differentiation. PtrHB7 regulation on cambial cell differentiation was associated with its transcript abundance. Together, the results demonstrated that PtrHB7 plays a critical role in controlling a balanced differentiation between secondary xylem and phloem tissues in the process of Populus secondary growth in a dosage-dependent manner.

关键词： HD-Zip III cambium xylem fiber cell secondary growth Populus.

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A Phytochrome B-PIF4-MYC2/MYC4 module inhibits secondary cell wall thickening in response to shaded light

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Plant Communications 2022年第6期3卷 43-55页

作者： Fang Luo Qian Zhang Hu Xin Hongtao Liu Hongquan Yang Monika SDoblin Antony Bacic Laigeng Li National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai 200032China University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Conservation in Southwest State Forestry AdministrationSouthwest Forestry UniversityKunming 650224China College of Life and Environmental Sciences Shanghai Normal UniversityShanghai 200234China La Trobe Institute for Agriculture and Food School of AgricultureBiomedicine and EnvironmentDepartment of AnimalPlant and Soil SciencesAgriBioLa Trobe UniversityBundooraVIC 3086Australia Sino-Australia Plant Cell Wall Research Centre State Key Laboratory of Subtropical SilvicultureSchool of Forestry and BiotechnologyZhejiang A&F UniversityHangzhou 311300China

Secondary cell walls(SCWs)in stem cells provide mechanical strength and structural support for growth.SCW thickening varies under different light conditions.Our previous study revealed that blue light enhances SCW thickening through the redundant function of MYC2 and MYC4 directed by CRYPTOCHROME1(CRY1)signaling in fiber cells of the Arabidopsis inflorescence stem.In this study,we find that the Arabidopsis PHYTOCHROME B mutant phyB displays thinner SCWs in stem fibers,but thicker SCWs are deposited in the PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR(PIF)quadruple mutant pif1pif3pif4pif5(pifq).The shaded light condition with a low ratio of red to far-red light inhibits stem SCW thickening.PIF4 interacts with MYC2 and MYC4 to affect their localization in nuclei,and this interaction results in inhibition of the MYCs’transactivation activity on the NST1 promoter.Genetic evidence shows that regulation of SCW thickening by PIFs is dependent on MYC2/MYC4 function.Together,the results of this study reveal a PHYB-PIF4-MYC2/MYC4 module that inhibits SCW thickening in fiber cells of the Arabidopsis stem.

关键词： far-red light fiber cell MYC2 secondary cell wall xylem

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CLE Peptides in Vascular Development

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Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2013年第4期55卷 389-394页

作者： Yi Qiang Jinbin Wu Huibin Han Guodong Wang Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry Ministry of Education National Engineering Laboratory forResource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China College of Life Sciences Shaanxi Normal University

The plant vascular system consists of two conductive tissues, phloem and xylem. The vascular meristem, namely the （pro-）cambium, is a stem- cell tissue that gives rise to both xylem and phloem. Recent studies have revealed that CLAVATA3/Embryo Surrounding Region-related （CLE） pep- tides function in establishing the vascular system through interaction with phytohormones. In particular, TDIF/CLE41/CLE44, phloem-derived CLE peptides, promote the proliferation of vascular cambium cells and prevent them from differentiating into xylem by regulating WOX4 expres- sion through the TDR/PXY receptor. In this review article, we outline recent advances on how CLE peptides function in vascular developmentin concert with phytohormones through mediating cell-cell communication. The perspective of CLE peptide signaling in vascular development is also discussed.

关键词： CLE peptide vascular development （pro-）cambium xylem phytohormone Arabidopsis.

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Factors involved in the success of Castanea henryi stem cuttings in different cutting mediums and cutting selection periods

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Journal of Forestry Research 2021年第4期32卷 1627-1639页

作者： Wangzun Chen Libing He Shiyi Tian Joseph Masabni Huan Xiong Feng Zou Deyi Yuan Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees Ministry of EducationCentral South University of Forestry and TechnologyChangsha 410004People’s Republic of China Texas A&M AgriLife Center at Dallas 17360 Coit RdDallasTX 75252USA

Chinquapin(Castanea henryi) is a dual-purpose tree species in China valued for as a source of timber and starch.We investigated the effect of four cutting mediums(pure vermiculite;peat:river sand at 3:1 v/v;peat:krasnozem at 1:1 v/v;and pure krasnozem) and three stem cutting periods(March,May,and July) on rooting performance of C.henryi cuttings.Different cutting periods and cutting mediums greatly influenced the rooting rate of C.henryi,ranging from 3.35 to 77.31%.Principal component analysis indicated that the best combination of cutting period and cutting medium was semi-hardwood cuttings(May cuttings)+krasnozem.Histological evidence indicated that adventitious root initials were present by week 5-6,and that the site of root primordia initiation was observed in the vascular cambium.Stem anatomical structures observed at different periods indicated that a xylem/radius ratio of29.90-37.42% and a fractured phloem fiber ring are indicative of rooting success.The relational model between rooting index and medium properties indicated that nutrient content and porosity significantly influenced callus production.However,pH strongly affected C.henryi root formation,with the Pearson correlation coefficients for May and July cuttings of-0.856 and-0.947,respectively.Our protocol is helpful to achieve mass clone propagation of improved C.henryi genotypes,thus overcoming a common hurdle in chinquapin breeding programs.

关键词： Adventitious roots formation Castane henryi Medium pH Phloem fiber ring xylem

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Changes in Anatomical Features and Protein Pattern of Sunflower Partially Resistant and Susceptible Lines During Infection By Virulence Factors of Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum

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Phyton-International Journal of Experimental Botany 2019年第2期88卷 149-159页

作者： Maryam Monazzah Sattar Tahmasebi Enferadi Zohre Rabiei Alessandro Mattiello Department of Plant Molecular Biotechnology Institute of Agricultural BiotechnologyNational Institute of Genetic Engineering and BiotechnologyTehranPO Box 14925/16Iran Department of Agri-Food Animal and Environmental SciencesUniversity of UdineUdineItaly.

Helianthus annuus L.as an oil seed crop is widely grown throughout the world.One of the most destructive diseases of sunflower is stem rot caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum.Oxalic acid is the major virulence factor of this necrotrophic pathogen.It is important to further investigate plant responses to this non-specific toxin.Therefore,in the present study,we compared the patterns of total soluble proteins and xylem morphology of partially resistant and susceptible sunflower lines after treatment with Sclerotinia culture filtrate.The basal stems of both lines were treated with 40 mM oxalic acid(pH 3.7)of fungus culture filtrate and samples were collected at 24,48 and 72 hours post treatment.In SDS-PAGE protein pattern new protein bands appeared in both lines after treatment.These observations suggest induction of stress-related proteins upon culture filtrate treatment.The identities of these new proteins need to be more clarify in future investigations.The changes in xylem morphology and degree of lignification of both lines was studied by light microscopy and microtome sectioning techniques after treatment with S.sclerotiorum culture filtrate.Anatomical investigations revealed changes in xylem diameter and xylem lignification of treated lines at various time points.More lignin deposition in xylem vessels of partially resistant line has been observed after treatment.In addition,the size of xylem vessels in partially resistant line has been sharply decreased upon pathogen filtrate treatment.The results of this study will help us gain a more complete understanding of resistance mechanisms to this cosmopolitan and devastating pathogen.

关键词： Microtome xylem Helianthus annuus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Stem rot

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Pharmacognostic standardization of stems of Thespesia lampas(Cav.)Dalz & Gibs

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 2012年第5期2卷 357-363页

作者： Chumbhale DS Upasani CD Department of Pharmacognosy Amrutvahini College of Pharmacy SNJB'S Shriman Sureshdada Jain College of Pharmacy

Objective:To establish the standardization parameters for complete pharmacoguoslic evaluation of stems of Tlespesia lampas(T.lampas)(Cav.) Dalz & Gibs(Malvaceae),an important planl in the Indian system of medicine.Methods:Morphological,microscopical,physico-chemical evaluations,florescence analysis of T.lampas stems were investigated and preliminary phytochemical analysis,GO-MS analysis and HPTLC fingerprinting were carried out for qualitative phytochemical evaluation of various extracts of stems of T.lampas.Results:Chemomieroscopy revealed the presence of lignin.starch grains and calcium oxalate crystals.Physicochemical evaluation used to detennine numerical slandards showed a result with total ash(9.03± 0.05)%w/w,acid insoluble ash(1.50±0.01)%w/w,water soluble ash(2.51±0.02)%w/w,sulphated ash(7.50+0.01)%w/w,ethanol soluble extractive(0.24±0.02)%w/w,water soluble extractive(0.08 ±0.01)<7,w/w,moisture content(6.03±0.05)%w/w and total crude fibre content of stem powder(47.36±0.32)%w/w.Behavior characteristics of the stem powder showed presence of steroids, starch,alkaloid,flavonoids and proteins.Preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed presence of glycosides,phenolic compounds,tannins,steroids,saponins,flavonoids,carbohydrates and proteins.GC-MS analysis showed the presence of fatty acids such as dodecanoic acid, lelraclecanoic acid,n-hexadecanoic acid,9-lelradecenal and HPTLC fingerprinting revealed the presence of β-sitosterol and quercetin in stems of T.lampas.Conclusions:The pharmacognostic standardization of T.lampas is useful towards establishing standards for quality, purity and sample identification.

关键词： Thespesia lampas Stems Pharmacognosy Malvaceae Physicochemical analysis Preliminary phytochemical testing GC-MS analysis Phelloderm Periderm xylem

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Pharmacognostic studies of the leaves and stem of Careya arborea Roxb.

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 2012年第5期2卷 404-408页

作者： Prakash Chandra Gupta Nisha Sharma Ch V Rao University Institute of Pharmacy Chhtrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University Pharmacognosy and Ethnopharmacology Division National Botanical Research Institute

Objective:To study detailed pharmacognostic profile of leaves and stem of Careya arborea(C. arborea) Roxb.(Lecthyidaceae),an important medicinal plant in the Indian system of medicine. Methods:Leaf and stem samples of C.arborea were studied by macroscopical,microscopical, physicochemical,phytochemical,fluorescence analysis of powder of the plant and other methods for standardization recommended by WHO.Results:Maeroscopieally,the leaves are simple, broadly obovate in shape,acuminate apex with crenate,dentate margin,petioles(0.1-1.8 cm) long. Microscopically,the leaf showed the presence of median large size vascular bundle covered with fibrous bundle sheath,arrangement of xylem in cup shape and presence of cortical vascular bundle, patches of sclerenchyma,phloem fibers in groups and brown pigment containing cells in stem are some of the diagnostic features noted from anatomical study.Powder microscopy of leaf revealed the presence of parenchyma cells,xylem with pitted vessels and epidermis with anisocylic slomata.The investigations also included leaf surface data;quantitative leaf microscopy and fluorescence analysis. Physiochemical parameters such as loss on drying,swelling index,extractive values and ash values were also determined and results showed that total ash of the stem bark was about two times higher than leaf and water soluble extractive value of leaf and stem bark was two limes higher than alcohol soluble extractive value.Preliminaiy phytochemical screening showed the presence of triterpenoids, saponins,tannins and flavonoids.Conclusions:The results of the study can serve as a valuable source of information and provide suitable standards for identification of this plant material in future investigations and applications.

关键词： Careya arborea Microscopy Macroscopy Pharmacognosy Stomata xylem Phloem Physicochemical

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