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Intramuscular vaccine administrations including the adoption of"Zeta-track technique"&"without aspiration slow injection technique"(ZTT&WASiT):a prospective review

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Frontiers of Nursing 2023年第1期10卷 21-42页

作者： Elena Sblendorio Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Consorziale Policlinico di Bari Bari 70124Italy Department of Biomedicine and Prevention University of Rome Tor VergataRomeItaly

Objective:To review the current literature on the practice of intramuscular injections(IMIs),focusing on ***:The present study comprises 2 reviews,characterized by high-quality evidence,per taining to the deployment of the slow injection technique without aspiration(referred to in this paper as the without-aspiration slow injection technique[WASi T])and combined with the Zeta-track technique(ZTT).The literature review is oriented toward the analysis of 2 features associated with IMIs techniques:safety and pain,integrating new evidence on vaccinee positioning for each muscle site and general relaxation techniques in the multi-parametric ***:The rigorous and in-depth reviews in the current study reveal the usefulness of including,among the international guidelines for via intramuscular immunizations,the adoption of WASi T only for compliant vaccinees,and in combination with all validated techniques for IMIs,and the use of ZTT limitedly if specific well-developed muscles are *** the technique's limitations are ***:Future research directions are presented by including the author's study designs to provide indirect evidence for the validity of the rationale of the slow injection technique using scientific methods,and for the conduction of future randomized controlled trials(RCTs)focused on revisiting the adoption of ZTT in a dynamic and integrated immunizations protocol in anterolateral thigh(ALT),ventrogluteal(VG),and also in the deltoid muscle,in the specific cases analyzed.

关键词： local reactogenicity injection site reactions injection technique safety intramuscular injections immunogenicity vaccinal solution leakage without-aspiration slow technique Zeta-track technique

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