Intramuscular vaccine administrations including the adoption of"Zeta-track technique"&"without aspiration slow injection technique"(ZTT&WASiT):a prospective review

作     者：Elena Sblendorio Elena Sblendorio

作者机构：Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Consorziale Policlinico di BariBari 70124Italy Department of Biomedicine and PreventionUniversity of Rome Tor VergataRomeItaly 

出 版 物：《Frontiers of Nursing》 (护理前沿（英文）)

年 卷 期：2023年第10卷第1期

页      面：21-42页

学科分类：1004[医学-公共卫生与预防医学(可授医学、理学学位)] 100401[医学-流行病与卫生统计学] 10[医学] 

主　　题：local reactogenicity injection site reactions injection technique safety intramuscular injections immunogenicity vaccinal solution leakage without-aspiration slow technique Zeta-track technique 

摘      要：Objective:To review the current literature on the practice of intramuscular injections(IMIs),focusing on ***:The present study comprises 2 reviews,characterized by high-quality evidence,per taining to the deployment of the slow injection technique without aspiration(referred to in this paper as the without-aspiration slow injection technique[WASi T])and combined with the Zeta-track technique(ZTT).The literature review is oriented toward the analysis of 2 features associated with IMIs techniques:safety and pain,integrating new evidence on vaccinee positioning for each muscle site and general relaxation techniques in the multi-parametric ***:The rigorous and in-depth reviews in the current study reveal the usefulness of including,among the international guidelines for via intramuscular immunizations,the adoption of WASi T only for compliant vaccinees,and in combination with all validated techniques for IMIs,and the use of ZTT limitedly if specific well-developed muscles are *** the technique s limitations are ***:Future research directions are presented by including the author s study designs to provide indirect evidence for the validity of the rationale of the slow injection technique using scientific methods,and for the conduction of future randomized controlled trials(RCTs)focused on revisiting the adoption of ZTT in a dynamic and integrated immunizations protocol in anterolateral thigh(ALT),ventrogluteal(VG),and also in the deltoid muscle,in the specific cases analyzed.