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water flooding behavior in flow cells for ammonia production via electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction

Fundamental Research 2022年第5期2卷 757-763页

作者： Zhefei Pan Farhan Khalid Abdullah Tahir Oladapo Christopher Esan Jie Zhu Rong Chen Liang An Department of Mechanical Engineering The Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHung HomKowloonHong Kong SARChina Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems(Chongqing University) Ministry of EducationChongqing 400030China Institute of Engineering Thermophysics Chongqing UniversityChongqing 400030China

The green production of ammonia,in an electrochemical flow cell under ambient conditions,is a promising way to replace the energy-intensive Haber-Bosch *** the operation of this flow cell with an alkaline electrolyte,water is produced at the anode but also required as an essential reactant at the cathode for nitrogen ***,water from the anode is expected to diffuse through the membrane to the cathode to compensate for the water needed for nitrogen *** water permeation,however,tends to increase the possibility of water flooding,which would not only create a large barrier for nitrogen delivery and availability,but also lead to severe hydrogen evolution as side reaction,and thus significantly lower the ammonia production rate and Faradaic *** this work,the water flooding phenomenon in flow cells for ammonia production via electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction is verified via the visualization approach and the electrochemical cell *** addition,the effects of the nitrogen flow rate,applied current density,and membrane thickness on the water crossover flux and ammonia production rate are comprehensively *** underlying mechanism of water transport through the membrane,including diffusion and electro-osmotic drag,is precisely examined and specified to provide more insight on water flooding behavior in the flow cell.

关键词： Nitrogen reduction Electrochemical ammonia production Flow cells water flooding water transport Operation conditions

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Application of New water flooding Characteristic Curve in the High water-Cut Stage of an Oilfield

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Fluid Dynamics & Materials Processing 2022年第3期18卷 661-677页

作者： Xi Zhang Changquan Wang Hua Wu Xu Zhao School of Petroleum Engineering Yangtze UniversityWuhan430100China Exploration and Development Research Institute of Jianghan Oilfield Company of Sinopec Wuhan430223China

The oil production predicted by means of the conventional water-drive characteristic curve is typically affected by large deviations with respect to the actual value when the so-called high water-cut stage is *** order to solve this problem,a new characteristic relationship between the relative permeability ratio and the average water saturation is *** comparing the outcomes of different matching methods,it is verified that it can well reflect the variation characteristics of the relative permeability ratio *** the new formula with a reservoir engineering method,two new formulas are derived for the water flooding characteristic curve in the high water-cut *** practicability is verified by using the production data of Mawangmiao and Xijiakou *** results show that the error between the predicted cumulative oil production and production data of the two new water drive characteristic curves is less than the error between the B-type water drive characteristic curve and the other two water drive characteristic *** is concluded that the two new characteristic curves can be used to estimate more accurately the recoverable reserves,the final recovery and to estimate the effects of water flooding.

关键词： water flooding characteristic curve high water cut period production dynamic prediction recoverable reserves water flooding

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The effect of physical property change on the water flooding development in Changqing oilfield Jurassic low permeability reservoir

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Petroleum 2015年第4期1卷 300-306页

作者： Yangnan Shangguan Yongqiang Zhang Weiliang Xiong Research Institute of Exploration and Development Changqing Oilfield CompanyChina

Changqing old oilfield Jurassic reservoir's average calibration recovery is 24.7%,with geological reserves recovery of 16.6%,water cut of 65.2%.And most of Jurassic reservoirs are in the middle and later field life,part of them has entered the high water cut and high recovery *** water flooding way for improving oil recovery becomes more difficult,and new method has to be *** oilfield BS district is a typical representative,with high water cut of 90.8%,high recovery percent of 26.1%and low oil recovery rate of 0.25%.To explore the new way to improve oil recovery,the polymer and surfactant(SP for short)important pilot test has been *** low permeability reservoir indoor core data in high water cut stage and inspection well results indicate that the reservoir permeability,pore combination characteristics and pore type changed greatly after long-term water flooding *** changes bring more difficulties to the continue development,especially the high injection pressure,which can cause other problems for well pattern infilling and *** paper takes the high injection pressure problem of Maling BS district Jurassic reservoir for example,analyzes the physical property change law on the following aspects:the development mode in the past,core analysis,formation sensitivity,interstitial matter,well test interpretation results,in order to help to further effective development and provide important parameters for tertiary oil recovery technique for similar reservoirs and others.

关键词： Jurassic reservoir Physical property change water flooding Core analysis EOR Low permeability

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Two-phase flow thermo-hydro-mechanical modeling for a water flooding field case

Rock Mechanics Bulletin

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Rock Mechanics Bulletin 2024年第3期3卷 81-90页

作者： Yuhao Liu Fengshou Zhang Dingwei Weng Hongbo Liang Chunming He Keita Yoshioka Key Laboratory of Geotechnical&Underground Engineering of Ministry of Education Tongji UniversityShanghai200092China Department of Geotechnical Engineering College of Civil EngineeringTongji UniversityShanghai200092China PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration&Development Beijing100083China CNPC Key Laboratory of Oil&Gas Reservoir Stimulation Langfang065007China Department of Petroleum Engineering Montanuniversitat LeobenLeobenLeoben8700Austria

Simulation of subsurface energy system involves multi-physical processes such as thermal,hydraulical,and mechanical(THM)processes,and requires a so-called THM coupled modeling *** coupled modeling is commonly performed in geothermal energy ***,for hydrocarbon extraction,we need to consider multiphase flow *** this paper,we describe a three-dimensional numerical model of non-isothermal two-phase flow in the deformable porous medium by integrating governing equations of two-phase mixture in the porous media flow in the *** account for inter-woven impacts in subsurface condi-tions,we introduced a temperature-dependent fluid viscosity and a fluid density along with a strain-dependent reservoir ***,we performed numerical experiments of a ten-year water flooding pro-cess employing the open-source parallelized code,*** considered different well patterns with colder water injection in realistic *** results demonstrate that our model can simulate complex interactions of temperature,pore pressure,subsurface stress and water saturation simultaneously to evaluate the recovery *** temperature can promote fluid flow while cold water injection under non-isothermal conditions causes the normal stress reduction by significant thermal *** different well patterns the displacement efficiency will be changed by the relative location between injection and production *** finding has provided the important reference for fluid flow and induced stress evolution during hydrocarbon exploitation under the environment of large reservoir depth and high temperature.

关键词： THM coupling Two phase flow OpenGeoSys water flooding Field-scale model

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Inter-well interferences and their influencing factors during water flooding in fractured-vuggy carbonate reservoirs

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Petroleum Exploration and Development 2020年第5期47卷 1062-1073页

作者： WANG Jing ZHAO Wei LIU Huiqing LIU Fangna ZHANG Tuozheng DOU Liangbin YANG Xinling LI Bo State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Prospecting in China University of Petroleum Beijing 102249China MOE Key Laboratory of Petroleum Engineering in China University of Petroleum Beijing 102249China College of Petroleum Engineering Xi’an Shiyou UniversityXi’an 710065China PetroChina Xinjiang Oilfield Company Xinjiang 834000China

Based on the characteristics of injection-production units in fractured-vuggy carbonate reservoirs,nine groups of experiments were designed and performed to analyze the interference characteristics and their influencing factors during water *** on percolation theory,an inversion model for simulating waterflooding interferences was proposed to study the influence laws of different factors on interference *** results show that well spacing,permeability ratio,cave size,and cave location all affect the interference characteristics of water *** the cave is located in high permeability fractures,or in the small well spacing direction,or close to the producer in an injection-production unit,the effects of water flooding are much *** the large cave is located in the high-permeability or small well spacing direction,the well in the direction with lower permeability or smaller well spacing will see water breakthrough *** the cave is in the higher permeability direction and the reserves between the water injector and producer differ greatly,the conductivity differences in different injection-production directions are favorable for water *** the injection-production well pattern is constructed or recombined,it’s better to make the reserves of caves in different injection-production directions proportional to permeability,and inversely proportional to the well *** well close to the cave should be a producer,and the well far from the cave should be an *** ratios of cave reserves to fracture reserves correspond to different optimal well spacings and optimal permeability ***,both optimal well spacing and optimal permeability ratio increase as the ratio of cave reserves to fracture reserves increases.

关键词： fractured-vuggy carbonate reservoir water flooding inter-well interference physical modeling experiment numerical inversion

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Mechanisms of remaining oil formation by water flooding and enhanced oil recovery by reversing water injection in fractured-vuggy reservoirs

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Petroleum Exploration and Development 2022年第5期49卷 1110-1125页

作者： WANG Jing QI Xiangsheng LIU Huiqing YANG Min LI Xiaobo LIU Hongguang ZHANG Tuozheng State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Prospecting China University of PetroleumBeijing 102249China MOE Key Laboratory of Petroleum Engineering China University of PetroleumBeijing 102249China Research Institute of Exploration and Development Northwest Oilfield CompanySinopecUrumqi 830011China

To get a deeper understanding on the formation mechanisms and distribution laws of remaining oil during water flooding, and enhanced oil recovery(EOR) mechanisms by reversing water injection after water flooding, 3D visualization models of fractured-vuggy reservoir were constructed based on the elements and configuration of fractures and vugs, and typical fracture-vug structures by using advanced CT scanning and 3D printing technologies. Then, water flooding and reversing water injection experiments were conducted. The formation mechanisms of remaining oil during water flooding include inadequate injection-production well control, gravity difference between oil and water, interference between different flow channels, isolation by low connectivity channel, weak hydrodynamic force at the far end. Under the above effects, 7 kinds of remaining oil may come about, imperfect well-control oil, blind side oil, attic oil at the reservoir top, by-pass residual oil under gravity, by-pass residual oil in secondary channel, isolated oil in low connectivity channel, and remaining oil at far and weakly connected end. Some remaining oil can be recovered by reversing water injection after water flooding, but its EOR is related to the remaining oil type, fracture-cavity structure and reversing injection-production structure. Five of the above seven kinds of remaining oil can be produced by six EOR mechanisms of reversing water injection: gravity displacement, opening new flow channel, rising the outflow point, hydrodynamic force enhancement, vertically equilibrium displacement, and synergistic effect of hydrodynamic force and gravity.

关键词： fractured-vuggy reservoir water flooding remaining oil reversing water injection stimulation mechanism enhanced oil recovery 3D printing

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Geochemical characteristics of reservoir after water and polymer flooding in Xingshugang oilfield of Daqing

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Global Geology 2012年第4期15卷 302-310页

作者： TIAN Zhishan College of Geo-Exploration Science and Technology Jilin University

Collecting 44 oil-sand specimens of Pu-I Member in two inspection wells before and after polymer flooding in the thirteenth district of Xingshugang oilfield,with experimental analysis,the author obtained the data about oil viscosity,flow,oil saturation and oil displacement *** result shows that viscous oil predominates in the main remaining oil in Xingshugang oilfield after water flooding with a certain amount of low viscosity oil,high viscosity oil and heavy oil;after polymer flooding,the viscous oil is main *** with water flooding,the low mobility and poor oil can be spread by polymer flooding,expanding the affected area and improving sweep efficiency and oil *** geochemical affecting factors of water flooding and oil displacement efficiency refer to reservoir flow,permeability and the viscosity of residual *** the reservoir with permeability from low to high,the polymer flooding efficiency is better than water *** provides the basis for improving the water and polymer flooding efficiency of the Xingshugang oilfield.

关键词： water flooding polymer flooding reservoir mobility oil displacement efficiency

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Theoretical exploration of water injection gravity flooding oil in ultra-deep fault-controlled fractured-cavity carbonate reservoirs

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Petroleum Exploration and Development 2022年第1期49卷 133-143页

作者： YANG Xuewen WANG Rujun DENG Xingliang LI Shiyin ZHANG Hui YAO Chao PetroChina Tarim Oilfield Company Korla 841000China

Based on the analysis of geological characteristics of ultra-deep fault-controlled fracture-cavity carbonate reservoirs and division of reservoir units, two physical models were made, and physical simulations of oil displacement by water injection were carried out to find out water flooding mechanism in the fault-controlled fracture-cavity carbonate reservoir under complex flow state. On this basis, a mathematical model of fault-controlled carbonate reservoir with coexisting seepage and free flow has been established. Pilot water injection tests have been carried out to evaluate the effects of enhancing oil recovery by water injection. The results show that: fault-controlled fracture-cavity carbonate reservoir units can be divided into three types:the strong natural energy connected type, the weak natural energy connected type and the weak natural energy isolated type;the fault-fracture activity index of the fault-controlled fractured-cavity body can effectively characterize the connectivity of the reservoir and predict the effective direction of water injection;the mathematical model of fault-controlled carbonate reservoir with coexisting seepage and free flows can quantitatively describe the fluid flow law in the fracture-cavity body;the water injected into the fault-controlled fracture-cavity body is weakly affected by the capillary force of the lithologic body, and the oil-water movement is mainly dominated by gravity. The development modes of single well water injection, unit water injection,and single well high pressure water injection proposed based on the connection structure of fracture-cavity space and well storage space configuration are confirmed effective by pilot tests, with obvious water injection gravity flooding effect.

关键词： Tarim Basin Ordovician fault-controlled carbonate reservoir fractured-cavity carbonate reservoir water flooding gravity flooding EOR

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Factors influencing oil recovery by surfactant-polymer flooding in conglomerate reservoirs and its quantitative calculation method

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Petroleum Science 2022年第3期19卷 1198-1210页

作者： Feng-Qi Tan Chun-Miao Ma Jian-Hua Qin Xian-Kun Li Wen-Tao Liu College of Earth and Planetary Sciences University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China Key Laboratory Computational Geodynamics Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China Xinjiang Oilfield Company PetroChinaKaramayXinjiang834000China

This study aims to clarify the factors influencing oil recovery of surfactant-polymer(SP)flooding and to establish a quantitative calculation model of oil recovery during different displacement stages from water flooding to SP *** conglomerate reservoir of the Badaowan Formation in the seventh block of the Karamay Oilfield is selected as the research object to reveal the start-up mechanism of residual oil and determine the controlling factors of oil recovery through SP flooding experiments of natural cores and microetching *** experimental results are used to identify four types of residual oil after water flooding in this conglomerate reservoir with a complex pore structure:oil droplets retained in pore throats by capillary forces,oil cluster trapped at the junction of pores and throats,oil film on the rock surface,isolated oil in dead-ends of flow *** the four types of residual oil identified,the SP solution can enhance oil recovery by enlarging the sweep volume and improving the oil displacement ***,the viscosity-increasing effect of the polymer can effectively reduce the permeability of the displacement liquid phase,change the oil-water mobility ratio,and increase the water ***,the stronger the shear drag force of the SP solution,the more the crude oil in a porous medium is ***,the surfactant can change the rock wettability and reduce the absorption capacity of residual oil by lowering interfacial *** the same time,the emulsification further increases the viscosity of the SP solution,and the residual oil is recovered effectively under the combined effect of the above two *** the four start-up mechanisms of residual oil identified after water flooding,enlarging the sweep volume and improving the oil displacement efficiency are interdependent,but their contribution to enhanced oil recovery are *** SP flooding system primarily enlarges the sweep volume by increasing viscos

关键词： Conglomerate reservoir water flooding Surfactant-polymer flooding Residual oil type Influencing factor Enhanced oil recovery Computational model

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Fracturing-flooding technology for low permeability reservoirs:A review

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Petroleum 2024年第2期10卷 202-215页

作者： Nianyin Li Shijie Zhu Yue Li Jingrui Zhao Bo Long Fei Chen Erzhen Wang Wentao Feng Yanan Hu Shubei Wang Chen Jiang State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation Southwest Petroleum UniversityChengdu610500China CNPC Southwest Oil and Gas Field Company Exploration and Development Research Institute Chengdu 610051China CNPC Southwest Oil and Gas Field Company Shale Gas Research Institute Chengdu 610051China Western Drilling Tuha Underground Operation Company Turpan838200China Changqing Downhole Technical Service Company of Chuanqing Drilling Engineering Co. Ltd.CNPCXi’anChina Petroleum Technology Research Institute Petrochina Changqing Oilfield CompanyXi'anChina

The development of low-permeability oil and gas resources presents a significant challenge to traditional development *** address the problem of“no injection and no production”in low-permeability reservoirs,a novel fracture-injection-production integration technology named fracturing-flooding has been proposed by oilfield *** technology combines the advantages of conventional fracturing,water flooding,and chemical flooding,resulting in improved reservoir physical properties,increased injection,replenished energy,and increased oil displacement *** technology is especially suitable for low-permeability reservoirs that suffer from lack of energy,and strong ***-flooding technology has shown significant results and broad development prospects in some oilfields in *** paper analyzes the development status of fracturing-flooding technology from its development history,technical mechanism,technical characteristics,process flow,types of fracturing and oil displacement fluids,and field *** and numerical simulations of fracturingflooding technology are also *** results suggest that fracturing-flooding technology is more effective than conventional fracturing,water flooding,and chemical flooding in stimulating lowpermeability tight reservoirs and improving oil ***,it has a high input-output ratio and can be utilized for future reservoir stimulation and transformation.

关键词： Fracturing-flooding Enhanced oil recovery Low permeability reservoirs water flooding Injection Chemical flooding Fracturing

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