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Hydrological Processes in a Small Research watershed under Forest Coverage in the Coast of Chiapas, Mexico

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Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 2023年第3期11卷 104-114页

作者： Juan Alberto Rodríguez-Morales Romeo de Jesús Barrios-Calderón Jorge Reyes-Reyes Dorian de Jesús Pimienta-de la Torre Autonomous University of Chiapas Faculty of Agricultural Sciences Cuerpo Académico Recursos Forestales Huehuetán Chiapas Mexico

In the hydrological watershed, some natural processes take place in which the interaction of water, soil, climate and vegetation favors the capture of water. The present study aimed to evaluate preliminary information regarding the hydrological response and the water balance in a small research watershed with tropical forest cover (15°01'44''N and 92°13'55''W, 471 m, 2.3 has). Events of precipitation, direct runoff, infiltration rate and baseflow were performed. The amount, duration and intensity of rainfall events were recorded with the use of a pluviograph. Surface runoff was quantified with an established gauging station, an H-type gauging device and a horizontal mechanical gauging limnograph. Runoff base flow was measured at the gauging station using the volume-time method. Infiltration was measured using a triple ring infiltrometer, taking two measurements in the upper part and two in the lower part of the microbasin. Evapotranspiration was measured with the amount of rainfall entering and runoff leaving the watershed. In the study period, annual rainfall of 4417.6 mm distributed over 181 events were recorded;about 70% of the storms showed lower intensities at 20 mm·h-1. The total runoff was 345.8 mm caused by half of the rainfall events, which represents 7.8% of the total rain;77% of runoff events showed lower sheets of 5 mm and an average specific rate of 20.7 L·s-1·ha-1 with a maximum of 113.6 L·s-1·ha-1. Three runoff events were greater than 20.1 mm and caused the 22.5% of the total runoff depth in the study period showing the equilibrium conditions in the hydrological response of the forest. water outputs like baseflow was 669.5 mm. In this way, 90% of the rainfall is infiltrated every year in the micro-watershed, which shows the importance of the plant cover in the hydrological regulation and the groundwater recharge.

关键词： Hydrological Response Tropical Forest Runoff-Rain Ratio water balance Groundwater Recharge

Virtual water Flows of Brazil’s International Trade

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Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 2024年第10期12卷 21-37页

作者： Umberto Antonio Sesso Filho Ricardo Luís Lopes Carlos Alberto Gonçalves Junior Emerson Guzzi Zuan Esteves Patrícia Pompermayer Sesso Department of Economics State University of Londrina (UEL) Londrina Brazil Department of Economics State University of Maring (UEM) Maring Brazil Department of Economics State University of Western Paran (Unioeste) Toledo Brazil Institute for Rural Development of Parana Londrina Brazil

The study aims to measure virtual water flows in Brazil’s international trade. The methodology is based on the input-output matrix, and the database used was the Eora Global Supply Chain Database. The results showed that Brazil exported 230.8 billion m3 of virtual water per year, representing approximately 34.7% of the water footprint of the national production system in 2015. Virtual water imports totaled 111.6 billion m3 with a positive balance (net exports) of 119.2 billion m3. The country is a net exporter of this resource except for trade relations with South America and Africa, regions with negative balances of −36 billion m3 and 3 billion m3, respectively. The main destinations for virtual water exports from Brazil are Europe, with 41% of the total exported, followed by Asia and North America, with values close to 20%. The fact that Brazil is a net exporter of water makes sustainable use of the resource important, as the diversity of climate, soil, and water availability at a regional level is a challenge, which makes it essential to increase the efficiency of the use and management of water resources.

关键词： Natural Resources water balance Input-Output Environment

Antecedent Precipitation Index to Estimate Soil Moisture and Correlate as a Triggering Process in the Occurrence of Landslides

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International Journal of Geosciences 2024年第1期15卷 70-86页

作者： Marcio Augusto Ernesto De Moraes Walter Manoel Mendes Filho Rodolfo Moreda Mendes Cassiano Antonio Bortolozo Daniel Metodiev Marcio Roberto Magalhães De Andrade Harideva Marturano Egas Tatiana Sussel Gonçalves Mendes Luana Albertani Pampuch CEMADEN - National Centre for Monitoring and Early Warnings of Natural Disasters General Coordination of Research and Development S&#227o José dos Campos Brazil Faculty of Science and Technology Goias Federal University Aparecida de Goi&#226nia Brazil Institute of Science and Technology S&#227o Paulo State University (Unesp) S&#227o José dos Campos Brazil

Landslides are highly dangerous phenomena that occur in different parts of the world and pose significant threats to human populations. Intense rainfall events are the main triggering process for landslides in urbanized slope regions, especially those considered high-risk areas. Various other factors contribute to the process;thus, it is essential to analyze the causes of such incidents in all possible ways. Soil moisture plays a critical role in the Earth’s surface-atmosphere interaction systems;hence, measurements and their estimations are crucial for understanding all processes involved in the water balance, especially those related to landslides. Soil moisture can be estimated from in-situ measurements using different sensors and techniques, satellite remote sensing, hydrological modeling, and indicators to index moisture conditions. Antecedent soil moisture can significantly impact runoff for the same rainfall event in a watershed. The Antecedent Precipitation Index (API) or “retained rainfall,” along with the antecedent moisture condition from the Natural Resources Conservation Service, is generally applied to estimate runoff in watersheds where data is limited or unavailable. This work aims to explore API in estimating soil moisture and establish thresholds based on landslide occurrences. The estimated soil moisture will be compared and calibrated using measurements obtained through multisensor capacitance probes installed in a high-risk area located in the mountainous region of Campos do Jordão municipality, São Paulo, Brazil. The API used in the calculation has been modified, where the recession coefficient depends on air temperature variability as well as the climatological mean temperature, which can be considered as losses in the water balance due to evapotranspiration. Once the API is calibrated, it will be used to extrapolate to the entire watershed and consequently estimate soil moisture. By utilizing recorded mass movements and comparing them with AP

关键词： Landslides Antecedent Precipitation Index Soil Moisture Threshold water balance

The Extent of Land Use Impact on water Regime in the Vseminka Catchment

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Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering(B) 2012年第2期1卷 228-237页

作者： Pavel Kovar Darina Vassova Faculty of Environmental Sciences Czech University of Life Sciences Prague 16521 Czech Republic

The paper deals with the impact of land use changes on water regime. An assessment was carried out in order to determine the extent to which the main components of the water balance on the experimental catchment Vseminka have been influenced by land use changes （region Vsetinske Hills, the Czech Republic）. For this reason, the water balance model WBCM-5 was implemented for the period of 30 years in a daily step, with particular focus on the simulation of the components of direct runoff and of subsurface water recharge. In the selected years of the period 1980-2009, major changes were made in land use and significant fluctuation of rainfall-runoff regimes were observed （e.g. dry year 1992, flood year 1997 and normal year 2009）. After WBCM-5 parameter calibration it was observed that some water balance components can change in relation to substantial land use changes, even up to dozens of percent in a balance-consideration, i.e. in daily, monthly and yearly or decadal values, specifically as far as the components of interception and also of direct runoff and of subsurface water recharge are concerned. However, a different situation appeared during the investigation of significant short-term rainfall-runoff processes. There were about seven real flood events during the same period on the same catchment which were analysed using the KINFIL-2 model （time step 0.5 hr）. Land use change, positive or negative scenarios, were also analysed during this period. As opposed to long-term water balance analyses, only a 10% difference in the hydrograph peak and volume was observed. In summary, the authors have shown that it is always important to distinguish a possible land use change impact on either long-term balance or short-term runoff. Otherwise, as often found in over simplified commentaries on flood events in the mass media, the actual impact of land use changes on water regime may be misunderstood.

关键词： Land use change water balance rainfall-runoff event hydrological model.

Analysis of water Resource Demands:Based on the Hydrological Unit

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Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering 2013年第2期1卷 48-59页

作者： Cheng Yanpei Ma Renhui Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology CAGS Hebei Normal University

It is important to take into account land use when considering water resource *** Hydrological unit is defined as the assimilation of land use and soil properties into a lumped element,spatially separate area which exhibits a typical hydrological *** physically based equations,water balance can be calculated and compared for different hydrological units and thus water resources can be *** Huanghua City in Hebei province is taken as an example to analyze the hydrological elements of water resources supply and demand for different land use *** City is located in the alluvial plains,which is flat,and geologically *** altitude is generally in 2.5-5 m above sea *** geomorphology consists of an ancient river course,depressions,shallow depressions,ancient shell dikes and lagoons,typical characteristics of a coastal plain.

关键词： Hydrological unit Land utilization water resources water balance

Experimental study and simulations of infiltration in evapotranspiration landfill covers

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water Science and Engineering 2009年第3期2卷 96-109页

作者： Wen-xian ZHANG Zhan-yu ZHANG Kang WANG College of water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering Hohai University Nanjing 210098 P. R. China Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College Linzhi 860000 P. R. China State Key Laboratory of water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 P. R. China

Various cover systems have been designed for landfill sites in order to minimize infiltration （percolation） into the underlying waste. This study evaluated the soil water balance performance of evapotranspiration covers （ET covers） and simulated percolation in the systems using the active region model （ARM）. Experiments were conducted to measure water flow processes and water balance components in a bare soil cover and different ET covers. Results showed that vegetation played a critical role in controlling the water balance of the ET covers. In soil profiles of 60-cm depth with and without vegetation cover, the maximum soil water storage capacities were 97.2 mm and 62.8 mm, respectively. The percolation amount in the bare soil was 2.1 times that in the vegetation-covered soil. The ARM simulated percolation more accurately than the continuum model because it considered preferential flow. Numerical simulation results also indicated that using the ET cover system was an effective way of removing water through evanotransoiration, thus reducing nercolation.

关键词： active region model evapotranspiration cover percolation control water balance

Hydroclimatology of the Kaduna River Basin

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American Journal of Climate Change 2021年第3期10卷 353-369页

作者： Temi E. Ologunorisa Olufemi S. Durowoju Ademola Akinbobola Department of Meteorology and Climate Science The Federal University of Technology Akure Nigeria Department of Geography Osun State University Osogbo Nigeria

This study examined the hydroclimatology of the Kaduna River Basin (KRB) in northern Nigeria. In achieving this, monthly data on temperature (T) and rainfall (P) were sourced from ten hydrometeorological stations across the basin from 1990 to 2018. DrinC (Drought Indices Calculator) software was deployed to calculate Potential Evapotranspiration (PET) adopting Thornthwaite approach. water balance (WB) model was used further to estimate other WB components i.e. soil moisture (SM), actual evapotranspiration (ETa), water surplus (S) and Runoff (R). WB components are used to examine the temporal and spatial variability of the KRB for hydrological years (1990-2018). KRB was divided into two sub-basins (Lower and Upper KRB). The WB analyses indicated the peak of R generally occurs during the wet season (i.e. April through October) most especially at the Upper KRB. The study further reveals that the runoff efficiencies imply that i.e. November through March) across the basin while the majority of S is generated during wet season months, particularly from April through October when ~95% of S occurs on average with the peak S in August. The results of this study provide a baseline understanding of the hydroclimatology of the KRB which can be used as a starting point for further analyses, especially for water resources management.

关键词： Hydroclimatology Kaduna River Basin water balance Nigeria