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Occurrence and Clinical Characteristics of vaginitis among Women of Reproductive Age in Lagos, Nigeria

Advances in Reproductive Sciences 2022年第4期10卷 91-105页

作者： Chinedum Taahie Oparaugo Bamidele Abiodun Iwalokun Francisca Obiageri Nwaokorie Nathaniel Adeleke Okunloye Adesegun Abiola Adesesan Idowu Olaide Edu-Muyideen Abimbola Modupe Adedeji Oliver Chukwujekwu Ezechi Mopelola Anotu Deji-Agboola Biochemistry & Nutrition Department Nigerian Institute of Medical Research Lagos Nigeria Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology Olabisi Onabanjo University Ago-Iwoye Nigeria Molecular Biology & Biotechnology Department Nigerian Institute of Medical Research Lagos Nigeria Central Research Laboratory Nigerian Institute of Medical Research Lagos Nigeria Department of Medical Laboratory Science College of Medicine University of Lagos Idi-Araba Lagos Nigeria Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences College of Health Sciences Ladoke Akintola University of Technology Ogbomoso Nigeria Microbiology Department Nigerian Institute of Medical Research Lagos Nigeria Monitoring & Evaluation Unit Nigerian Institute of Medical Research Lagos Nigeria Clinical Science Department Nigerian Institute of Medical Research Lagos Nigeria

Background: vaginitis is an important public health problem globally. It is associated with gynaecological and obstetric complications. Vulvovaginal candidiasis, bacterial vaginosis and trichomoniasis are mainly responsible for vaginitis. The aim of this study is to determine the occurrence, clinical characteristics and associated risk factors of vulvovaginal candidiasis and bacterial vaginosis among women of reproductive age attending Primary Health Care centres in Lagos Nigeria. Methods:This cross-sectional study recruited 258 women with genital complaints after obtaining their informed written consent between May 2017 and March 2018. Structured questionnaires were administered and high vaginal swabs were collected for laboratory examination. The results were analysed with descriptive statistics, chi-square and simple logistic regression. Results: Out of the 210 (81.4%) of the women with one or more vaginal infections, 105 (50.0%), 26 (12.4%) had bacterial vaginosis, and vulvovaginal candidiasis respectively while 78 (37.1%) had both vulvovaginal candidiasis and bacterial vaginosis. Only 1 (0.5%) participant had trichomoniasis and bacterial vaginosis. History of abortion and age below 25 years were associated with vulvovaginal candidiasis while pregnancy, history of miscarriage, age at first sexual activity and discharge were associated with bacterial vaginosis. Itching was associated with both vulvovaginal candidiasis and bacterial vaginosis. Conclusion: This study revealed vulvovaginal candidiasis and bacterial vaginosis as important cause of genital complaints among reproductive age women in Lagos. Health education, robust diagnosis and early treatment are needed in order to reduce the associated risk factors, disease burden and complications.

关键词： vaginitis Women Reproductive Age

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Study on vaginitis Among Intrauterine Contraceptive Device Users in Ibadan,South-western Nigeria

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Journal of Reproduction and Contraception 2009年第4期20卷 247-255页

作者： Michael Abiola Okunlola Okonkwo N.Stella-Maris Angelina A Tokzaka Oladosu.A Ojengbede Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology University College Hospital/College of MedicineUniversity of Ibadan Fertility Research Unit Department of Obstetrics and GynaecologyUniversity College Hospital/College of MedicineUniversity of Ibadan Centre for Population and Reproductive Health College of MedicineUniversity College HospitalIbadanNigeria

Objective To investigate IUD-related vaginitis in IUD users at the University College Hospital Ibadan, South-western Nigeria.Methods A prospective cohort study in IUD users present with abnormal vaginal discharge at the family planning clinic of the University College Hospital, Ibadan was conducted between lOth of October, 2008 and 31st of May 2009. High Vaginal Swabs were taken from the clients for microbiology, culture and drug sensitivity test. Diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis was made based on gram stained vaginal smear using the standard Nugents criteria. Other aetiological agents were identified either on wet preparation or culture using standard techniques. Treatment given was by the family planning nurse, as was the protocol at the family planning clinic.Results Twenty-four IUD users present at the Jamtty ptannmg ctmtc with vaginal discharge were studied. Their ages ranged 28-51 years（38.14 ± 5.9 years）, Mean parity was 4.4 ± 1.4, All the women were married and all used CuT 380A. The mean duration of lUCD use was 2.5 years only. Majority （46%） had used it for more than 3 years and most （75%） of the visits were unscheduled. All the clients complained of abnormal vaginal discharge which was copious, watery and foul smelling, or clumpy. Nine users （37.5%） complained of pruritus vulvae, 3 users （12.5%） lower abdominal pain, 1 user （4,2%） dyspareunia and vaginosis was made in 16 （66. 7%） and 1 （4.2%） dysuria. The diagnosis of bacterial vaginal candidiasis in 8 （33.3%）. Age less than 40 years, Christianity and IUD use more than 3 years were associated with a higher risk of bacterial vaginosis （OR=1.29, 1.67 and 6.6, respectively）, while women above 40 years, Muslims and women with lower educational status had a higher risk of candida-related vaginitis （OR=1.67 and 4.2, respectively）. Eight clients （33.3%） were treated for candidiasis with antifungals （3 empirically, and 5 after obtaining results of vaginal swab）, 9 （37.5%） were given oral metronidazole, 3 patients were referred to the gynaecological emergen

关键词： intrauterine devices vaginitis contraception Ibadan Nigeria

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Therapeutical effect of marine lysozyme suppository on bacterial vaginitis caused by S. aureus and E. coli

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中国药理学通报 2015年第B11期31卷 2-3页

作者： FUXin-hua YANGXiao-yun DepartmentofBiochenistryandMolecularViology WeifangMedicalUniversityWeifang261053

Aim To research therapeutical effect of marine lysozyme suppository on bacterial vaginitis caused by S. aureus and E. coll. Methods Lysozyme obtained from concha ostreae which were used to preparate marine lyso- zyme suppository. The identification and test of suppository was in line with the standards stated in Chinese pharma- coperia（2010 edition）. After determined its quality control, we studied its therapeutical effect on bacterial vaginitis which caused by S. aureus and E. coli, by vaginitis model in rats infection of S. aureus bacteria and E. coli. Results The preparation technology of marine lysozyme suppository was simple, convenient and clinically effective. The marine lysozyme suppository was delivered by dose 0.5, 0.25, 0. 125 g ~ kg-1, the cure rates of S. aureus infec- tion were 80% , 50% and 30% , respectively, the cure rates of E. coli infection were 90% , 60% and 30% re- spectively, the cure rates of mixed infection were 92.9% , 82. 1% and 92.9% respectively. Marine lysozyme sup- pository had an outstanding therapeutical effect on bacterial vaginitis which caused by S. aureus and E. coll. Con- clusion The preparative process of marine lysozyme suppository was practicable, and it had a good therapeutic effect on bacterial vaginitis caused by S. aureus and E. coll.

关键词： marine lysozyme suppository bacterial vaginitis

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vaginitis in Intrauterine Contraceptive Device Users

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Health 2014年第11期6卷 1218-1223页

作者： Fatemeh Shobeiri Mansour Nazari Department of Medical Entomology School of Medicine Hamadan University of Medical Sciences Hamadan Iran Research Center for Child & Maternity Care (RCCMC) Hamadan University of Medical Sciences Hamadan Iran

Objectives: This study aimed to assess clinical, microbial changes in IUD users and other contraceptive methods in referent to urban health centers in Hamadan city, Iran. Methods: Detailed history and gynecological examination were conducted on women (IUD users, n = 100) or other contraceptive methods (controls, n = 160) in the health centers. Results: Frequencies of the different vaginal pathogens, high indices of infection by bacterial vaginosis (12.0%) candida albicance (7.0%) and low indices of trichomoniasis (5.0%) were found in present study, but none of them in both groups was significant. Menorrhagia was more frequent among women with IUD than that among women without IUD (P vaginitis.

关键词： Intrauterine Device vaginitis Microbial Agent Erosion Cervix

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Oral Low-Molecular Weight Hyaluronic Acid in the Treatment of Atrophic vaginitis

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International Journal of Clinical Medicine 2014年第11期5卷 617-624页

作者： Tindara La Galia Antonio Micali Domenico Puzzolo Francesco Cancellieri Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images School of Medicine University of Messina Messina Italy Department of Gynecological Obstetric Sciences and Reproductive Medicine University of Messina Messina Italy

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of low molecular weight hyaluronic acid oral tablets for the treatment of atrophic vaginitis. 12 women with atrophic vaginitis were recruited for this double blind, placebo-controlled study. Patients were randomized to receive either low molecular weight hyaluronic acid (HA) oral tablets or placebo for three months. Vaginal biopsies were taken at baseline and after three months of treatment, and vaginal epithelium was analysed using light microscopy. The evaluation of symptoms was self-assessed by the patients. Biopsies from HA group showed an epithelium thicker than in placebo group. The lamina propria from the HA group also showed a denser appearance compared to placebo group. Morphometric analysis showed significant differences between HA and baseline in the number of epithelial layers and in the thickness. The evaluation of symptoms also showed an effective improvement in the patients treated with HA, compared to baseline and to placebo group. In conclusion, oral administration of HA tablets improved the vaginal epithelium, decreasing atrophy. This can be an ideal option for patients with atrophic vaginitis who do not want to or can not take estrogen and show low compliance toward vaginal administration.

关键词： Low Molecular Weight Hyaluronic Acid Atrophic vaginitis Menopause Vaginal Ephitelium

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Importance of Lactic Acid in Maintaining Vaginal Health: A Review of vaginitis and Vaginosis Etiopathogenic Bases and a Proposal for a New Treatment

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Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2014年第13期4卷 787-799页

作者： Javier Haya Africa García Carlos López-Manzanara Maher Balawi Lara Haya General University Hospital of Ciudad Real College of Medicine University of Castilla-La Mancha Ciudad Real Spain College of Medicine Autonomous University of Madrid Madrid Spain

The most frequent cause of visits to the gynecologist in the western world is vaginal discomfort (vaginitis and vaginosis) whose origin lies in the uncontrolled proliferation of bacteria, such as haemophilus vaginalis or Candida-type fungi, normally considered as saprophytes. Such uncontrolled development of saprophytes is caused by some types of aggression against?Doderlein bacilli and/or by a significant decrease in the amount of lactic acid (use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, douches with aggressive products, etc.). Consequently, as the vagina creates a progressively alkalinized and increasingly inadequate environment for the lactobacilli activity, a more favorable environment for the growth of saprophytes is created. The more alkaline the medium becomes, the lower the production of lactic acid. Therefore a vicious circle is created, resulting in the bacillus acidophilus near the lack of metabolism and the disappearance of lactic acid, hydrogen peroxide and bacteriocins. All of the above make it possible for saprophytic bacteria to proliferate and become pathogenic. So far, all vaginitis and vaginosis treatments have solely been focused on attacking the disproportionately developed bacteria but have not addressed the restoration of a vaginal acidic environment, i.e. the environment allowing the proliferation of lactic acid-producing bacillus acidophilus. This explains the high rate of relapse occurring after the treatment of these vaginal profiles. In this paper we propose a new treatment focused on the use of lactic acid to prevent recurrence after a vaginitis or vaginosis treatment.

关键词： Vaginal Health vaginitis Vaginosis Lactic Acid

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Frequency and molecular diagnosis of trichomoniasis in symptomatic women referred to laboratories in urmia north west Iran

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Journal of Acute Disease 2017年第4期6卷 175-180页

作者： Elham Shahnazi Habib Mohammadzadeh Chiman Daneshyar Alireza Chavoshin ShahramKhademvatan Cellular and Molecular Research Center&Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology Urmia University of Medical ScincesUrmia Iran Department of Medical Entomology School of Public HealthUrmia University of Medical SciencesUrmiaIran

Objective:To obtain the frequency of trichomoniasis and molecular diagnosis among women referred to a laboratory in Urmia (north west Iran).Methods: In the cross sectional study during the year 2014-2015, women with complaints of abnormal discharge, itching, irritation and unpleasant odor were studied using convenience sampling. These people were referred to one of the laboratories in town by gynecologist. After preparing the checklist of underlying data, vaginal wet smear samples was prepared to assess andChi-square in terms ofTrichomonas vaginalis(T. vaginalis) infection was examine. And results were analyzed with statistical tests. Results: 11.1% of referred casese were 30-40 years old, and about 54.8% of referred were illiterate and primitive. The frequency of trichomoniasis was 11.1% and statistically there was no significant difference. There was no significant difference among the age, education level, method of contraception, marriage age, location, employment status and the number of delivery withT. vaginalis.Conclusion:T. vaginalis compared to other studies have a moderate prevalence among women of Urmia. Because of the concordance of this infection with other sexual transmitted diseases, it is recommended that further studies of the prevalence of these diseases in Urmia be done.

关键词： Trichomonas vaginalis Frequency vaginitis Iran

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Solid State Vaginal Laser for the Treatment of Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause: A Preliminary Report

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Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2018年第2期8卷 113-121页

作者： D. Dodero F. Frascani M. Angelucci G. Bernabei E. Merlo F. Locatelli F. Murina Villa Maris Clinic Genova Italy Casa di Cura Santa Famiglia Rome Italy Blu Mar Clinic Milan Italy Studio Locatelli Modena Italy Lower Genital Tract Disease Unit V. Buzzi Hospital-University of Milan Milan Italy

Background: Genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM) is the new term for vulvovaginal atrophy (VVA). The condition is relevant in more than 50% of women, having an adverse impact on quality of life and sexual relationships. Objective: To assess the efficacy and safety of a new type of non-ablative laser, Solid State Vaginal Laser (SSVL), for vaginal tissue regeneration and rejuvenation. Method: Eighty participants with GSM symptoms were treated with a total of 4 treatments in about two months (every 15 - 20 days) of a non-ablative SSVL (LASEmaR 1500TM-EUFOTON). A cumulative intensity of GSM symptoms using a 10-cm VAS (dryness and/or burning and/or dyspareunia), the vaginal health index (VHI), the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) were evaluated. Urinary Incontinence Short Form (ICIQ-UI SF) and vaginal bioptic samples were also collected. Results: Improvement following the SSVL was observed on VHIS, VVA symptoms and sexual female function. This finding was also ratified by the improvement of vaginal histological features. After the SSVL treatment, almost all patients (91%) affected by urinary incontinence obtained the complete remission of symptoms. Conclusion: The objective evaluation of VHIS, FSFI and ICIQ-UI SF scores and the histological results indicates a real favorable effect of SSVL on GSM and on urinary incontinence.

关键词： Atrophic vaginitis Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause Urinary Incontinence Fractional Laser

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Prevalence of Non-<i>Albicans Candida</i>Infections in Women with Recurrent Vulvovaginal Symptomatology

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Advances in Infectious Diseases 2013年第4期3卷 238-242页

作者： Jason D. Mintz Mark G. Martens Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Jersey Shore Uni- versity Medical Center Neptune USA Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School Piscataway USA

Background: Candida vulvovaginitis is one of the most frequently diagnosed conditions in women’s care practices. Historically, 90% of cultured yeast species were C. albicans. However, due to a variety of interventions, the proportion of non-albicans Candida (NAC) infections appears to be increasing. We sought to estimate the current prevalence of Candida vulvovaginitis and the species-specific distribution of such infections in recurrent cases. Methods: Women with recurrent vulvovaginal symptomatology referred to an Obstetrics and Gynecology practice were tested by genital fungus culture, Candida-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR), or both between July 2010 and February 2013. Results: A total of 103 women were tested. Mean age was 45.6 years. Including only their most recent positive test result, 29.1% (30/103) of women tested positive for Candida by any of the above testing measures. Of those, 50% (15/30) tested positive for C. albicans and 50% (15/30) tested positive for a NAC species. Across all visits, 60% (18/30) tested positive for C. albicans, 56.7% (17/30) tested positive for NAC, and 16.7% (5/30) tested positive for both a C. albicans and a NAC species. Among all isolated NAC species, 28.6% (6/21) were determined to be C. glabrata, 23.8% (5/21) C. krusei, 23.8% (5/21) C. parapsilosis, and 23.8% (5/21) other Candida species. Conclusion: Approximately 30% of women with recurrent vulvovaginal symptomatology have detectable Candida strains and it appears that NAC species may cause half of all these infections. This is imperative because NAC infections are usually more difficult to diagnose and are resistant to most treatments.

关键词： Recurrent Vulvovaginal Candidiasis Non--Albicans Candida Fluconazole Yeast Infections Candida vaginitis

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需氧菌性阴道炎临床治疗的研究进展

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中华妇产科杂志 2016年第10期51卷 791-794页

作者：李婷牛小溪刘朝晖北京大学第一医院妇产科 100034

需氧菌性阴道炎（aerobic vaginitis，AV）主要是由需氧菌感染引起的，其最早被命名为“慢性渗出性阴道炎”，随后又称为“脱屑性阴道炎（desquamative inflammatory vaginitis，DIV）”。

关键词：菌性阴道炎需氧菌临床治疗 vaginitis inflammatory 渗出性脱屑性

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