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Update of transmission modelling and projections of gambiense human African trypanosomiasis in the Mandoul focus, Chad

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Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2022年第1期11卷 34-46页

作者： Kat S.Rock Ching-I Huang Ronald E.Crump Paul R.Bessell Paul E.Brown Inaki Tirados Philippe Solano Marina Antillon Albert Picado Severin Mbainda Justin Darnas Emily H.Crowley Steve J.Torr Mallaye Peka Mathematics Institute University of WarwickAcademic Loop RoadCoventryCV47ALUK Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology&Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research(SBIDER) University of WarwickAcademic Loop RoadCoventryCV47ALUK Independent Consultant EdinburghUK Department of Vector Biology Liverpool School of Tropical MedicineLiverpoolUK Institut de Recherche pour le Développement UMR INTERTRYP IRD-CIRADUniversitéde Montpellier34398MontpellierFrance Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute BaselSwitzerland University of Basel BaselSwitzerland Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics(FIND) GenevaSwitzerland Programme National de Lutte contre la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine(PNLTHA) MoundouChad

Background:In recent years,a programme of vector control,screening and treatment of gambiense human African trypanosomiasis(gHAT)infections led to a rapid decline in cases in the Mandoul focus of *** represent the biology of transmission between humans and tsetse,we previously developed a mechanistic transmission model,fitted to data between 2000 and 2013 which suggested that transmission was interrupted by *** present study outlines refinements to the model to:(1)Assess whether elimination of transmission has already been achieved despite low-level case reporting;(2)quantify the role of intensified interventions in transmission reduction;and(3)predict the trajectory of gHAT in Mandoul for the next decade under different ***:Our previous gHAT transmission model for Mandoul was updated using human case data(2000-2019)and a series of model *** include how diagnostic specificity is incorporated into the model and improvements to the fitting method(increased variance in observed case reporting and how underreporting and improvements to passive screening are captured).A side-by-side comparison of fitting to case data was performed between the ***:We estimated that passive detection rates have increased due to improvements in diagnostic availability in fixed health facilities since 2015,by 2.1-fold for stage 1 detection,and 1.5-fold for stage *** find that whilst the diagnostic algorithm for active screening is estimated to be highly specific(95%credible interval(CI):99.9-100%,Specificity=99.9%),the high screening and low infection levels mean that some recently reported cases with no parasitological confirmation might be false *** also find that the focus-wide tsetse reduction estimated through model fitting(95%CI:96.1-99.6%,Reduction=99.1%)is comparable to the reduction previously measured by the decline in tsetse catches from monitoring *** line with previous results,the model suggests that transmission was

关键词： Gambiense human African trypanosomiasis (gHAT) Modelling Elimination of transmission Validation Tsetse Vector control Glossina Diagnostics

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Human African trypanosomiasis in endemic focus of Abraka,Nigeria

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 2010年第6期3卷 448-450页

作者： Onyebiguwa Patrick Goddey Nmorsi Clement Isaac Igho Benjamin Igbinosa Duncan Ogheneocovo Umukoro Dafe Palmer Aitaikuru Tropical Disease Research Unit Department of ZoologyAmbrose Alli UniversityEkpomaNigeria Family Medicine Department Delta State UniversityAbraka Department of Science Laboratory Technology Delta State PolytechnicOtefeOghara

Objective:To investigated the prevalence of human African trypanosomiasis(HAT),a neglected tropical disease caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiens in an endemic focus of Nigeria,as it relates to age,sex and occupational ***:A total of 474 human subjects were screened using card agglutination test for trypanosomiasis *** samples were further investigated for parasite positivity in blood/serum and cerebrospinal fluid(CSF).Results:Of the 474 screened,44(9.3%) were seropositive with seroprevalence of 22(9.6%) in Urhouka,14(9.5%) in Umeghe and 8(7.9%) for *** number of seropositives,observed for weakly,moderately and strongly positives for the three communities were 4,7 and 11 in Urhouka,4,5 and 5 in Umeghe and 3,2 and 3 in Ugonu *** the 16 volunteers with detected parasite in their blood,4 of them were weakly positive,5 of them were moderately positive and 7 of them strongly positive.4 volunteers from Urhouka community were found parasites in their CSF and they were all strongly *** difference between the seroprevalence of males and females was not statistically significant(OR=1.14,95%CI=0.37-3.4,P>0.05).The prevalence difference between age group 21-30 years old and the youngest and oldest age groups was statistically significant(OR=3.5,95%CI= 1.08-12.57,P0.05),It was observed that farmers had significantly higher prevalence of HAT infection as well as greater risk of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infection than inhabitants with other occupations (OR=3.25,95%CI=0.99-11.79,P<0.05).Conclusions:Human activities such as farming and visits to the river have been identified as major risk factors to *** the breakdown of HAT control program has been advanced for the rise in HAT in Abraka,an endemic focus in Nigeria.

关键词： Human African trypanosomiasis Trypanosoma brucei gambiense Seropositivity Risk factors Nigeria

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Compounds from African Medicinal Plants with Activities Against Selected Parasitic Diseases:Schistosomiasis,trypanosomiasis and Leishmaniasis

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Natural Products and Bioprospecting 2018年第3期8卷 151-169页

作者： Conrad V.Simoben Fidele Ntie-Kang Sergi H.Akone Wolfgang Sippl Institute of Pharmacy Martin-Luther University of Halle-WittenbergWolfgang-Langenbeck-Str.406120 Halle(Saale)Germany Department of Chemistry Faculty of ScienceUniversity of BueaP.O.Box 63Buea 00237Cameroon Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology Heinrich-Heine-UniversityUniversitaetsstrasse1Geb.26.23Duesseldorf 40225Germany Department of Chemistry Faculty of ScienceUniversity of DoualaPO Box 24157Douala 00237Cameroon

Parasitic diseases continue to represent a threat on a global scale,particularly among the poorest countries in the *** is particularly because of the absence of vaccines,and in some cases,resistance against available drugs,currently being used for their *** this review emphasis is laid on natural products and scaffolds from African medicinal plants(AMPs)for lead drug discovery and possible further development of drugs for the treatment of parasitic *** the discussion,emphasis has been laid on alkaloids,terpenoids,quinones,flavonoids and narrower compound classes of compounds with micromolar range activities against Schistosoma,Trypanosoma and Leishmania *** each subparagraph,emphasis is laid on the compound subclasses with most promising in vitro and/or in vivo activities of plant extracts and isolated *** for future drug development from African medicinal plants have also been *** review covering 167 references,including 82 compounds,provides information published within two decades(1997-2017).

关键词： African medicinal plants Leishmaniasis Natural products Parasitic diseases Schistosomiasis trypanosomiasis

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Sero-Prevalence Study of Camel trypanosomiasis in Selected Villages of Galkayo, Somalia

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Open Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2017年第4期7卷 31-37页

作者： Abdulgani Huruse Ismail Mohamoud Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Red Sea University Galkayo Somalia

A cross-sectional study was carried out aimed to estimate sero-prevalence of camel trypanosomiasis and to investigate the related risk factors of the disease in Four Selected Villages of Galkayo, Mudug region from 14th March 2016 up to 20th April 2016. Blood samples were collected from 69 randomly selected camels of the four study villages, and samples were allowed to clot at room temper to detect the sero-prevalence of trypanosome using Card Agglutination Test for trypanosomiasis (CATT). The results indicated that the overall sero-prevalence of trypanosomiasis in camels that 15.9% (11) samples were positive for trypanosome evansi (T. evansi) was recorded. Higher infection was found in female (19.4) as compared to male (11.1). However, there is no statistically significant difference in sero-prevalence between sex categories (P > 0.05). High Test infection of sero-prevalence was noted 20% in young age (10), and there was statistically significant difference (P trypanosomiasis through the uses of curative and prophylactic drugs to avoid the various problems.

关键词： Sero-Prevalence trypanosomiasis CATT Camel Galkayo Somalia

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Environmental Mapping of Potential Habitats for Anthropod Vectors of trypanosomiasis in Northern Nigeria

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Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 2021年第9期9卷 34-51页

作者： Sadiq Abdullahi Yelwa Kabiru Bilalu Abdulhamid Yahuza Nura Garba Department of Environmental and Resources Management Faculty of Engineering and Environmental Design Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto Nigeria

This paper presents analysis of a cost effective methodology using remotely sensed data analysed within a geographical systems (GIS) environment for mapping out potential habitats of anthropod vectors responsible for trypanosomiasis in northern Nigeria. These geographical locations are areas with high population of livestock in Nigeria. Animal Trypanosomiasis is considered as an arthropod-borne viral disease which is endemic in about 37 countries of the sub-Saharan Africa and in particular northern Nigeria. This anthropod-borne viral disease remains a threat to both humans and livestock in many communities, and the outbreak of such diseases is shown to relate to fluctuations in the changing climate mostly experienced whenever there are changes in global precipitation which also relates to changes in sea surface temperatures otherwise known as “El Niňo Southern Oscillations” (ENSO). Monthly Satellite imageries in the form of Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) at 250 meters spatial resolution obtained from NASA-MODIS/CMD were subjected to principal component analysis utilizing the standardize

关键词： trypanosomiasis Habitat Cost Effective Measures Principal Component Analysis (PCA) El–Niño Southern Oscillations (ENSO)

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High Field MRI in Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT)

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Open Journal of Radiology 2017年第3期7卷 190-198页

作者： Cherif Mohamadou Aidara Caroline Magne Philomene Kouna Gaelle Ebinda Mipinda Abdoulaye Dione Diop Abdoulaye Ndoye Diop Sokhna Ba Radiology Office of Fann University Hospital Dakar-Fann Sénégal Internal Medecine Office of Polyclinique El Rapha Trois Quartiers Libreville Gabon Radiology Office of Polyclinique El Rapha Trois Quartiers Libreville Gabon

Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) or sleeping thickness is a forest and rural disease;where agriculture is the main activity. It is a chronic and lethal disease without treatment. HAT is caused by two parasites;Trypanosoma Brucei Gambiense (gTB) and Trypanosoma Brucei Rhodesiense (rTB) transmitted to humans by the tsetse fly. It is endemic condition in Africa between the 15° north latitude and the 20° south latitude. It is reported outside this area in travelers who stayed in endemic zone. Infection by gTB is wider and more frequent (98%) than that by rTB (2%). The Democratic Republic of Congo is the most affected country with more than 75% of reported cases. The geographical distribution is not homogeneous. There are more affected regions in a zone called “foci” which represents areas favorable to the development of the vector. Its diagnosis and treatment are very important because of its social and economic impact at both the individual and community levels. Promising molecules including fexinidazole are currently undergoing testing. Nowadays populations move more and more easily but the discovery of this disease in daily neuroradiological practice is exceptional. We propose in this paper through two observations, reminders on epidemiological, clinical and MRI features of HAT. It typically performs the edematous, bilateral and diffuse encephalitis. It is important to distinguish these aspects from the arsenic-induced encephalitis that may occur during treatment. Only vector control allows eradicating this disease. WHO has set targets elimination of HAT as a public health problem for 2020 deadline.

关键词： Human African trypanosomiasis High Field MRI Diffuse Encephalitis Optic Tract Arsenic-Induced Encephalitis

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HLA-G 3’UTR 14 bp Insertion Is Associated with a Decreased Risk of Developing Human African trypanosomiasis in the Côte d’Ivoire Population

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Open Journal of Genetics 2019年第2期9卷 31-41页

作者： Bernardin Ahouty Mathurin Koffi David Courtin Ilboudo Hamidou Didier Sokouri Innocent Abé Laure Gineau Thomas Konan Lingué Kouakou Tidou Abiba Sanogo Enock Matovu Bruno Bucheton Vincent Jamonneau Simon-Pierre N’Guetta Felix Houphouet Boigny University (UFHB) Cocody Abidjan C&#244 te d’Ivoire Jean Lorougnon Guédé University (UJLoG) Daloa C&#244 te d’Ivoire Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) Mère et Enfant face aux Infections Tropicales Faculté de Pharmacie Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité France Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l’Elevage en Zone Subhumide (CIRDES) Bobo-Dioulasso Burkina Faso Programme National d’élimination de la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine Abidjan C&#244 te d’Ivoire School of Veterinary Medicine Makerere University Kampala Uganda Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) IRD-CIRAD 177 Intertryp Université de Montpellier Montpellier France Institut Pierre Richet Bouaké C&#244 te d’Ivoire

Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), or sleeping sickness, caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, is associated with diverse clinical outcomes. Host’s genetic factors involved in immunity are potential factors that can regulate infection. Genetic polymorphisms within HLA-G could influence the level of HLA-G expression and therefore play a critical role in infection outcomes. The goal of our study was to investigate the association of 14 bp Indel HLA-G polymorphism with the susceptibility/resistance to HAT. DNA samples were collected from 119 cases, 221 controls and 43 seropositive individuals living in Ivorian HAT foci. The 14 bp Indel polymorphism was determined by PCR. Homozygous individuals for 14 bp insertion had a lower risk of progressing to active HAT (p = 0.012, OR = 0.27, 95% CI: 0.09 - 0.8). Moreover, the frequency of 14 bp insertion homozygous genotype was higher in the seropositive group (11%) than in the HAT cases group (3%) (p = 0.043, OR = 0.27, 95% CI: 0.07 - 0.99), which suggested a protective effect of 14 bp insertion homozygous genotype. Genetic polymorphisms in HLA-G may be associated with a variable risk to develop HAT. The 14 bp insertion appears to favour the occurrence of long-lasting T. b. gambiense latent infections.

关键词： HLA-G Human African trypanosomiasis Trypanosoma brucei gambiense Genetic Association Study

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Human African trypanosomiasis Successfully Treated with Melarsoprol in Pregnancy in a Niger Delta Rural Hospital

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Case Reports in Clinical Medicine 2014年第6期3卷 353-356页

作者： Uchechukwu C. Ugoji Andrew A. Bock-Oruma Duncan Umukoro Geraldine U. Ndukwu Department of Family Medicine Delta State University Abraka Nigeria Department of Family Medicine Shawsand Medical Centre Port Harcourt Nigeria Department of Family Medicine University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital Port Harcourt Nigeria

Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) commonly known as sleeping sickness occurs in about 36 countries in sub-Saharan Africa and results in a large number of deaths and considerable illness. The drugs used in the treatment of HAT are very toxic and therefore might not be safe in pregnancy. Few published data exist on the treatment of HAT in pregnancy. We describe a case of T. brucei gambiense infection occurring in a pregnant woman that was successfully treated with Melarsoprol with no toxic effect to mother and the baby after 2 years of follow-up.

关键词： African trypanosomiasis Sub-Saharan Africa Pregnancy Melarsoprol

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Role of chemokines and cytokines in the neuropathogenesis of African trypanosomiasis

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World Journal of Clinical Infectious Diseases 2013年第4期3卷 79-85页

作者： Willias Masocha Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics Faculty of PharmacyKuwait University

Trypanosoma brucei spp. cause human African trypanosomiasis(HAT) or sleeping sickness in humans and nagana in animals. The early stages of the disease have no specific symptoms; however, the late stage of the disease involves neurological signs of the disease, including disturbance of sleep patterns from which the disease derives the name sleeping sickness. During the late stage of African trypanosomiasis parasites, increased numbers of white blood cells and levels of cytokines and/or chemokines are found in the brain parenchyma and/or cerebrospinal fluid of animal models and HAT patients. In this mini review, contemporary findings on how chemokines and cytokines are thought to play an important role in the central nervous system invasion by the parasites, inflammation and the neuropathology of the disease are discussed. The levels of various cytokines and chemokines, such as interferongamma(IFN-γ), interleukin-1 beta(IL-1β), IL-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-α), C-C motif chemokine 2(CCL2), CCL3, C-X-C motif chemokine 8(CXCL8, IL-8) and CXCL10, in the cerebrospinal fluid(CSF) of HAT patients correlate with the severity or stage of the disease. Thus, these molecules are possible candidates for differentiating between early and late stage HAT. The role of cytokines and chemokines in parasite invasion of the central nervous system is also being eluci-dated. IFN-γ, TNF-α and CXCL-10 are some of the cytokines and chemokines now known to facilitate parasite penetration of the brain parenchyma. Interestingly, they also constitute some of the candidate molecules with potential to differentiate between stage 1 and 2 of HAT. The increased levels of cytokines, such as IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-γ and TNF-α, as well as prostaglandins, during African trypanosomiasis might contribute to the neurological dysfunctions that occur during HAT.

关键词： African trypanosomiasis Chemokine Cytokine Central nervous system Brain parenchyma Cerebrospinal fluid Neuroinvasion Neuroinflammation Neurological disturbances

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In-depth analysis of the genome of Trypanosoma evansi, an etiologic agent of surra

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Science China(Life Sciences) 2019年第3期62卷 406-419页

作者： Lili Zheng Ning Jiang Xiaoyu Sang Naiwen Zhang Kai Zhang Hongyu Chen Na Yang Ying Feng Ran Chen Xun Suo Qijun Chen Key Laboratory of Zoonosis College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Shenyang Agricultural University Department of Food Science Shenyang Agricultural University Department of Parasitology College of Veterinary Medicine Chinese Agricultural University

Trypanosoma evansi is the causative agent of the animal trypanosomiasis surra, a disease with serious economic burden worldwide. The availability of the genome of its closely related parasite Trypanosoma brucei allows us to compare their genetic and evolutionarily shared and distinct biological features. The complete genomic sequence of the T. evansi YNB strain was obtained using a combination of genomic and transcriptomic sequencing, de novo assembly, and bioinformatic analysis. The genome size of the T. evansi YNB strain was 35.2 Mb, showing 96.59% similarity in sequence and 88.97% in scaffold alignment with T. brucei. A total of 8,617 protein-coding genes, accounting for 31% of the genome, were predicted. Approximately 1,641 alternative splicing events of 820 genes were identified, with a majority mediated by intron retention, which represented a major difference in post-transcriptional regulation between T. evansi and T. brucei. Disparities in gene copy number of the variant surface glycoprotein, expression site-associated genes, microRNAs, and RNA-binding protein were clearly observed between the two parasites. The results revealed the genomic determinants of T. evansi, which encoded specific biological characteristics that distinguished them from other related trypanosome species.

关键词： Trypanosoma trypanosomiasis genome annotation function

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