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topless promotes plant immunity by repressing auxin signaling and is targeted by the fungal effector Naked1

Plant Communications 2022年第2期3卷 92-111页

作者： Fernando Navarrete Michelle Gallei Aleksandra EKornienko Indira Saado Mamoona Khan Khong-Sam Chia Martin A.Darino Janos Bindics Armin Djamei Gregor Mendel Institute(GMI) Austrian Academy of Sciences(OEAW)Vienna BioCenter(VBC)Dr.Bohr-Gasse 31030 ViennaAustria Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research(IPK) OT GaterslebenCorrensstraße 306466 Stadt SeelandGermany Present address:Institute of Science and Technology Austria Am Campus 13400 KlosterneuburgAustria Present address:Institute of Molecular Biotechnology Dr.Bohr-Gasse 31030 ViennaAustria Present address:Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation University of BonnBonnGermany

In plants,the antagonism between growth and defense is hardwired by hormonal *** perception of pathogen-associatedmolecularpatterns(PAMPs)frominvadingmicroorganismsinhibits auxin signalingand plant ***,pathogens manipulate auxin signaling to promote disease,but how this hormone inhibits immunity is not fully *** maydis is a maize pathogen that induces auxin signaling in its *** characterized a *** effector protein,Naked1(Nkd1),that is translocated into the host *** its native ethylene-responsive element binding factor-associated amphiphilic repression(EAR)motif,Nkd1 binds to the transcriptional co-repressors topless/topless-related(TPL/TPRs)and prevents the recruitment of a transcriptional repressor involved in hormonal signaling,leading to the derepression of auxin and jasmonate signaling and thereby promoting susceptibility to(hemi)biotrophic pathogens.A moderate upregulation of auxin signaling inhibits the PAMP-triggered reactive oxygen species(ROS)burst,an early defense ***,our findings establish a clear mechanism for auxin-induced pathogen *** Nkd1 variants with increased expression or increased EAR-mediated TPL/TPR binding trigger typical salicylic-acid-mediated defense reactions,leading to pathogen *** implies that moderate binding of Nkd1 to TPL is a result of a balancing evolutionary selection process to enable TPL manipulation while avoiding host recognition.

关键词： topless auxin pattern-triggered immunity PTI effector maize Ustilago maydis

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topless大统一模型

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上海师范大学学报(自然科学版) 1981年第3期 17-22页

作者：李新洲陆继宗张民生复旦大学上海师范学院

本文提出了一类新的topless大统一模型,首先构造了SU(6)topless模型,并将它嵌入SU(n)和E中,这类模型与CESR的b夸克的非轻子衰变实验一致。在这类模型中,b可通过中性流衰变。

关键词：统一模型非轻子衰变 CESR 弱衰变 topless 层子假设粒子夸克类模型

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SIZ1-Mediated SUMOylation of TPR1 Suppresses Plant Immunity in Arabidopsis

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Molecular Plant 2019年第2期12卷 215-228页

作者： De Niu Xiao-Li Lin Xiangxiong Kong Gao-Ping Qu Bin Cai Jiyoung Lee Jing Bo Jin Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100093 China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China Biological Resource Center Korea Research In stitute of Bioscie nee and Biotech no logy Jeon geup 56212 South Korea

Plant immune responses are tightly regulated to ensure their appropriate deployment. Overexpression of topless-RELATED 1 (TPR1), a SUPPRESSOR OF npr1-1, CONSTITUTIVE 1 (SNC1)-interacting protein, results in autoimmunity that reduces plant growth and development. However, how TPR1 activity is regulated remains unknown. Loss of function of SIZ1, a (SUMO) E3 ligase, induces an autoimmune response, partially due to elevated SNC1 levels. Here we show that SNC1 expression is upregulated in Arabidopsis thaliana siz1-2 due to positive-feedback regulation by salicylic acid. SIZ1 physically interacts with TPR1 and facilitates its SUMO modification. The K282 and K721 residues in TPR1 serve as critical SUMO attachment sites. Simultaneous introduction of K282R and K721R substitutions in TPR1 blocked its SUMOylation, enhaneed its transcriptional co-repressor activity, and increased its association with HISTONE DEACETYLASE 19 (HDA19), suggesting that SUMOylation of TPR1 represses its transcriptional co-repressor activity and inhibits its interaction with HDA19. In agreement with this finding, the simultaneous introduction of K282R and K721R substitutions enhanced TPR1 mediated immunity, and the tpr1 mutation partially suppressed autoimmunity in siz1-2. These results demonstrate that SIZ1-mediated SUMOylation of TPR1 represses plant immunity, which at least partly contributes to the suppression of autoimmunity under nonpathogenic conditions to ensure proper plant development.

关键词： immune response SIZ1 SUMO E3 ligase SUMO modification topless

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