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A review of salivary composition changes induced by fasting and its impact on health

Food Science and Human Wellness 2024年第1期13卷 50-64页

作者： Nurul Fadhilah Kamalul Aripin NIdayu Zahid Mohd Aizat Abdul Rahim Hashim Yaacob Parvez I.Haris Zubaidah Haji AbdRahim Rauzah Hashim School of Chemical Engineering College of EngineeringUniversiti Teknologi MARAShah Alam 40450Malaysia Centre for Fundamental and Frontier Sciences in Nanostructure Self-Assembly Department of ChemistryFaculty of ScienceUniversiti MalayaKuala Lumpur 50603Malaysia Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences Faculty of DentistryUniversiti MalayaKuala Lumpur 50603Malaysia UMSC Dental Specialist Clinic UM Dentistry TowerUniversiti MalayaMedical CentreKuala Lumpur 50603Malaysia Leicester School of Allied Health Sciences De Montfort UniversityLeicester LE19BHUnited Kingdom Chancellery(Research and Innovation) Universiti MalayaKuala Lumpur 50603Malaysia

Human saliva is an indispensable fluid that maintains a healthy oral cavity which otherwise can lead to oral diseases(dental caries and periodontitis).In addition,salivary metabolites and microbiome profile provide early detection of systemic diseases such as cancer and obesity.salivary diagnostic has gained popularity due to its non-invasive sampling technique.Fasting(abstinence from food or drink or both)research for weight loss and improve health is common,but studies using fasting saliva are scarce.Some metabolites in fasting saliva have been reported with interesting results,which can be enhanced by considering different confounding factors.For example,fasting saliva contains higher salivary nitrite,which is related to nitric oxide(NO).NO is a vasodilator supporting the healthy function of endothelial cells and its deficiency is connected to many diseases.The timely supply of NO through exogenous and endogenous means is highlighted and the potential advantage of fasting salivary composition changes in relation to COVID-19 infection is speculated.This review aims to provide a general discussion on the salivary composition,properties,and functions of the whole saliva,including the health benefits of fasting.

关键词： saliva Fasting Nitrate Nitrite Nitric oxide

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saliva:a challenging human fluid to diagnose brain disorders with a focus on Alzheimer's disease

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Neural Regeneration Research 2023年第12期18卷 2606-2610页

作者： Christine Zürcher Christian Humpel University Hospital for Restorative Dentistry and Periodontology Medical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria Laboratory of Psychiatry&Experimental Alzheimer’s Research Department of Psychiatry IMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria

Biomarkers are molecules of biological processes that help in both the diagnosis of human diseases and in follow-up assessments of therapeutic responses. Biomarkers can be measured in many human fluids, such as blood, cerebrospinal fluid, urine, and saliva. The-omics methods(genomics, RNomics, proteomics, and metabolomics) are useful at measuring thousands of markers in a small volume. saliva is a human fluid that is easily accessible, without any ethical concerns. Yet, saliva remains unexplored in regard to many human disease biomarkers. In this review, we will give an overview on saliva and how it can be influenced by exogenous factors. As we focus on the potential use of saliva as a diagnostic tool in brain disorders(especially Alzheimer's disease), we will cover how saliva is linked to the brain. We will discuss that saliva is a heterogeneous human fluid, yet useful for the discovery of biomarkers in human disorders. However, a procedure and consensus that is controlled, validated, and standardized for the collection and processing of saliva is required, followed by a highly sensitive diagnostic approach.

关键词： Alzheimer's disease biomarkers diagnosis oral-gut-brain axis periodontitis saliva

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saliva-based point-of-care testing techniques for COVID-19 detection

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Virologica Sinica 2022年第3期37卷 472-476页

作者： Shiwen Wang Ying Liu Yang Qiu Qian Dou Yang Han Muhan Huang Ke Hong Bei Yang Xi Zhou Qing Dai CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for NanotechnologyCAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceNational Center for Nanoscience and TechnologyBeijing100190China Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences Department of ChemistrySchool of SciencesTianjin UniversityTianjin300072China State Key Laboratory of Virology Wuhan Institute of VirologyCenter for Biosafety Mega-ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesWuhan430071China Joint Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Health Wuhan Institute of Virology&Wuhan Jinyintan HospitalWuhan Jinyintan HospitalWuhan430048China Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China

saliva has recently attracted increasing interest for disease diagnosis since it presents a rich pool of biological markers such as proteins,DNA,RNA,hormones,microorganisms.Notably,saliva collection is convenient and safe,making it a perfect candidate for point-of-care testing(POCT)techniques.Several saliva-based POCT devices have been developed for large-scale pandemic screening,self-diagnosis,daily health monitoring.

关键词： diagnosis POCT saliva

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Effects of the degree of oral processing on the properties of saliva-participating emulsions:using stewed pork with brown sauce as the model

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Food Science and Human Wellness 2023年第1期12卷 275-282页

作者： Mingcheng Zhang Xiaocao Zhao Dengyong Liu Guan Wang College of Food Science and Technology Bohai UniversityJinzhou 121013China Cuisine Science Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Sichuan Tourism UniversityChengdu 610100China Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing Quality and Safety ControlNanjing 210095China

This work investigated the changes in properties of saliva-participating emulsions during different oral processing stages(the whole process from intake to swallowing was divided into five stages,i.e.,20%,40%,60%,80%and 100%stage).The stewed pork with brown sauce was masticated and the emulsion was collected for the determination of emulsion stability,droplet size,ζ-potential,interfacial tension,and microstructure.The results showed that the emulsion stability increased gradually during the oral processing and reached the highest level near the swallowing point.The droplet size of emulsion showed a significant downward trend(Psaliva might act as an emulsifier.This study provides new insights on understanding the oral processing process and sensory changes of fat.

关键词： Oral processing Fat saliva Emulsification Stewed pork with brown sauce

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saliva in the diagnosis of diseases

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International Journal of Oral Science 2016年第3期8卷 133-137页

作者： Chen-Zi Zhang Xing-Qun Cheng Ji-Yao Li Ping Zhang Ping Yi Xin Xu Xue-Dong Zhou State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases West China Hospital of StomatologySichuan University Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics West China Hospital of StomatologySichuan University The Clinical Laboratory of West China Hospital of Stomatology Sichuan University

saliva is secreted from the salivary glands and has multiple functions, including mouth cleaning and protection, antibacterial effects and digestion. With the rapid advancement in salivaomics, saliva is well recognized as a pool of biological markers. saliva, as a non-invasive and safe source, could be a substitute for blood in the diagnosis and prognosis of diseases. This review summarizes the latest advancements in saliva-related studies and addresses the potential value of saliva in the early diagnosis of oral diseases, such as dental caries and periodontal disease, as well as cancer, diabetes and other systemic disorders. saliva biomarkers range from changes in the biochemical indices of DNA, RNA and proteins to the diversification of microbiota structures. This study integrates data reported in the recent literature and discusses the clinical significance and prospects for the application of saliva in the early diagnosis of diseases, translational medicine and precision medicine.

关键词： diagnosis oral diseases precision medicine saliva systemic diseases

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saliva as a diagnostic specimen for detection of SARS-CoV-2 in suspected patients: a scoping review

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Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2020年第4期9卷 3-9页

作者： Omid Fakheran Mandana Dehghannejad Abbasali Khademi Dental research center Department of PeriodonticsDental Research InstituteIsfahan University of Medical sciencesIsfahanIran Dental Research Center Dental Research InstituteIsfahan University of Medical sciencesIsfahanIran Dental Research Center Department of EndodonticsFaculty of DentistryDental Research InstituteIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahanIran

Background:From the begging months of 2020 a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus(SARS-CoV-2,also called 2019-nCoV)caused a devastating global outbreak.At present,the diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019(COVlD-19)is made through a nasopharyngeal swab based on reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR)technique.However,some recent studies suggested the possible role of oral fluids and saliva in the detection of SARS-CoV-2.The purpose of this scoping review is evaluating the available evidence regarding the efficacy of saliva as a diagnostic specimen in COVID-19 patients.Methods:A systematic literature review of six databases(PubMed,Scopus,The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials[CENTRAL],Science Direct,Web of Science and Google scholar)was carried out without any restrictions on date of publication to identify the reliability of saliva as a diagnostic specimen for detection of SARS-CoV-2 in suspected patients.Results:Nine eligible articles were included in this review based on our described method.All the included studies are based on clinical surveys among patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection.Most of studies included in this review,reported that there is no statistically significant difference between nasopharyngeal or sputum specimens and saliva samples regarding viral load.Conclusions:Despite limitations of this study,the findings of this review suggest that the use of self-collected saliva as a non-invasive specimen has proper accuracy and reliability regarding detection of SARS-CoV-2 based on RT-PCR technique.

关键词： COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 2019-nCoV saliva PCR Review

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A magnetic nanoparticles-based method for DNA extraction from the saliva of stroke patients

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Neural Regeneration Research 2013年第32期8卷 3036-3046页

作者： Li Yi Ying Huang Ting Wu Jun Wu Department of Neurology Peking University Shenzhen Hospital

C677T polymorphism in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase （MTHFR） gene is a risk factor for stroke, suggesting that widespread detection could help to prevent stroke. DNA from 70 stroke pa- tients and 70 healthy controls was extracted from saliva using a magnetic nanoparticles-based method and from blood using conventional methods. Real-time PCR results revealed that the C677T polymorphism was genotyped by PCR using DNA extracted from both saliva and blood samples. The genotype results were confirmed by gene sequencing, and results for saliva and blood samples were consistent. The mutation TT genotype frequency was significantly higher in the stroke group than in controls. Homocysteine levels were significantly higher than controls in both TT genotype groups. Therefore, this noninvasive magnetic nanoparticles-based method using saliva samples could be used to screen for the MTHFR C677T polymorphism in target populations.

关键词： neural regeneration brain injury stroke magnetic nanoparticles saliva methylenetetrahydrofolatereductase homocysteine gene polymorphism gene screening grants-supported paper neuroregeneration

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Bioinformatics advances in saliva diagnostics

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International Journal of Oral Science 2012年第2期4卷 85-87页

作者： Barry Smith David TW Wong University of California at Los Angeles School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute Center for Health SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesUSA Departmentof Philosophy University at BuffaloBuffaloUSA

There is a need recognized by the National Institute of Dental ＆ Craniofacial Research and the National Cancer Institute to advance basic, translational and clinical saliva research. The goal of the salivaomics Knowledge Base （SKB） is to create a data management system and web resource constructed to support human salivaomics research. To maximize the utility of the SKB for retrieval, integration and analysis of data, we have developed the saliva Ontology and SDxMart. This article reviews the informatics advances in saliva diagnostics made possible by the saliva Ontology and SDxMart.

关键词： BioMart database ontology saliva

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Interferon-c and interleukin-4 detected in serum and saliva from patients with oral lichen planus

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International Journal of Oral Science 2014年第1期6卷 22-26页

作者： Wen-Zhao Liu Ming-Jing He Long Long Dong-Liang Mu Ming-Shu Xu Xue Xing Xin Zeng Ga Liao Hong-Xia Dan Qian-Ming Chen College of Stomatology Chongqing Medical University Chongqing Research Center for Oral Diseases and Biomedical Science State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases West China Hospital of Stomatology Sichuan University

Our previous salivary study had demonstrated an apparent T helper 2 （Th2）-predominance in saliva of oral lichen planus （OLP） patients and suggested a potential of salivary interleukin-4 （IL-4） as a biomarker for monitoring disease severity. To further determine the consistency of Th1/Th2 bias of OLP, this study investigated the expression profile of interferon-γ （IFN-γ） and IL-4 in serum and the relationship of the serum levels of these cytokines with their saliva partners. Sixty ethnic Chinese patients with OLP （40 of the erythematous/ulcerative form and 20 of the reticular form） were recruited for this study, with 40 age-sex-matched healthy volunteers as control group. IFN-γ and IL-4 levels in serum and paired saliva samples were screened by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. OLP patient showed a low-level IFN-γ but high-level IL-4 expression profile in both serum and saliva, with a lower IFN-γ/IL-4 ratio. Serum IL-4 level in the erythematous/ulcerative group was significantly higher than that in the reticular group. Serum levels of IFN-γ and IL-4 were significantly and positively correlated with their saliva partners. These results provided more evidence for Th2 cytokine- predominant immune imbalance in OLP, as well as the potential of IL-4 as the biomarker for monitoring severity of OLP.

关键词： oral lichen planus saliva serum T helper cytokines

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Effects of Qigong Exercises on 3 Different Parameters of Human saliva

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Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine 2008年第4期14卷 262-266页

作者： Saeed Bayat-Movahed Yadollah Shayesteh Homan Mehrizi Shermin Rezayi Kobra Bamdad Banafsheh Golestan Mansoureh Mohamadi Sports Medicine Research Center Medical Sciences/University of TehranTehranIran Department of Periodontics Faculty of DentistryMedical Sciences/University of TehranTehranIran Yang's Martial Art Association Iran Department of Immunology Faculty of MedicineMedical Sciences/University of TehranTehranIran Department of Epidemiology Faculty of MedicineMedical Sciences/University of TehranTehranIran Community Dentistry Department Medical Sciences/University of TehranTehranIran

Objective： To analyze the effects of a Qigong program on various parameters of unstimulated saliva, including volume, pH and secretory immunoglobulin A （S-IgA） level. Methods： Twice a day from the beginning of Fall 2005, twenty-three healthy volunteers aged 22-24 did special Qigong exercises and massage of acupuncture points which stimulated the energy cycle and increased body water energy. The unstimulated saliva volume and pH were recorded every week in Spring （April, May, June） 2005 before the volunteers started to learn and exercise Qigong, and after Qigong intervention in Spring （April, May, June） 2006. During the period of study, saliva was collected in the same location and on similar dates at the Dental Faculty of Tehran University of Medical Sciences. The S-IgA levels of the last samples of the last week of Spring 2005 and 2006 were measured. Results： The unstimulated saliva volume after Qigong exercises （2.94±0.20 mL/5min） was significantly higher as compared to the pre-Qigong phase （1.65±0.102 mL/5min, P〈0.05）. The S-IgA level was 105.45±69.41 mg/mL before doing Qigong exercises, and 156.23±88.56 mg/mL after doing Qigong exercises, and a statistically significant difference was seen between the two measurements （P=0.005）. The change in pH was not statistically significant. Conclusions： The application of Qigong is beneficial for increasing salivary volume and other parameters. Moreover, the results suggest that Qigong may be a useful medication for patients with salivary hyposecretion. Further research is recommended in examining the long-term effects of Qigong on improving salivary volume and other parameters in individuals with salivary hyposecretion.

关键词： Qigong saliva secretory immunoglobulin A

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