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Neuronal Response to reward and Luminance in Macaque LIP During Saccadic Choice

Neuroscience Bulletin 2023年第1期39卷 14-28页

作者： Ziqi Wu Aihua Chen Xinying Cai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics(Ministry of Education) East China Normal University(ECNU)Shanghai200062China New York University(NYU)Shanghai Shanghai200122China NYU-ECNU Institute of Brain Cognitive Science at NYU ShanghaiShanghai200062China Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics(Ministry of Education) School of Psychology and Cognitive ScienceECNUShanghai200062China

Recent work in decision neuroscience suggests that visual saliency can interact with reward-based choice,and the lateral intraparietal cortex(LIP)is implicated in this process.In this study,we recorded from LIP neurons while monkeys performed a two alternative choice task in which the reward and luminance associated with each offer were varied independently.We discovered that the animal’s choice was dictated by the reward amount while the luminance had a marginal effect.In the LIP,neuronal activity corresponded well with the animal’s choice pattern,in that a majority of reward-modulated neurons encoded the reward amount in the neuron’s preferred hemifield with a positive slope.In contrast,compared to their responses to low luminance,an approximately equal proportion of luminance-sensitive neurons responded to high luminance with increased or decreased activity,leading to a much weaker population-level response.Meanwhile,in the non-preferred hemifield,the strength of encoding for reward amount and luminance was positively correlated,suggesting the integration of these two factors in the LIP.Moreover,neurons encoding reward and luminance were homogeneously distributed along the anterior-posterior axis of the LIP.Overall,our study provides further evidence supporting the neural instantiation of a priority map in the LIP in reward-based decisions.

关键词： reward Luminance Attention Priority map Saccadic choice Lateral intraparietal cortex

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Efficient Optimal Routing Algorithm Based on reward and Penalty for Mobile Adhoc Networks

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2023年第4期75卷 1331-1351页

作者： Anubha Ravneet Preet Singh Bedi Arfat Ahmad Khan Mohd Anul Haq Ahmad Alhussen Zamil S.Alzamil Department of Computer Applications I.K.G.Punjab Technical UniversityKapurthala144601PunjabIndia Research and Development I.K.G.Punjab Technical UniversityKapurthala144604PunjabIndia Department of Computer Science College of ComputingKhon Kaen UniversityKhon Kaen40002Thailand Department of Computer Science College of Computer and Information SciencesMajmaah UniversityAl-Majmaah11952Saudi Arabia Department of Computer Engineering College of Computer and Information SciencesMajmaah UniversityAl-Majmaah11952Saudi Arabia

Mobile adhoc networks have grown in prominence in recent years,and they are now utilized in a broader range of applications.The main challenges are related to routing techniques that are generally employed in them.Mobile Adhoc system management,on the other hand,requires further testing and improvements in terms of security.Traditional routing protocols,such as Adhoc On-Demand Distance Vector(AODV)and Dynamic Source Routing(DSR),employ the hop count to calculate the distance between two nodes.The main aim of this research work is to determine the optimum method for sending packets while also extending life time of the network.It is achieved by changing the residual energy of each network node.Also,in this paper,various algorithms for optimal routing based on parameters like energy,distance,mobility,and the pheromone value are proposed.Moreover,an approach based on a reward and penalty system is given in this paper to evaluate the efficiency of the proposed algorithms under the impact of parameters.The simulation results unveil that the reward penalty-based approach is quite effective for the selection of an optimal path for routing when the algorithms are implemented under the parameters of interest,which helps in achieving less packet drop and energy consumption of the nodes along with enhancing the network efficiency.

关键词： Routing optimization reward penalty mobility energy throughout pheromone

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Projections from D2 Neurons in Different Subregions of Nucleus Accumbens Shell to Ventral Pallidum Play Distinct Roles in reward and Aversion

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Neuroscience Bulletin 2021年第5期37卷 623-640页

作者： Yun Yao Ge Gao Kai Liu Xin Shi Mingxiu Cheng Yan Xiong Sen Song Laboratory of Brain and Intelligence Department of Biomedical Engineeringand McGovern Institute for Brain ResearchTsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China Center for Brain-Inspired Computing Research Beijing Innovation Center for Future ChipsTsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China School of Life Science Tsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China National Institute of Biological Sciences Beijing 102206 Department of Psychology University of MichiganAnn ArborMI 48109USA Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Neurobiology School of Basic Medical SciencesPeking UniversityBeijing 100191China

The nucleus accumbens shell(NAcSh) plays an important role in reward and aversion. Traditionally, NAc dopamine receptor 2-expressing(D2) neurons are assumed to function in aversion. However, this has been challenged by recent reports which attribute positive motivational roles to D2 neurons. Using optogenetics and multiple behavioral tasks, we found that activation of D2 neurons in the dorsomedial NAcSh drives preference and increases the motivation for rewards, whereas activation of ventral NAcSh D2 neurons induces aversion. Stimulation of D2 neurons in the ventromedial NAcSh increases movement speed and stimulation of D2 neurons in the ventrolateral NAc Sh decreases movement speed. Combining retrograde tracing and in situ hybridization, we demonstrated that glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons in the ventral pallidum receive inputs differentially from the dorsomedial and ventral NAcSh. All together, these findings shed light on the controversy regarding the function of NAcSh D2 neurons, and provide new insights into understanding the heterogeneity of the NAcSh.

关键词： Nucleus accumbens shell Ventral pallidum D2 neurons reward Aversion Motivation

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Brain areas activated by uncertain reward-based decision-making in healthy volunteers

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Neural Regeneration Research 2013年第35期8卷 3344-3352页

作者： Zongjun Guo Juan Chen Shien Liu Yuhuan Li Bo Sun Zhenbo Gao Special Health Care Department Affiliated Hospital of Medical College Qingdao University The Institute of Brain Science & Human Resource Management of Qingdao University Department of Medical Imaging Affiliated Hospital of Medical College Qingdao University Qingdao Mental Health Center

reward-based decision-making has been found to activate several brain areas, including the ven- trolateral prefronta~ lobe, orbitofrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, ventral striatum, and mesolimbic dopaminergic system. In this study, we observed brain areas activated under three de- grees of uncertainty in a reward-based decision-making task （certain, risky, and ambiguous）. The tasks were presented using a brain function audiovisual stimulation system. We conducted brain scans of 15 healthy volunteers using a 3.0T magnetic resonance scanner. We used SPM8 to ana- lyze the location and intensity of activation during the reward-based decision-making task, with re- spect to the three conditions. We found that the orbitofrontal cortex was activated in the certain reward condition, while the prefrontal cortex, precentral gyrus, occipital visual cortex, inferior parietal lobe, cerebellar posterior lobe, middle temporal gyrus, inferior temporal gyrus, limbic lobe, and midbrain were activated during the ＇risk＇ condition. The prefrontal cortex, temporal pole, inferior temporal gyrus, occipital visual cortex, and cerebellar posterior lobe were activated during am- biguous decision-making. The ventrolateral prefrontal lobe, frontal pole of the prefrontal lobe, orbi- tofrontal cortex, precentral gyrus, inferior temporal gyrus, fusiform gyrus, supramarginal gyrus, infe- rior parietal Iobule, and cerebellar posterior lobe exhibited greater activation in the ＇risk＇ than in the ＇certain＇ condition （P 〈 0.05）. The frontal pole and dorsolateral region of the prefrontal lobe, as well as the cerebellar posterior lobe, showed significantly greater activation in the ＇ambiguous＇ condition compared to the ＇risk＇ condition （P 〈 0.05）. The prefrontal lobe, occipital lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, limbic lobe, midbrain, and posterior lobe of the cerebellum were activated during deci- sion-making about uncertain rewards. Thus, we observed different levels and regions of activation for different types of reward processing during

关键词： neural regeneration neuroimaging decision-making reward uncertainty cognitive processing functionalmagnetic resonance imaging brain grants-supported paper neuroregeneration

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High on food： the interaction between the neural circuits for feeding and for reward

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Frontiers in Biology 2015年第2期10卷 165-176页

作者： Jing-Jing Liu Diptendu Mukherjee Doron Haritan Bogna Ignatowska-Jankowska Ji Liu Ami Citri Zhiping P. Pang Child Health Institute of New Jersey Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology Rutgers University Robert Wood Johnson Medical School New Brunswick NJ 08901 USA Department of Biological Chemistry Institute for Life Sciences The Hebrew University of Jerusalem 91904 Jerusalem Israel The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences The Hebrew University of Jerusalem 91904 Jerusalem Israel

Hunger, mostly initiated by a deficiency in energy, induces food seeking and intake. However, the drive toward food is not only regulated by physiological needs, but is motivated by the pleasure derived from ingestion of food, in particular palatable foods. Therefore, feeding is viewed as an adaptive motivated behavior that involves integrated communication between homeostatic feeding circuits and reward circuits. The initiation and termination of a feeding episode are instructed by a variety of neuronal signals, and maladaptive plasticity in almost any component of the network may lead to the development of pathological eating disorders. In this review we will summarize the latest understanding of how the feeding circuits and reward circuits in the brain interact. We will emphasize communication between the hypothalamus and the mesolimbic dopamine system and highlight complexities, discrepancies, open questions and future directions for the field.

关键词： feeding neural circuitry hedonic reward mesolimbic system dopamine hypothalamus

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Game Theory and the Evolution of Cooperation

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Journal of the Operations Research Society of China 2022年第2期10卷 379-399页

作者： Bo-Yu Zhang Shan Pei Laboratory of Mathematics and Complex Systems Ministry of EducationSchool of Mathematical SciencesBeijing Normal UniversityBeijing 100875China

Evolution is based on the competition between individuals and therefore rewards only selfish behavior.How cooperation or altruism behavior could prevail in social dilemma then becomes a problematic issue.Game theory offers a powerful mathematical approach for studying social behavior.It has been widely used to explain the evolution of cooperation.In this paper,we first introduce related static and dynamic game methods.Then we review two types of mechanisms that can promote cooperation in groups of genetically unrelated individuals,(i)direct reciprocity in repeated games,and(ii)incentive mechanisms such as reward and punishment.

关键词： Cooperation Game theory Direct reciprocity reward Punishment

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Role of prefrontal cortex-nucleus accumbens glutamatergic projection in heroin reward and motivation

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中国药理学与毒理学杂志 2018年第9期32卷 725-726页

作者： ZHU Hua-qiang LAI Miao-jun XU Wen-jin ZHUANG Ding-ding FU Dan HONG Qing-xiao LIU Hui-fen ZHOU Wen-hua Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience Ningbo Addiction Research and Treatment Center School of Medicine Ningbo University Ningbo 315010 China

OBJECTIVE Glutamatergic projections from prefrontal cortex(PFc) to nucleus accumbens(NAc) regulate the dopamine(DA) release in NAc.However,it is not clear whether this circuit is effective for the reward and motivation of heroin addiction.Our study investigates the effects of metabotropic glutamate receptor 2/3(mGluR2/3) and the projections from ventromedial prefrontal cortex(vmPFc) to the NAc shell on the reward and motivation of heroin-addicted rats.METHODS First,rats were trained to selfadministration for 14 d.On the 15 thday,parts of rats were injected with mGluR 2/3 agonist LY379268(0.1,0.3 and 1.0 mg·kg-1,ip) systematically and another parts of rats were bilaterally microinjected with LY379268(0.3 and 1.0 g·L^(-1))at the volume of 0.5 μL into the ventral tegmental area(VTA),NAc core or NAc shell,respectively.All rats were followed by heroin self-administration testing under fixed ratio 1(FR1) schedule or progressed ratio(PR) schedule to observe the effect of LY379268 on the heroin reward or motivation.Second,rats were injected chemogenetic glutamatergic virus(pAAV-CaMKIIa-hM3 D(Gq)-mCherry or pAOV-CaMKIIa-hM4 D(Gi)-mCherry-3 Flag) or negative control virus in vmPFc,and trained to heroin self-administration for 14 d.On the 15 thday,rats were bilateral y microinjected with clozapine-N-oxide(CNO,1 mmol·L^(-1),0.5 μL) into NAc shell and tested the effect on the heroin reward or motivation.Finally,rats were injected optogenetical glutamatergic virus(AAV2/9-CaM KⅡ-hChR2-EYFP) or negative control virus in vmPFc,implanted 16 channel photoelectrode in ipsilateral NAc shell,and trained to heroin selfadministration for 14 d.On the 15 thday,rats were tested heroin reward under FR1 procedure with blue light stimulation in the wavelength of470 nm,frequency of 25 HZ and power of 5 mW.Each stimulation lasting for 1 h and interval for1 h.The spike changes before and after stimulation in NAc Shel neural nerve was recorded.RESULTS LY379268 cloud dose-dependent attenuated the heroin reward or motivation and the local effective

关键词： heroin ventromedial prefrontal cortex nucleus accumbens metabotropic glutamatereceptor 2/3 reward motivation

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Optimal stopping in predictable setting

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Probability, Uncertainty and Quantitative Risk 2023年第4期8卷 485-498页

作者： Siham Bouhadou Astrid Hilbert Youssef Ouknine Department of Mathematics Faculty of Sciences SemlaliaCadi Ayyad UniversityBd.Prince My AbdellahB.P.239040000 MarrakechMorocco Department of Mathematics Linnaeus UniversityB2051Hus BVäxjöSweden Mohammed VI Polytechnic University Hay Moulay Rachid Ben Guerir43150Morocco

In this study,we delve into the optimal stopping problem by examining the p(ϕ(τ),τ∈T_(0)^(p))case in which the reward is given by a family of nonnegative random variables indexed by predictable stopping times.We aim to elucidate various properties of the value function family within this context.We prove the existence of an optimal predictable stopping time,subject to specific assumptions regarding the reward functionϕ.

关键词： Optimal stopping Supermartingale Predictable stopping time Admissible family reward

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Basolateral Amygdala Inactivation Reduces Sexual Motivation in Male Rats during Performance of a T-Maze Task with a Sexual reward

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Journal of Behavioral and Brain Science 2014年第5期4卷 223-233页

作者： Marisela Hernández-González Francisco Abelardo Robles Aguirre Miguel ángel Guevara Gina Lorena Quirarte Paulina Haro Magallanes Centro Universitario del Norte Universidad de Guadalajara Colotlán Jalisco México Instituto de Neurobiología Campus UNAM-UAQ Juriquilla Querétaro México Instituto de Neurociencias Universidad de Guadalajara Guadalajara Jalisco México

This study was aimed to determine the effect of amygdaline inactivation on the sexual motivation of male rats during a T-maze task with a sexual reward. Subjects were chronically implanted with two stainless-steel cannulae that enabled the infusion of tetrodotoxin, a sodium channel blocker, into the left and right basolateral amygdala (BLA). Animals were divided into 3 groups: saline (SS);TTX1 (tetrodotoxin at 2.5 ng);and TTX2 (tetrodotoxin at 5.0 ng). To induce a sexually-motivated state, all male rats were allowed to have an intromission with a receptive female before performing the T-maze task, after which their sexual motivation was evaluated during seven trials in which a receptive female was placed in one goal-box of the T-maze, and a non-receptive one in the other. Subjects were allowed an intromission as a sexual reward whenever they reached the goal-box containing the receptive female, but were returned to the start-box if they did not. At the end of the experiment, copulation until ejaculation was permitted. Both doses of TTX increased the time rats required to cross the maze stem during the final trials. In terms of sexual interaction, the high dose of TTX increased more markedly mount, intromission and ejaculation latencies and the number of mounts and intromissions. Overall, these results indicate that the BLA may play an important role in modulating sexual behavior, particularly in maintaining sexual motivation in successive trials in a T-maze task and during sexual interaction per se.

关键词： Basolateral Amygdala Sexual Motivation Sexual reward T-Maze Tetrodotoxin Copulation Rats

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Modeling and Analysis of Bandwidth Allocation in IEEE 802.16 MAC: A Stochastic reward Net Approach

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International Journal of Communications, Network and System Sciences 2010年第7期3卷 631-637页

作者： Shanmugam Geetha Raman Jayaparvathy 不详

In this paper, we present a stochastic reward net (SRN) approach to analyse the performance of IEEE 802.16 MAC with multiple traffic classes. The SRN model captures the quality of service requirements of the traffic classes. The model also takes into account pre-emption, priority and timeout characteristics associated with the traffic classes under consideration. The performance of the system is evaluated in terms of mean delay and normalized throughput considering the on-off traffic model. Our analytical model is validated by simulations.

关键词： Wimax IEEE 802.16 Stochastic reward Net Mean Delay Throughput

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