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Robust Facial Biometric Authentication System Using pupillary Light Reflex for Liveness Detection of Facial Images

Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences 2024年第4期139卷 725-739页

作者： Puja S.Prasad Adepu Sree Lakshmi Sandeep Kautish Simar Preet Singh Rajesh Kumar Shrivastava Abdulaziz S.Almazyad Hossam M.Zawbaa Ali Wagdy Mohamed CSE Department Geethanjali College of EngineeringHyderabadTelangana501301India Department of Computer Science LBEF CampusKathmandu44600Nepal School of Computer Science Engineering and Technology(SCSET) Bennett UniversityGreater Noida201310India Department of Computer Engineering College of Computer and Information SciencesKing Saud UniversityP.O.Box 51178Riyadh11543Saudi Arabia CeADAR Ireland’s Centre for AI Technological University DublinDublinD07 EWV4Ireland Operations Research Department Faculty of Graduate Studies for Statistical ResearchCairo UniversityGiza12613Egypt Applied Science Research Center Applied Science Private UniversityAmman11937Jordan

pupil dynamics are the important characteristics of face spoofing detection.The face recognition system is one of the most used biometrics for authenticating individual identity.The main threats to the facial recognition system are different types of presentation attacks like print attacks,3D mask attacks,replay attacks,etc.The proposed model uses pupil characteristics for liveness detection during the authentication process.The pupillary light reflex is an involuntary reaction controlling the pupil’s diameter at different light intensities.The proposed framework consists of two-phase methodologies.In the first phase,the pupil’s diameter is calculated by applying stimulus(light)in one eye of the subject and calculating the constriction of the pupil size on both eyes in different video frames.The above measurement is converted into feature space using Kohn and Clynes model-defined parameters.The Support Vector Machine is used to classify legitimate subjects when the diameter change is normal(or when the eye is alive)or illegitimate subjects when there is no change or abnormal oscillations of pupil behavior due to the presence of printed photograph,video,or 3D mask of the subject in front of the camera.In the second phase,we perform the facial recognition process.Scale-invariant feature transform(SIFT)is used to find the features from the facial images,with each feature having a size of a 128-dimensional vector.These features are scale,rotation,and orientation invariant and are used for recognizing facial images.The brute force matching algorithm is used for matching features of two different images.The threshold value we considered is 0.08 for good matches.To analyze the performance of the framework,we tested our model in two Face antispoofing datasets named Replay attack datasets and CASIA-SURF datasets,which were used because they contain the videos of the subjects in each sample having three modalities(RGB,IR,Depth).The CASIA-SURF datasets showed an 89.9%Equal Error Rate,while the Replay Attack datasets showed

关键词： SIFT pupil CASIA-SURF pupillary light reflex replay attack dataset brute force

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Dynamic assessment of variations in pupil diameter using swept‑source anterior segment optical coherence tomography after phakic collamer lens implantation

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Eye and Vision 2021年第1期8卷 396-403页

作者： Felix Gonzalez‑Lopez Carmen Bouza‑Miguens Victor Tejerina Vasyl Druchkiv Blas Mompean Julio Ortega‑Usobiaga Rafael Bilbao‑Calabuig Department of Refractive Surgery Clinica BavieraMelchor Fernández Almagro928029 MadridSpain Department of Research and Development Clinica BavieraValenciaSpain

Purpose:To dynamically assess variations in pupil diameter induced by changes in brightness in myopic eyes implanted with an implantable collamer lens(ICL,STAAR Surgical)with a central port.Methods:This prospective,observational single-center case series study comprised 65 eyes from 65 consecutive patients undergoing ICL implant.A modified commercially available swept-source Fourier-domain anterior segment optical coherence tomography(AS-OCT)device was used for imaging and performing dynamic pupillometry under changing light conditions before and after a mean follow-up interval of four months after surgery.Results:Preoperative mean pupil size under photopic conditions was 3.38±0.64 mm;after surgery,this increased to 3.48±0.61 mm.Mean pupil size under scotopic light conditions was 5.72±0.79 mm before surgery and 5.84±0.77 mm postoperatively.The differences between preoperative and postoperative pupil diameter in miosis and mydriasis were 0.10±0.44 mm(P=0.078)and 0.12±0.58 mm(P=0.098),respectively.The scotopic pupil exceeded the optic zone of the implanted lens in 39 eyes(60%).The mean central vault value was 412±177μm under maximum miosis and 506±190μm under maximum mydriasis.We found a positive correlation between vault and differences in pupil diameter under all light conditions(Ppupillary diameter in the iris plane.The changes in the pupil diameter under different light conditions after the implantation of an ICL are related to the postoperative vault.

关键词： Phakic collamer lens ICL pupil OCT Central hole Central port Posterior chamber phakic lens

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Ocular higher-order aberrations and mesopic pupil size in individuals screened for refractive surgery

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International Journal of Ophthalmology(English edition) 2012年第2期5卷 222-225页

作者： Seyed Javad Hashemian Mohammad Soleimani Alireza Foroutan Mahmood Joshaghani Mohammad Jafar Ghaempanah Mohammad Ebrahim Jafari Mehdi Yaseri Eye Research center Rasoul Akram Hospital Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics School of Public Health Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran

AIM: To study the distribution of ocular higher-order aberrations(HOAs) and mesopic pupil size in individuals screened for refractive surgery. · METHODS: Ocular HOAs and mesopic pupil size were studied in 2 458 eyes of 1 240 patients with myopia, myopic astigmatism and compound myopic astigmatism and 215 eyes of 110 patients with hyperopia, hyperopic astigmatism and compound hyperopic astigmatism using the Zywave aberrometer (Busch& Lomb). All patients had correctable refractive errors without a history of refractive surgery or underlying diseases. Root-mean-square values of HOAs, total spherical aberration, total coma and mesopic pupil size were analyzed. Ocular HOAs were measured across a ≥ 6.0 mm pupil, and pupil size measurements were performed under the mesopic condition. · RESULTS: The mean values of HOAs, total spherical aberration and total coma in the myopic group were 0.369 μm, ±0.233, 0.133±0.112μm and 0.330±0.188μm, respectively. In the hyperopic group the mean values of HOAs, total spherical aberration and total coma were 0.418μm±0.214, 0.202±0.209μm and 0.343±0.201μm, respectively. Hyperopes showed greater total HOAs (P pupil size in the myopic group was larger (P ≤0.05). · CONCLUSION: The results suggested that significant levels of HOAs were found in both groups which are important for planning refractive surgeries on Iranians. There were significantly higher levels of total spherical aberration in hyperopes compared to myopes. Mesopic pupil size was larger in myopic group.

关键词： corneal wavefront aberration pupil mesopic vision race myopia hyperopia

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pupil Size Measurement and Sucrose Ingestion for Quantifying and Decreasing Burden of Women during Mammography

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Journal of Biomedical Science and Engineering 2015年第10期8卷 700-706页

作者： Yongbum Lee Mieko Uchiyama Tomoko Sumiyoshi Graduate School of Health Sciences Niigata University Niigata Japan

Many women feel a physical burden, which usually appears as a pain, during mammography. We examined the pain-related pupil dilation response during mammography. Twenty-four healthy women participated in the examination. They were randomly assigned to water group or sucrose group. Water group and sucrose group ingested distilled water and a sucrose solution during mammography, respectively. Their pupil sizes were measured during mammography excluding X-ray irradiation. The subjective intensity of pain during mammography was also assessed using visual analogue scales (VAS). The mean pupil diameter was 2.99 mm in relaxation phase before mammography, while it was 3.15 mm in a few seconds after breast compression (pressure phase). The difference between the two was statistically significant (p p < 0.01). These results suggest that we may be able to assess objectively the degree of pain associated with mammography and sweet taste stimuli may be effective to alleviate a women’s burden received during mammography.

关键词： Mammography Pain Assessment Pain Alleviation pupil Dilation Sweet Stimuli

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Series of cataract surgeries with I-ring pupil expansion ring

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World Journal of Ophthalmology 2019年第1期8卷 1-6页

作者： Kenneth Lu Martin Garcia Jack Tian Rustum Karanjia Doheny Eye Institute University of California

BACKGROUND The retrospective review of I-ring pupil expansion ring use is designed to examine the patient characteristics and associated surgical challenges in a clinical practice.The hypothesis is that I-ring provides a necessary additive tool in dealing with challenging cataract surgeries with small pupils.AIM To document the safety profile and use of I-ring pupil expansion ring in a clinical practice.METHODS A retrospective chart review of 12 consecutive cases within the same year(2016)of cataract surgeries employing I-ring pupil expansion ring(Beaver-Visitec,International)by a single surgeon at the same ambulatory surgical center was conducted.Demographic,pre-op,intra-op,and post-op data were recorded.Total number of cataract cases performed was also recorded.RESULTS 8 of 12 cases were planned I-ring cases.1 case was decided intraoperatively when femtosecond laser caused the pupil to shrink.The other 3 cases were also decided upon intraoperatively when pupil was deemed to be small.7 patients had IFIS from Flomax use.2 patients had pseudoexfoliation syndrome as the cause of small pupil.2 patients had narrow angles with brunescent cataracts.2 patients had pre-op partial zonular dehiscence.1 patient had 360o of posterior synechiae.2 cases had ruptured posterior capsule that required anterior vitrectomy.No complications were attributed to the pupil expansion ring.A total of 296 cataract surgeries were performed that year by the surgeon,making the rate of pupil ring use 4.1%.CONCLUSION Small pupil requiring pupil expansion ring during cataract surgery is often associated with other challenges,such as brunescent cataract,zonular weakness,and posterior synechiae in this series.I-ring helped to reduce at least one challenge in these difficult cases.

关键词： Malyugin ring I-ring Small pupil Pseudoexfoliation syndrome Cataract Iris retraction IFIS Zonular dehiscence Challenging cataract surgeries pupil expansion device

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Suitability of open-field autorefractors as pupillometers and instrument design effects

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International Journal of Ophthalmology(English edition) 2017年第4期10卷 567-572页

作者： Carles Otero Mikel Aldaba Oriol Ferrer Andrea Gascón Juan C Ondategui-Parra Jaume Pujol Davalor Research Center Technical University of Catalonia

AIM：To determine the agreement and repeatability of the pupil measurement obtained with VIP-200（Neuroptics）,Power Ref II（Plusoptix）,WAM-5500（Grand Seiko） and study the effects of instrument design on pupillometry.METHODS：Forty patients were measured twice in low,mid and high mesopic.Repeatability was analyzed with the within-subject standard deviation（Sw） and paired t-tests.Agreement was studied with Bland-Altman plots and repeated measures ANOVA.Instrument design analysis consisted on measuring pupil size with Power Ref II simulating monocular and binocular conditions as well as with proximity cues and without proximity cues.RESULTS：The mean difference（±standard deviation） between test-retest for low,mid and high mesopic conditions were,respectively：-0.09（±0.16）,-0.05（±0.18） and-0.08（±0.23） mm for Neuroptics,-0.05（±0.17）,-0.12（±0.23） and-0.17（±0.34） mm for WAM-5500,-0.04（±0.27）,-0.13（±0.37） and-0.11（±0.28） mm for Power Ref II.Regarding agreement with Neuroptics,the mean difference for low,mid and high mesopic conditions were,respectively：-0.48（±0.35）,-0.83（±0.52） and-0.38（±0.56） mm for WAM-5500,-0.28（±0.56）,-0.70（±0.55） and-0.61（±0.54） mm for Power Ref II.The mean difference of binocular minus monocular pupil measurements was：-0.83（±0.87） mm;and with proximity cues minus without proximity cues was：-0.30（±0.77） mm.CONCLUSION：All the instruments show similar repeatability.In all illumination conditions,agreement of Neuroptics with WAM-5500 and Power Ref II is not good enough,which can be partially induced due to their open field design.

关键词： pupil repeatability agreement open-field

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Relationship between contrast sensitivity and corneal shape following overnight orthokeratology

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International Journal of Ophthalmology(English edition) 2019年第2期12卷 275-279页

作者： Li-Li Liu Li-Ping Gong Yue-Yuan Xu Xuan Zhu Kaddie Kwok Chen Wei-Feng Liu The Eye Hospital of Nanchang University The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University Department of Ophthalmology University of California San Francisco

AIM: To evaluate the relationship between contrast sensitivity(CS) and corneal shape following overnight orthokeratology(OK). METHODS: We conducted a retrospective clinical study of 80 lens-wearing myopia patients, all of whom had undergone OK and had been evaluated by Orbscan II topography. We measured the surface irregularity index(SIRI) of corneal topography at 3 and 5 mm, the size of the flattened central corneal curvature of OK lens(zone A), the size of the cornea altered by OK lens(zone B), the size of the pupillary area at the corneal level(zone C), the area of crossover between zones A and C(zone AC), the area of crossover between zones B and C(BC), the ratio of BC to B(BC/B), and the ratio of AC to C(AC/C). CS was evaluated using the CSV-1000 with spatial frequencies of 3, 6, 12, and 18 cycles/degree(CPD). RESULTS: Multiple correlation analyses indicated significant negative correlations between CS, zone C, BC/B, and 3-mm SIRI(all P<0.01). There were no significant differences between CS, zone B, AC/A, or 5-mm SIRI(P=0.60, 0.94 and 0.11, respectively). Zone C was negatively correlated with 3, 6, 12, and 18 CPD. 5-mm SIRI were negatively correlated with 6, 12, and 18 CPD. BC/C was negatively correlated with 6 and 18 CPD. AC/C was positively correlated with 3 CPD. CONCLUSION: Zone C, 3-mm SIRI and BC/B affect the CS following overnight OK.

关键词： orthokeratology contrast sensitivity pupil size area shaped cornea myopia

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The Influence of Parent-Child Relationship on pupils’ Learning Motivation: The Mediating Role of Teacher-Student Relationship

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Journal of Psychological Research 2022年第3期4卷 6-13页

作者： Yuzhu Ren Shixiang Liu Teachers College of Beijing Union University Beijing100011China

Objective:The study is to analyze the influence of parent-child relationship on pupils’learning motivation,and to explore the mediating mechanism of teacher-student relationship in parent-child relationship and learning motivation.Method:This study conducted a questionnaire survey on 213 pupils in Grades 5 and 6 in two schools in Beijing using Pianta’s teacher-student relationship scale revised by Qu,Dornbush’s parent-child intimacy scale revised by Zhang and the learning motivation scale adapted by Hu.Results:Gender,grade,whether they are the only child and to be a class cadre or not show significant differences in some dimensions of parent-child relationship,teacher-student relationship and learning motivation.The total scores of parent-child relationship,teacher-student relationship and learning motivation are positively correlated,and some sub dimensions are also significantly correlated.Parent-child relationship and teacher-student relationship have a significant positive predictive effect on learning motivation,and parent-child relationship has a significant positive predictive effect on teacher-student relationship.Teacher-student relationship plays a mediating role in the influence of parent-child relationship on learning motivation.Conclusions:Parent-child relationship can promote the relationship between teachers and students,and then enhance pupils’learning motivation.

关键词： Parent-Child relationship Teacher-Student relationship Learning motivation pupil

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Eating Patterns and Daily Dietary Recall of Primary School pupils: An Empirical Evidence from A School Feeding Scheme

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Journal of International Education and Practice 2023年第1期6卷 37-44页

作者： Okadigwe John Chukwujekwu Department of Home Economics Nwafor Orizu College of Education Nsugbe in Affiliation with University of Nigeria Nsukka

The objective of this study was to experimentally evaluate children’s daily food memory and eating habits.The study found that the gender and school location had an impact on the nutritional condition of primary school students as well as the school food scheme.The investigations were based on three hypotheses and three research questions.In this study,the Eating Habits and Daily Dietary Recall Scale was the tool utilized to gather data(EPDDRS).Four experts—three from the department of vocational education and one lecturer in test and measurement evaluation—validated the instrument’s face.The dependability indices of EPDDRS were calculated using Cronbach’s Alpha.While delivering the instruments,the researcher used the direct administration and retrieval approach.58 instructors and a sample size of 1240 students were selected using a systematic random selection approach.The obtained data was examined using mean and standard deviation to address the research objectives,and the null hypotheses were tested using t-test statistics and Analysis of variance(ANOVA)at the 0.05 level of significance.The main conclusions of this study were that the school meal program had a favorable impact on the students’nutritional status.Also,a balanced ration of nutrient-dense meals that were suitably varied was supplied for the students via the school food program.Also,the findings revealed a substantial difference in the mean assessments of male and female students about their eating patterns.On the school meal program’s dietary recall list,students from high,middle,and low socioeconomic status differ significantly.Recommendations were given to the government,schools,and parents based on the study’s findings.The study’s shortcomings were discussed,and recommendations for more research were made.

关键词： Eating patterns Daily dietary recall Nutritional status pupil School Feeding scheme

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如何在续写前进行有效阅读,以My pupil Robby读写结合课为例

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中学生英语 2019年第18期 70-71页

作者：邬小波宁波市镇海中学

1.引言读后续写是高考英语的新写作题型,该题型将一篇英语短文的结尾抹去,让学生在阅读文本的基础上,发挥想象,推理情节的发展,进行续写,补全故事。作为一个全新的题型,笔者发现学生除了语言错误较多,表述不够准确之外,在读后续写中还... 详细信息

1.引言读后续写是高考英语的新写作题型,该题型将一篇英语短文的结尾抹去,让学生在阅读文本的基础上,发挥想象,推理情节的发展,进行续写,补全故事。作为一个全新的题型,笔者发现学生除了语言错误较多,表述不够准确之外,在读后续写中还存在以下两个问题:一是续写情节不合适,缺乏逻辑性和连贯性。很多学生的续写内容不符合文章主要人物的性格特征而是一味追求情节的出奇。二是文章主题不明确,缺乏对文本基调的把握.

关键词： My pupil Robby 引导学生关键词语故事情节

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