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Quantitative disease resistance:Multifaceted players in plant defense

Journal of Integrative plant Biology 2023年第2期65卷 594-610页

作者： Mingyue Gou Peter Balint-Kurti Mingliang Xu Qin Yang State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain CropsCenter for Crop Genome EngineeringCollege of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhou 450002China The Shennong Laboratory Zhengzhou 450002China Department of Entomology and plant Pathology North Carolina State UniversityRaleighNC 27695USA plant Science Research Unit USDA-ARSRaleighNC 27695USA State Key Laboratory of plant Physiology and Biochemistry National Maize Improvement CenterCenter for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular BreedingCollege of AgronomyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing 100193China State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas Key Laboratory of Maize Biology and Genetic Breeding in Arid Area of Northwest Region of the Ministry of AgricultureCollege of AgronomyNorthwest A&F UniversityYangling 712100China

In contrast to large-effect qualitative disease resistance,quantitative disease resistance(QDR)exhibits partial and generally durable resistance and has been extensively utilized in crop breeding.The molecular mechanisms underlying QDR remain largely unknown but considerable progress has been made in this area in recent years.In this review,we summarize the genes that have been associated with plant QDR and their biological functions.Many QDR genes belong to the canonical resistance gene categories with predicted functions in pathogen perception,signal transduction,phytohormone homeostasis,metabolite transport and biosynthesis,and epigenetic regulation.However,other"atypical"QDR genes are predicted to be involved in processes that are not commonly associated with disease resistance,such as vesicle trafficking,molecular chaperones,and others.This diversity of function for QDR genes contrasts with qualitative resistance,which is often based on the actions of nucleotidebinding leucine-rich repeat(NLR)resistance proteins.An understanding of the diversity of QDR mechanisms and of which mechanisms are effective against which classes of pathogens will enable the more effective deployment of QDR to produce more durably resistant,resilient crops.

关键词： biological function durable resistance plant defense quantitative disease resistance(QDR)

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Phase separation of the nuclear pore complex facilitates selective nuclear transport to regulate plant defense against pathogen and pest invasion

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Molecular plant 2023年第6期16卷 1016-1030页

作者： Jiaojiao Wang Gaofeng Pei Yupei Wang Dewei Wu Xiaokang Liu Gaoming Li Jianfang He Xiaolin Zhang Xiaoyi Shan Pilong Li Daoxin Xie MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciencesand Schoolof Life SciencesTsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China Bejing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology&Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure Beijing 100084China College of Bioscience and Biotechnology Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou 225009China Shenzhen Branch of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of AgricultureAgricultural Genomics Institute at ShenzhenChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesShenzhen 518124China

The nuclear pore complex(NPC),the sole exchange channel between the nucleus and cytoplasm,is composed of several subcomplexes,among which the central barrier determines the permeability/selectivity of the NPC to dominate the nucleocytoplasmic trafficking essential for many important signaling events in yeast and mammals.How plant NPC central barrier controls selective transport is a crucial question remaining to be elucidated.In this study,we uncovered that phase separation of the central barrier is critical for the permeability and selectivity of plant NPC in the regulation of various biotic stresses.Phenotypic assays of nup62 mutants and complementary lines showed that NUP62 positively regulates plant defense against Botrytis cinerea,one of the world’s most disastrous plant pathogens.Furthermore,in vivo imaging and in vitro biochemical evidence revealed that plant NPC central barrier undergoes phase separation to regulate selective nucleocytoplasmic transport of immune regulators,as exemplified by MPK3,essential for plant resistance to B.cinerea.Moreover,genetic analysis demonstrated that NPC phase separation plays an important role in plant defense against fungal and bacterial infection as well as insect attack.These findings reveal that phase separation of the NPC central barrier serves as an important mechanism to mediate nucleocytoplasmic transport of immune regulators and activate plant defense against a broad range of biotic stresses.

关键词： nuclear pore complex phase separation plant defense MPK3

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A chorismate mutase from Radopholus similis plays an essential role in pathogenicity

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2024年第3期23卷 923-937页

作者： Sihua Yang Junyi Li Shuai Yang Shiqiao Tang Huizhong Wang Chunling Xu Hui Xie Laboratory of plant Nematology andResearch Centerof Nematodes of plant Quarantine Department of Plant Patholo of Plant ProtectionSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou 510642China

In the process of infecting plants, plant parasitic nematodes release a series of proteins that play an essential role in the successful infection and pathogenesis of plant cells and tissues through stylets or body walls. In this study,based on transcriptome data, a chorismate mutase gene of Radopholus similis(RsCM) was identified and cloned,which is a single copy gene specifically expressed in the oesophageal gland and highly expressed in juveniles and females. Transient expression of RsCM in tobacco leaves showed that it was localised in the cytoplasm and nucleus of tobacco leaf cells, which inhibited the pattern-triggered immunity(PTI) induced by flg22, including callose deposition and defence gene expression, and cell death induced by immune elicitors BAX, but could not inhibit cell death induced by immune elicitors Gpa2/RBP-1. The RNA interference(RNAi) transgenic tomato of RsCM obviously inhibited the infection, pathogenicity, and reproduction of R. similis. However, the resistance of the overexpression transgenic tomato of RsCM to R. similis infection was significantly reduced, and the expression levels of two salicylic acid(SA) pathway genes(PR1 and PR5) in roots infected by the nematode were significantly down-regulated,which indicated that RsCM might be involved in the inhibition of SA pathway. The results of this study demonstrate that RsCM suppresses the host immune system and might be a new target for the control of R. similis, which also provides new data for the function and mechanism of CM genes of migratory parasitic plant nematodes.

关键词： Radopholus similis chorismate mutase plant defense transgenic tomato

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m^(6)A modification of plant virus enables host recognition by NMD factors in plants

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Science China(Life Sciences) 2024年第1期67卷 161-174页

作者： Hao He Linhao Ge Yalin Chen Siwen Zhao Zhaolei Li Xueping Zhou Fangfang Li State Key Laboratory for Biology of plant Diseases and Insect Pests Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing 100193China State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology Institute of BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhou 310029China

N^(6)-methyladenosine(m^(6)A)is the most abundant eukaryotic mRNA modification and is involved in various biological processes.Increasing evidence has implicated that m^(6)Amodification is an important anti-viral defense mechanism in mammals and plants,but it is largely unknown how m^(6)Aregulates viral infection in plants.Here we report the dynamic changes and functional anatomy of m^(6)Ain Nicotiana benthamiana and Solanum lycopersicum during Pepino mosaic virus(PepMV)infection.m^(6)Amodification in the PepMV RNA genome is conserved in these two species.Overexpression of the m^(6)Awriters,mRNA adenosine methylase A(MTA),and HAKAI inhibit the PepMV RNA accumulation accompanied by increased viral m^(6)Amodifications,whereas deficiency of these writers decreases the viral RNA m^(6)Alevels but enhances virus infection.Further study reveals that the cytoplasmic YTH-domain family protein NbECT2A/2B/2C as m^(6)Areaders are involved in anti-viral immunity.Protein-protein interactions indicate that NbECT2A/2B/2C interact with nonsense-mediated mRNA decay(NMD)-related proteins,including NbUPF3 and NbSMG7,but not with NbUPF1.m^(6)Amodification-mediated restriction to PepMV infection is dependent on NMD-related factors.These findings provide new insights into the functionality of m^(6)Aanti-viral activity and reveal a distinct immune response that NMD factors recognize the m^(6)Areaders-viral m^(6)ARNA complex for viral RNA degradation to limit virus infection in plants.

关键词： m^(6)A Pepino mosaic virus plant defense m^(6)A readers NMD factors

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Salicylic acid-mediated plant defense： Recent developments, missing links, and future outlook

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Frontiers in Biology 2017年第4期12卷 258-270页

作者： Ian Arthur Palmer Zhenhua Shang Zheng Qing Fu University of South Carolina Department of Biological Sciences University of South Carolina Columbia SC 29208 USA

BACKGROUND： plant pathogens are responsible for many of history＇s greatest famines. Understanding how plants defend themselves against pathogens is crucial to preventing future famines. Salicylic acid （SA）-mediated plant defense is a key defense pathway, which plants use to defend against biotrophic and hemi-biotrophic pathogens. As a master regulator of SA- mediated plant defense, NPR1 interacts with TGA and WRKY transcription factor families, individual members of which positively or negatively regulate plant defense. OBJECTIVE： In this review we describe the recent developments and predict future directions of research on the involvement of circadian rhythm-, autophagy-, and viral RNA silencing-related genes in SA-mediated plant defense on SA, on plant defense, the induction effects of PR proteins, and the mechanisms by which NPR1 regulates defense-related genes. METHODS： We performed an extensive search of current and past literature using the PubMed, Google Scholar, and Google search engines. Our search terms included：＂SA-mediated plant defense,＂ and ＂NPR1 [AND] salicylic acid.＂ Other search terms, wildcards, and Boolean operators were paired with ＂NPRI＂ or ＂plant defense＂ as needed to research more detailed information related to specific topics covered within this review. We also used Google to search for, ＂economic impact citrus greening,＂＂aspirin,＂＂Irish potato famine,＂ and ＂rice blast,＂ among other terms, to gather background information on the history and impact of plant diseases, and the historical use of aspirin. RESULTS： Of 148 sources found, 132 were directly related to plant defense. The remaining sources are related to the historical and economic impact of plant diseases and the historical use and mechanism of action of aspirin or salicylate. All reviewed sources have been documented in the references section. CONCLUSION： The topic of salicylic acid-mediated plant defense is broad, and new research is expanding our understanding of this topic quickly. In this review, we give a basic overview o

关键词： salicylic acid plant defense SA-mediated defense

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NBS-LRR Proteins and Their Partners:Molecular Switches of plant defense

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Journal of Northeast Agricultural University(English Edition) 2008年第4期15卷 49-57页

作者： LIU Chunyan QIU Hongmei WANG Jialin WANG Jing CHEN Qingshan HU Guohua Crop Research and Breeding Center of Land-Reclamation Harbin 150090 China Soybean Research Institute Northeast Agricultural University Harbin 150030 China

Specificity of the plant innate immune system is often conferred by resistance（R）proteins.Most plant disease resistance （R）proteins contain a series of leucine-rich repeats（LRRs）,a nucleotide-binding site（NBS）,and a putative amino-terminal signaling domain.They are termed NBS-LRR proteins.The LRRs are mainly involved in recognition,and the amino-terminal domain determines signaling specificity,whereas the NBS domain presumably functions as a molecular switch.During the past years,the most important discoveries are the role of partners in NBS-LRR gene mediated defenses,mounting support for the so-called＂guard hypothesis＂of R gene function,and providing evidence for intramolecular interactions and intermolecular interactions within NBS- LRR proteins as a mode of signaling regulation.The outcome of these interactions determines whether a plant activates its defense responses.

关键词： plant defense NBS-LRR protein intramolecular interaction intermolecular interactions

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Advances in the Role of DNA Methylation and miRNAs in plant defense

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Agricultural Biotechnology 2017年第3期6卷 20-22页

作者： Pengfei WANG Xilong JIANG Xinying WU Ling SU Fengshan REN Yongmei WANG Shandong Academy of Grape

DNA methylation and miRNAs are two important epigenetic molecular mechmxisms in plants. RNA-directed DNA methylation （RdDM） pathway is con- sidered as the most important mechanism of DNA methylation. A microRNA （miRNA） is processed from a 70-90-nucleotide-long single-stranded RNA precursor that forms a hairpin structure by Dicer enzyme, which plays an important role in plant development, regulation of plant gene expression and silencing of trans- posons. In recent years, a large number of studies have confirmed that DNA methylation and miRNAs play an important role in disease resistance mechanisms of plants. In this paper, recent progress on the role of DNA methylation and miRNAs in plant defense was summarized, which provided reference for revealing the re- lationship between disease resistance factors and epigenctic mechanisms in plants.

关键词： DNA methylation miRNAs plant defense

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WRKY33-mediated indolic glucosinolate metabolic pathway confers resistance against Alternaria brassicicola in Arabidopsis and Brassica crops

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Journal of Integrative plant Biology 2022年第5期64卷 1007-1019页

作者： Han Tao Huiying Miao Lili Chen Mengyu Wang Chuchu Xia Wei Zeng Bo Sun Fen Zhang Shuqun Zhang Chuanyou Li Qiaomei Wang Department of Horticulture Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou 310058ZhejiangChina State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐products Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang ProvinceInstitute of Virology and BiotechnologyZhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou 310021China College of Horticulture Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu 611130China Division of Biochemistry Interdisciplinary Plant GroupUniversity of MissouriColumbia 65211MissouriUSA State Key Laboratory of plant Genomics National Centre for Plant Gene Research(Beijing)Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biologythe Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China

The tryptophan(Trp)-derived plant secondary metabolites,including camalexin,4-hydroxyindole-3-carbonylnitrile,and indolic glucosinolate(IGS),show broad-spectrum antifungal activity.However,the distinct regulations of these metabolic pathways among different plant species in response to fungus infection are rarely studied.In this study,our results revealed that WRKY33 directly regulates IGS biosynthesis,notably the production of 4-methoxyindole-3-ylmethyl glucosinolate(4MI3G),conferring resistance to Alternaria brassicicola,an important pathogen which causes black spot in Brassica crops.WRKY33 directly activates the expression of CYP81F2,IGMT1,and IGMT2 to drive sidechain modification of indole-3-ylmethyl glucosinolate(I3G)to 4MI3G,in both Arabidopsis and Chinese kale(Brassica oleracea var.alboglabra Bailey).However,Chinese kale showed a more severe symptom than Arabidopsis when infected by Alternaria brassicicola.Comparative analyses of the origin and evolution of Trp metabolism indicate that the loss of camalexin biosynthesis in Brassica crops during evolution might attenuate the resistance of crops to Alternaria brassicicola.As a result,the IGS metabolic pathway mediated by WRKY33 becomes essential for Chinese kale to deter Alternaria brassicicola.Our results highlight the differential regulation of Trp-derived camalexin and IGS biosynthetic pathways in plant immunity between Arabidopsis and Brassica crops.

关键词： Alternaria brassicicola glucosinolate plant defense secondary metabolism WRKY33

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Regulation and integration of plant jasmonate signaling:a comparative view of monocot and dicot

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Journal of Genetics and Genomics 2022年第8期49卷 704-714页

作者： Shiwei Wan Xiu-Fang Xin National Key Laboratory of plant Molecular Genetics CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesInstitute of Plant Physiology and EcologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai 200032China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China CAS-JIC Center of Excellence for plant and Microbial Sciences(CEPAMS) Institute of Plant Physiology and EcologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai 200032China

The phytohormone jasmonate plays a pivotal role in various aspects of plant life,including developmental programs and defense against pests and pathogens.A large body of knowledge on jasmonate biosynthesis,signal transduction as well as its functions in diverse plant processes has been gained in the past two decades.In addition,there exists extensive crosstalk between jasmonate pathway and other phytohormone pathways,such as salicylic acid(SA)and gibberellin(GA),in co-regulation of plant immune status,fine-tuning the balance of plant growth and defense,and so on,which were mostly learned from studies in the dicotyledonous model plants Arabidopsis thaliana and tomato but much less in monocot.Interestingly,existing evidence suggests both conservation and functional divergence in terms of core components of jasmonate pathway,its biological functions and signal integration with other phytohormones,between monocot and dicot.In this review,we summarize the current understanding on JA signal initiation,perception and regulation,and highlight the distinctive characteristics in different lineages of plants.

关键词： Jasmonate Phytohormone Signaling Crosstalk plant defense Development Stress response

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Geminiviral C2 proteins inhibit active autophagy to facilitate virus infection by impairing the interaction of ATG7 and ATG8

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Journal of Integrative plant Biology 2023年第5期65卷 1328-1343页

作者： Buwei Cao Linhao Ge Mingzhen Zhang Fangfang Li Xueping Zhou State Key Laboratory for Biology of plant Diseases and Insect Pests Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing 100193China State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology Institute of BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhou 310058China

Autophagy is a conserved intracellular degradation process that plays an active role in plant response to virus infections.Here we report that geminiviruses counteract activated autophagymediated antiviral defense in plant cells through the C2 proteins they encode.We found that,in Nicotiana benthamiana plants,tomato leaf curl Yunnan virus(TLCYnV)infection upregulated the transcription levels of autophagy-related genes(ATGs).Overexpression of NbATG5,NbATG7,or NbATG8a in N.benthamiana plants decreased TLCYnV accumulation and attenuated viral symptoms.Interestingly,transgenic overexpression of NbATG7 promoted the growth of N.benthamiana plants and enhanced plant resistance to TLCYnV.We further revealed that the C2 protein encoded by TLCYnV directly interacted with the ubiquitinactivating domain of ATG7.This interaction competitively disrupted the ATG7–ATG8 binding in N.benthamiana and Solanum lycopersicum plants,thereby inhibiting autophagy activity.Furthermore,we uncovered that the C2-mediated autophagy inhibition mechanism was conserved in three other geminiviruses.In summary,we discovered a novel counter-defensive strategy employed by geminiviruses that enlists their C2 proteins as disrupters of ATG7–ATG8 interactions to defeat antiviral autophagy.

关键词： autophagy C2 counterdefense geminivirus plant defense the ATG7–ATG8 interaction

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