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How Achievable are the Governments Targets to Reach net zero Emissions by 2050?A View from the UK Commercial Construction Sector

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How Achievable are the Governments Targets to Reach Net Zero...

Global mitigation efforts cannot neglect emerging emitters

2021智慧城市与智能建造高端论坛

作者： Priyen Halai Hua Zhong School of Architecture Design and the Built EnvironmentNottingham Trent University

The climate crisis we face today has reached tipping *** gathered shows that despite international efforts to slow the pace of global warming,the consequential changes to our planet caused by global heating are becoming *** is evident that the built environment plays a vital role in reducing global emissions and this research explores the situation within the UK construction industry.A literature review was conducted to investigate the rationale behind the 2050 net zero emission targets being set by the UK government,and the current context around the *** research was carried out through interviews to obtain the views of key stakeholders within the UK construction industry on how achievable they believe the UK’s 2050 net zero target *** participants were specifically chosen to represent the UK construction industry as a whole in order to form a comprehensive view on the achievability of the target.A case study analysis was then undertaken to analyse the feasibility of moving the UK commercial construction sector towards a net zero *** findings from the research show that the lack of government legislation and incentives,alongside the increased initial cost of designing and producing a net zero built asset are the largest obstacles facing the *** data collected from the research reveals that despite progress being made within the sector in terms of moving to a net zero future,the 2050 target will be tough to achieve if changes are not made by all key stakeholders within the UK construction *** is mainly due to the lack of government legislation and incentives in place to induce clients to build net zero *** research analyses the current issues facing the UK construction industry in achieving the target and suggests ways in which they can be overcome and what measures can be implemented in order to improve progress within the sector.

关键词： Sustainability net zero Carbon Reduction Legislation 2050 UK Target UK Construction

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National Science Review 2022年第12期9卷 82-89页

作者： Can Cui Dabo Guan Daoping Wang Jing Meng Vicky Chemutai Paul Brenton Shaohui Zhang Yuli Shan Qiang Zhang Steven J.Davis Department of Earth System Science Tsinghua University The Bartlett School of Sustainable Construction University College London Department of Computer Science and Technology University of Cambridge Centre for Nature and Climate World Economic Forum School of Urban and Regional Science Shanghai University of Finance and Economics The World Bank School of Economics and Management Beihang University International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis School of Geography Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Birmingham Department of Earth System Science University of California Irvine Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of California Irvine

International efforts to avoid dangerous climate change have historically focused on reducing energy-related CO2emissions from countries with either the largest economies(*** EU and the USA)and/or the largest populations(*** and India).However,in recent years,emissions have surged among a different and much less-examined group of countries,raising concerns that a next generation of high-emitting economies will obviate current mitigation ***,we analyse the trends and drivers of emissions in each of the 59 countries where emissions in 2010-2018 grew faster than the global average(excluding China and India),project their emissions under a range of longer-term energy scenarios and estimate the costs of decarbonization *** emissions from these ’emerging emitters’ reach as much as 7.5 GtCO2/year in the baseline 2.5° scenari—substantially greater than the emissions from these regions in previously published scenarios that would limit warming to 1.5℃ or even 2℃.Such unanticipated emissions would in turn require non-emitting energy deployment from all sectors within these emerging emitters,and faster and deeper reductions in emissions from other countries to meet international climate ***,the annual costs of keeping emissions at the low level are in many cases 0.2%-4.1% of countries’ gross domestic production,pointing to potential trade-offs with poverty-reduction goals and/or the need for economic support and low-carbon technology transfer from historically high-emitting *** results thus highlight the critical importance of ramping up mitigation efforts in countries that to this point have been largely ignored.

关键词： emerging emiters developing countries climate change mitigation CO_2 emissions net zero

The UAE’s energy system and GHG emissions: pathways to achieving national goals by 2050

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Clean Energy 2023年第5期7卷 962-980页

作者： Ammar Hummieda Ali Bouabid Karim Moawadand Ahmad Mayyas Engineering Systems and Management Khalifa UniversityAbu DhabiUAE Institute of Education Sciences Mohammed VI Polytechnic UniversityRabatMorocco

In recent years,the United Arab Emirates(UAE)has developed strategies to increase renewable power generation and reduce emis-sions to net zero by *** generation and energy-intensive industries(EII)have the largest potentials for emission ***,an up-to-date inventory of greenhouse gas emissions and a study of the pathways to achieving the 2050 targets are *** study focuses on power production and EII(aluminium,steel and cement).The structure of these sectors is modelled and simulated up to 2050 using a system dynamics(SD)*** SD model is validated to reflect the real-world state of the system using the emissions inventory projections as reference *** mitigation policies are considered in the selected sectors and four policy scenarios were *** results show that implementing the Energy Strategy 2050 in the power sector can result in a reduction of 63.5%in emissions in that sector,which translates into a reduction of 33.5%overall by ***,implementing all identified mitigation strategies to full utilization in EII yields a 94%reduction in that sector,which translates into a 78%reduction *** the aluminium industry yields the highest emissions reductions,followed by power produc-tion,then cement and finally *** the best-case scenario,22.1%of the business-as-usual emissions are still released and further decarbonization—mainly in the power sector—will be *** is achievable given the trajectory of the UAE’s successful nuclear energy programme and the prospect of utilizing carbon capture,utilization and storage even further.

关键词： climate change emissions UAE energy strategy energy-intensive industry net zero

What would a US green hydrogen energy economy look like?

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Clean Energy 2023年第5期7卷 1148-1172页

作者： Thomas Tonon Independent researcher Ph.D.Aerospace and Mechanical SciencesPrinceton University1971.11 Bolfmar AvenuePrinceton JunctionNJ 08550USA

Detailed description is given for a hypothetical US hydrogen economy with solar and wind energy supplying virtually all current energy needs and with electrolytic hydrogen the energy carrier and storage *** fuels provide nonfuel products(plastics,chemicals,cement and asphalt).Only current technologies are considered and hydrogen storage accommodates generation intermit-tency and variability,using pit storage of high-pressure vessels in open air,yielding daily storage round-trip energy installation costs of 722 and 538$/kWh for electric and thermal,respectively;and for power,2351 and 2240$/kW for electric and thermal,*** long-duration storage,the costs are 94.1 and 23.8$/kWh and 937 and 845$/kW,*** energy generation 20%over baseline accommodates low-season generation,obviates much required storage and ensures that reserves are topped off;96%of US 2022 total energy consumption is provided *** the default scenario(demand energy portions:half photovoltaic,quarter on-shore wind and quarter offshore wind),the surface area for the farms(including offshore surface)requires~4.6%of the US 48-state land *** 350 pit storage sites provide both daily and long-duration storage,with the latter accounting for complete loss of generation for 4 days over a quarter of the *** pipelines and a renewed electric grid transmit and distribute *** installation cost of the public infrastructure is~$27.8 trillion for the default *** scenarios show significant in-frastructure and cost savings when batteries are used for transportation and/or utility storage,provided current insufficiencies can be ***,cost levels in money,surface and infrastructure are within existing levels already achieved in historical events and modern living.

关键词： hydrogen economy renewable energy hydrogen storage hydrogen pipelines sustainable net zero

THE *** CENTER AS A LIVING LABORATORY:CONNECTING CAMPUS SUSTAINABILITY GOALS WITH THE EDUCATIONAL MISSION AT HAMPSHIRE COLLEGE,AMHERST,MA

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Journal of Green Building 2018年第4期13卷 125-145页

作者： Christina M.Cianfrani Sarah Hews Jason Tor Jason J.Jewhurst Claire Shillington Matthew Raymond Associate Professor of Hydrology School of Natural ScienceHampshire CollegeAmherstMA Associate Professor of Mathematics School of Natural ScienceHampshire CollegeAmherstMA Professor of Microbiology School of Natural ScienceHampshire CollegeAmherstMA AIA Principal Bruner/Cott ArchitectsCambridge MA School of Natural Science Hampshire CollegeAmherstMA

*** The *** Center In 2016 the *** Center became Hampshire College’s first new building in 40 years(Figure 1).Located at the heart of the Hampshire College campus,the *** Center is a multi-purpose facility intended to embody a high threshold of for-ward-thinking sustainable design:generating its own energy;capturing and treating its own water;and processing and recycling its *** design also embodies a broader definition of“green”building,prioritizing non-toxic materials,local and ethical prod-ucts,and principals of biophilia and natural ***e new building,which includes classrooms,offices,and a community caféand gallery,serves as a primary entry point to the campus and was designed to engage prospective students as well as provide community *** the spring of 2018,the Kern Center became the 17th building to be certified and meet the Living Building Challenge(LBC)(International Living Future Institute,2018a)after a year of post-occupancy performance *** 17,000 square feet,it is the largest Living Building on a higher education campus and considering the relatively small size of the college(~1300 students)it showcases Hampshire College’s substantial commitment to sustainable design and *** Living Building Challenge A program of the International Living Future Institute,the Living Building Challenge is a building certification system and sustainable design framework for creating built environments that have a positive impact on people and the environ-ment(International Living Future Institute,2018a).The Challenge is organized into seven performance areas covering different aspects of holistic sustainable design:place,water,energy,health+happiness,materials,equity,and *** order to achieve“Living”status,projects must fulfill all imperatives in each of these *** College Hampshire College is an innovative private college in Amherst,***e academic program is highly dynamic

关键词： sustainability higher education Living Building Challenge regenerative design net zero innovative curriculum development

MINNESOTA SUSTAINABLE BUILDING GUIDELINES:History,Effectiveness and Path for the Future.

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Journal of Green Building 2018年第2期13卷 163-180页

作者： Richard Graves Patrick Smith Center for Sustainable Building Research College of DesignUniversity of Minnesota1425 University Avenue SESuite 115MinneapolisMN 55455

INTRODUCTION The Minnesota Sustainable Building Guidelines is a progressive sustainability program for state funded buildings which serves as a model for sustainability in Minnesota *** program was created by the State of Minnesota in 2001 and developed by a team led by the Center for Sustainable Building Research(CSBR)at the University of *** other green building programs,it focuses on measured performance improvements,using a list of required metrics instead of a menu of potential *** program is structured to provide a feedback loop to the building design,construction and operations industry in the *** of the program are used through all phases of the development of state-funded buildings in Minnesota from pre-design through design,and construction and for ten years of *** is continually updated and improved in collaboration with state agencies and industry stakeholders and could serve as a model for localized green building programs.

关键词： green building rating systems code climate change architecture 2030 emission reduction actual performance net zero EUI renewable

GREENHOUSE GAS AND AMMONIA EMISSION MITIGATION PRIORITIES FOR UK POLICY TARGETS

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Frontiers of Agricultural Science and Engineering 2023年第2期10卷 268-280页

作者： Sarah BUCKINGHAM Cairistiona F.E.TOPP Pete SMITH Vera EORY David R.CHADWICK Christina K.BAXTER Joanna M.CLOY Shaun CONNOLLY Emily C.COOLEDGE Nicholas J.COWAN Julia DREWER Colm DUFFY Naomi JFOX Asma JEBARI Becky JENKINS Dominika J.KROL Karina A.MARSDEN Graham A.MCAULIFFE Steven J.MORRISON Vincent O'FLAHERTY Rachael RAMSEY Karl G.RICHARDS Rainer ROEHE Jo SMITH Kate SMITH Taro TAKAHASHI Rachel E.THORMAN John WILLIAMS Jeremy WILTSHIRE Robert M.REES Scotland’s Rural College EdinburghEH93JGUK Institute of Biological&Environmental Sciences AberdeenAB243UUUK School of Natural Sciences Bangor UniversityBangorGwyneddLL572DGUK Agricultural Development and Advisory Service(ADAS) BoxworthCambridgeCB234NNUK School of Biological and Chemical Sciences University of GalwayH91 TK33Ireland Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Bush EstateMidlothianEH260QBUK The James Hutton Institute DundeeDD25DAUK Rothamsted Research North WykeOkehamptonDevonEX202SBUK Ricardo Energy&Environment HarwellOxonOX110QRUK Environment Soils and Land Use DepartmentTeagascCounty WexfordY35 TC97Ireland Agri-food and Biosciences Institute HillsboroughCounty DownBT266DRUK Bristol Veterinary School University of BristolSomersetBS405DUUK

Agriculture is essential for providing food and maintaining food security while concurrently delivering multiple other ecosystem services. However,agricultural systems are generally a net source of greenhouse gases and ammonia. They, therefore, need to substantively contribute to climate change mitigation and net zero ambitions. It is widely acknowledged that there is a need to further reduce and mitigate emissions across sectors, including agriculture to address the climate emergency and emissions gap. This discussion paper outlines a collation of opinions from a range of experts within agricultural research and advisory roles following a greenhouse gas and ammonia emission mitigation workshop held in the UK in March 2022. The meeting identified the top mitigation priorities within the UK's agricultural sector to achieve reductions in greenhouse gases and ammonia that are compatible with policy targets. In addition, experts provided an overview of what they believe are the key knowledge gaps, future opportunities and cobenefits to mitigation practices as well as indicating the potential barriers to uptake for mitigation scenarios discussed.

关键词： agriculture ammonia greenhouse gas mitigation net zero

SEQUESTERING ORGANIC CARBON IN SOILS THROUGH LAND USE CHANGE AND AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES:A REVIEW

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Frontiers of Agricultural Science and Engineering 2023年第2期10卷 210-225页

作者： Lianhai WU net zero and Resilient Farming Rothamsted ResearchNorth WykeOkehamptonDevonEX202SBUK

Climate change vigorously threats human livelihoods,places and *** lock atmospheric CO_(2)up through biological,chemical and physical processes is one of the pathways to mitigate climate *** soils have a significant carbon sink *** carbon sequestration(SCS)can be accelerated through appropriate changes in land use and agricultural *** have been various meta-analyses performed by combining data sets to interpret the influences of some methods on SCS rates or *** objectives of this study were:(1)to update SCS capacity with different landbased techniques based on the latest publications,and(2)to discuss complexity to assess the impacts of the techniques on soil carbon *** review shows that afforestation and reforestation are slow processes but have great potential for improving *** agricultural practices,adding organic matter is an efficient way to sequester carbon in *** practice that helps plant increase C fixation can increase soil carbon stock by increasing residues,dead root material and root *** the improved livestock grazing management practices,reseeding grasses seems to have the highest SCS rate.

关键词： agroecosystems climate change negative emissions technology net zero

NAILING THE HOT WATER&HEATING SYSTEMS IN HIGH PERFORMANCE HOMES:ONE BUILDER’S RESEARCH PROJECT

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Journal of Green Building 2014年第2期9卷 51-61页

作者： Martha Rose Martha Rose Construction Master Builders Association of King and Snohomish Counties

In 2005,Martha Rose Construction Inc.(MRC)upgraded the specs in their Built Green Certified homes to include high performance and healthy home *** 2007,MRC joined the Department of Energy’s Builders Challenge *** than 1%of the market builders in the country work under this umbrella,which has a tag line“Research Towards net zero.”It charges its builders with striving to reach net zero while still being replicable and affordable.A recent name change better illustrates the goal:“DOE zero Energy Ready Home.”With the help of the mechanical engineers that work with DOE on this program,Martha Rose Construction began trying different space and hot water heating *** projects the company undertakes are small by development standards and they are custom designed for each site,even though they are sold on the speculative marketplace after *** goal was,and still is,to find the magic bullet for water and space heating that combines affordability with efficiency and *** the calculated heat loads are extremely low due to super insulation,air sealing,and heat recovery ventilation(HRV),it no longer makes monetary sense to have a fancy heating *** Building America engineers promote the KISS(keep it simple stupid)concept!In this article,we will look at the factors that led Martha Rose Construction to try different heating types and the level of builder and buyer satisfaction with each *** projects’mechanical systems will be reviewed and we will end with what is likely the best recommendation going forward for a high performance *** author is a builder in the Seattle marketplace,and has made a career in the construction industry for over 41 years.

关键词： Built Green High Performance Home Airtight Homes Comfort HRV system Certified net zero Healthy Home