What would a US green hydrogen energy economy look like?

作     者：Thomas Tonon 

作者机构：Independent researcherPh.D.Aerospace and Mechanical SciencesPrinceton University1971.11 Bolfmar AvenuePrinceton JunctionNJ 08550USA 

出 版 物：《Clean Energy》 (清洁能源（英文）)

年 卷 期：2023年第7卷第5期

页      面：1148-1172页

核心收录：

学科分类：0820[工学-石油与天然气工程] 02[经济学] 0202[经济学-应用经济学] 0817[工学-化学工程与技术] 

基　　金：The author thanks William Stigliani  Richard Tonon and reviewers at Clean Energy  Oxford University Press for many helpful suggestions. This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public  commercial or not-for-profit secto 

主　　题：hydrogen economy renewable energy hydrogen storage hydrogen pipelines sustainable net zero 

摘      要：Detailed description is given for a hypothetical US hydrogen economy with solar and wind energy supplying virtually all current energy needs and with electrolytic hydrogen the energy carrier and storage medium.Fossil fuels provide nonfuel products(plastics,chemicals,cement and asphalt).Only current technologies are considered and hydrogen storage accommodates generation intermit-tency and variability,using pit storage of high-pressure vessels in open air,yielding daily storage round-trip energy installation costs of 722 and 538$/kWh for electric and thermal,respectively;and for power,2351 and 2240$/kW for electric and thermal,respectively.For long-duration storage,the costs are 94.1 and 23.8$/kWh and 937 and 845$/kW,respectively.Increased energy generation 20%over baseline accommodates low-season generation,obviates much required storage and ensures that reserves are topped off;96%of US 2022 total energy consumption is provided for.In the default scenario(demand energy portions:half photovoltaic,quarter on-shore wind and quarter offshore wind),the surface area for the farms(including offshore surface)requires~4.6%of the US 48-state land area.About 350 pit storage sites provide both daily and long-duration storage,with the latter accounting for complete loss of generation for 4 days over a quarter of the nation.Hydrogen pipelines and a renewed electric grid transmit and distribute energy.The installation cost of the public infrastructure is~$27.8 trillion for the default scenario.Alternative scenarios show significant in-frastructure and cost savings when batteries are used for transportation and/or utility storage,provided current insufficiencies can be overcome.Broadly,cost levels in money,surface and infrastructure are within existing levels already achieved in historical events and modern living.