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The effects of gonadal hormones on learning and memory in male mammals： A review

Current Zoology 2011年第4期57卷 543-558页

作者： Stuart T. LEONARD Peter J. WINSAUER Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center 1901 Perdido Street New Orleans LA 70112-1393

The primary role of the gonadal steroid hormones in mammals is to regulate reproduction and related behaviors; however, both androgens and estrogens are also integrally involved in mediating higher brain function and processes including cognition, neural development, and neural plasticity. In particular, a number of studies show that estradiol modulates dendritic spine growth and synapse density （synaptic plasticity） in the hippocampus of females, and that increased estradiol levels are generally associated with improvements on a variety of learning and memory tasks. While the majority of research has focused on the beneficial effects of estradiol in females, much less attention has been given to testosterone and its effects on learning and memory in males. Similar to estradiol titers in females, testosterone titers in males decline with age, albeit more gradually, and this decline has been correlated with impairment of certain cognitive tasks. Moreover, studies involving both humans and animals indicate that testosterone and its metabolites can augment responding on certain behavioral tasks, depending on the subject＇s current hormonal state, the response required, and the stimuli involved （e.g., those involving spatial or nonspatial stimuli）. While the exact mechanisms by which testosterone exerts its effects on learning and memory are not fully understood, recent findings suggest that testosterone modulates learning and memory in males through an interaction with the cholinergic system. The overall objective of this review is to discuss studies investigating the role of the gonadal hormones in mediating learning and memory processes in male mammals [Current Zoology 57 （4）： 543-558, 2011].

关键词： Testosterone Learning and memory Cholinergic system mammals Cognition Androgens

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Biochronology,paleobiogeography and faunal turnover in western Mediterranean Cenozoic mammals

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Integrative Zoology 2009年第4期4卷 367-386页

作者： Maria R.PALOMBO Department of Earth Sciences University of Rome“La Sapienza”RomeItaly

Cenozoic terrestrial mammals from Sardinia contribute substantial information for reconstructing the complex his-tory of the western *** occurrence of endemic perissodactyls in Eocene marine and marsh deposits suggests the existence of ecological or physical barriers between the Corso-Sardinian massif and the Iberian-Occitanic *** the end of the Oligocene,isolation of Sardinia was almost complete,although a migration from Europe occurred at the beginning of the Early Miocene,as indicated by the unbalanced endemic fauna from *** the Late Miocene,the Tusco-Sardinian palaeobioprovince came into existence as an isolated region inhab-ited by the quite diversified,but notably endemic,Oreopithecus *** was definitely isolated from Tuscany by the Messinian,but temporary connections with the European mainland possibly allowed the colonization of forerunners of some Sardinian Pliocene *** the Plio-Pleistocene,Sardinia maintained permanent ***,sea level drop,resulting in a relatively short distance between Sardinia and the European mainland,allowed different migratory *** the Late Pliocene to the Late Pleistocene–Holocene,two main mammalian faunal complexes(FC)can be recognized:the Nesogoral FC(Late Pliocene-Early Pleistocene)and the Microtus(Tyrrhenicola)FC(late Early Pleistocene–Early Holocene).At the transition from Nesogoral to Microtus(Tyrrhenicola)FC,approximately 47%of the genera and 76%of the species disappeared,while approximately 58%of the genera and 71%of the species appeared.A noticeable turnover followed the arrival of Neolithic man and his accompanying ***,Praemegaceros was still present at about 7000 years BP,while Microtus(Tyrrhenicola)and Prolagus are respectively recorded in the Bronze and Iron Ages.

关键词： biochronology Cenozoic faunal turnovers mammals Sardinia

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Oxidative stress drives divergent evolution of the glutathione peroxidase(GPX)gene family in mammals

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Integrative Zoology 2021年第5期16卷 696-711页

作者： Ran TIAN Yuepan GENG Ying YANG Inge SEIM Guang YANG Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology College of Life SciencesNanjing Normal UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina Integrative Biology Laboratory College of Life SciencesNanjing Normal UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina School of Biology and Environmental Science Queensland University of TechnologyBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia

The molecular basis for adaptations to extreme environments can now be understood by interrogating the everincreasing number of sequenced *** such as cetaceans,bats,and highland species can protect themselves from oxidative stress,a disruption in the balance of reactive oxygen species,which results in oxidative injury and cell ***,we consider the evolution of the glutathione peroxidase(GPX)family of antioxidant enzymes by interrogating publicly available genome data from 70 mammalian species from all major *** identified 8 GPX subclasses ubiquitous to all mammalian *** GPX gene families resolved into the GPX4/7/8 and GPX1/2/3/5/6 groups and are characterized by several instances of gene duplication and loss,indicating a dynamic process of gene birth and death in *** of the eight GPX subfamilies(all but GPX7)were under positive selection,with the residues under selection located at or close to active sites or at the dimer *** also reveal evidence of a correlation between ecological niches(*** oxidative stress)and the divergent selection and gene copy number of GPX ***,a convergent expansion of GPX1 was observed in several independent lineages of mammals under oxidative stress and may be important for avoiding oxidative ***,this study suggests that the GPX gene family has shaped the adaption of mammals to stressful environments.

关键词： adaptive evolution gene family glutathione peroxidase mammals oxidative stress

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Taxonomy,distribution,and contemporary exposure of terrestrial mammals to floods and human pressure across different areas for biodiversity conservation in China

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Integrative Zoology 2024年第3期19卷 458-467页

作者： Roman SHARNUUD Eric I.AMECA MOE Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science&Ecological Engineering College of Life SciencesBeijing Normal UniversityBeijingChina Climate Change Specialist Group Species Survival CommissionInternational Union for Conservation of NatureGlandSwitzerland

A significant research focus is placed on identifying animal species and areas at future risk to human-induced alterations of the environment and long-term changes in climatic ***,the extent to which exposure to extreme climatic events and intense human pressure can increase the risk of harmful impacts on species remains poorly *** on terrestrial mammals in China,one of the world’s megadiverse countries,we investigated patterns of contemporary exposure to floods and human pressures and determined their taxonomic representation and distribution across three major area-based conservation schemes,namely,national nature reserves(NNRs),priority areas for biodiversity conservation(PABCs),and key biodiversity areas(KBAs).Among the 440 species assessed with moderate or high exposure to floods,327(∼75%)also qualified as moderate or high in exposure to intense human *** species mainly belong to the orders Chiroptera,Eulipotyphla,and ***,there were 305,311,and 311 species with moderate or high exposure to flood and intense human pressure represented across NNRs,PABCs,and KBAs,*** findings support the prioritization of KBAs for expansion of site-based protection efforts such as NNRs in China,considering threats to species from exposure to adverse effects from both extreme climate and human pressure.

关键词： conservation floods human pressure mammals taxonomy

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Species longevity in North American fossil mammals

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Integrative Zoology 2014年第4期9卷 383-393页

作者： Donald R.PROTHERO Department of Vertebrate Paleontology Natural History Museum of Los Angeles CountyLos AngelesCAUSA

Species longevity in the fossil record is related to many paleoecological variables and is important to macroevolutionary studies,yet there are very few reliable data on average species durations in Cenozoic fossil *** of the online databases(such as the Paleobiology Database)use only genera of North American Cenozoic mammals and there are severe problems because key groups(***,oreodonts,pronghorns and proboscideans)have no reliable updated taxonomy,with many invalid genera and species and/or many undescribed genera and *** of the published datasets yield species duration estimates of approximately 2.3-4.3 Myr for larger mammals,with small mammals tending to have shorter species *** own compilation of all the valid species durations in families with updated taxonomy(39 families,containing 431 genera and 998 species,averaging 2.3 species per genus)yields a mean duration of 3.21 Myr for larger *** breaks down to 4.10-4.39 Myr for artiodactyls,3.14-3.31 Myr for perissodactyls and 2.63-2.95 Myr for carnivorous mammals(carnivorans plus creodonts).These averages are based on a much larger,more robust dataset than most previous estimates,so they should be more reliable for any studies that need species longevity to be accurately estimated.

关键词： Cenozoic genus mammals North America species

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Proteomic-based evidence for adult neurogenesis in birds and mammals as indicated from cerebrospinal fluid

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Neural Regeneration Research 2022年第12期17卷 2576-2581页

作者： Eleni Voukali Michal Vinkler Department of Zoology Faculty of ScienceCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic

Adult neurogenesis is the life-long process of neural stem cell proliferation,differentiation into neurons,migration,and incorporation into the existing neuronal *** decades of research,it is now widely accepted that mammals and birds retain the capacity to regenerate neurons even after their subadult *** fluid participates in the regulation of the neurogenic niches of the vertebrate brain through signaling pathways not fully *** studies of cerebrospinal fluid have the potential to allow the in-depth characterization of its molecular *** studies help to delineate those pathways that are universally critical for the regulation of neurogenesis in *** this review,we performed literature-based data mining in studies using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy that analyzed cerebrospinal fluid samples from healthy adult humans(Homo sapiens);mice(Mus musculus);sheep(Ovis aries);chickens(Gallus gallus);and two parrot species,the budgerigar(Melopsittacus undulatus)and cockatiel(Nymphicus hollandicus).We identified up to 911 proteins represented in cerebrospinal fluid,involved in various pathways regulating adult ***,only 196 proteins were common across humans,mice,and *** components involved in nervous system development,cell migration,and axonal guidance were commonly evident in all species investigated so *** bioinformatic analysis revealed that the universally over-represented pathways involved L1 cell adhesion molecule protein interactions,cell-adhesion molecules,signals regulating extracellular matrix remodeling,regulation of insulin growth factor signaling,axonal guidance,programmed cell death,immune signaling,and post-translational *** of the reported proteins are part of extracellular vesicles enriched in cerebrospinal ***,the information presently available is still highly fragmentary,and far more questions persist than

关键词： adult neurogenesis birds cerebrospinal fluid chicken comparative proteomics human mammals mass spectrometry parrots

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Gamma-aminobutyric acid(GABA) promotes recovery from spinal cord injury in lampreys: role of GABA receptors and perspective on the translation to mammals

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Neural Regeneration Research 2019年第10期14卷 1695-1696页

作者： Daniel Romaus-Sanjurjo María Celina Rodicio Antón Barreiro-Iglesias Department of Functional Biology CIBUS Faculty of BiologyUniversidade de Santiago de Compostela

In mammals, spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating event that can lead to a permanent loss of motor, sensory and autonomic functions below the site of injury. In the last years, the role of different neurotransmitter systems on regeneration and recovery from SCI has been deciphered. For example, studies in lampreys have shown that neurotransmitters play a key role in modulating the survival and regeneration of brainstem descending neurons after SCI (Romaus-Sanjurjo et al., 2018;Sobrido-Camean et al., 2018).

关键词： In mammals devastating event regeneration

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Comparative analyses of aging-related genes in long-lived mammals provide insights into natural longevity

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The Innovation 2021年第2期2卷 31-39页

作者： Zhenpeng Yu Inge Seim Mengxin Yin Ran Tian Di Sun Wenhua Ren Guang Yang Shixia Xu Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology College of Life SciencesNanjing Normal UniversityNanjing 210023China Integrative Biology Laboratory College of Life SciencesNanjing Normal UniversityNanjing 210023China School of Biology and Environmental Science Faculty of Science and EngineeringQueensland University of TechnologyBrisbaneQLDAustralia

Extreme longevity has evolved multiple times during the evolution of mammals,yet its underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely ***,we compared the evolution of 115 aging-related genes in 11 long-lived species and 25 mammals with non-increased lifespan(control group)in the hopes of better understanding the common molecular mechanisms behind *** identified 16 unique positively selected genes and 23 rapidly evolving genes in long-lived species,which included nine genes involved in regulating lifespan through the insulin/IGF-1 signaling(IIS)pathway and 11 genes highly enriched in immune-response-related pathways,suggesting that the IIS pathway and immune response play a particularly important role in exceptional mammalian ***,11 genes related to cancer progression,including four positively selected genes and seven genes with convergent amino acid changes,were shared by two or more long-lived lineages,indicating that long-lived mammals might have evolved convergent or similar mechanisms of cancer resistance that extended their *** suggestion was further corroborated by our identifi-cation of 12 robust candidates for longevity-related genes closely related to cancer.

关键词： mammals longevity positive selection IIS pathway immune response cancer resistance

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Non-coding RNAs and the acquisition of genomic imprinting in mammals

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Science China(Life Sciences) 2009年第3期52卷 195-204页

作者： ZHANG YiJun & QU LiangHu Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education,State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol,Sun Yan-Sen University,Guangzhou 510275,China Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol Sun Yan-Sen University Guangzhou 510275 China

Genomic imprinting,representing parent-specific expression of alleles at a locus,is mainly evident in flowering plants and placental *** imprinted genes,including numerous non-coding RNAs,are located in clusters regulated by imprinting control regions(ICRs).The acquisition and evolution of genomic imprinting is among the most fundamental genetic *** about the transition of mammalian imprinted gene domains from their non-imprinted ancestors,especially recent studies undertaken on the most ancient mammalian clades-the marsupials and monotremes from which model species genomes have recently been sequenced,are of high *** reviewing and analyzing these studies,a close connection between non-coding RNAs and the acquisition of genomic imprinting in mammals is *** evidence comes from two observations accompanied with the acquisition of the imprinting:(i) many novel non-coding RNA genes emerged in imprinted regions;(ii) the expressions of some conserved non-coding RNAs have changed ***,a systematical analysis of imprinted snoRNA(small nucleolar RNA) genes from 15 vertebrates suggests that the origination of imprinted snoRNAs occurred after the divergence between eutherians and marsupials,followed by a rapid expansion leading to the fixation of major gene families in the eutherian ancestor prior to the radiation of modern placental *** in the regulation of imprinted silencing and mediating the chromatins epigenetic modification may be the major roles that non-coding RNAs play during the acquisition of genomic imprinting in mammals.

关键词： genomic imprinting mammals non-coding RNAs

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Comparative analysis reveals epigenomic evolution related to species traits and genomic imprinting in mammals

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The Innovation 2023年第3期4卷 91-101页

作者： Yisi Hu Shenli Yuan Xin Du Jiang Liu Wenliang Zhou Fuwen Wei CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China Center for Evolution and Conservation Biology Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory(Guangzhou)Guangzhou 511458China CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information Beijing Institute of GenomicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China

DNA methylation is an epigenetic modification that plays a crucial role in various regulatory processes,including gene expression regulation,transposable element repression,and genomic ***,most studies on DNA methylation have been conducted in humans and other model species,whereas the dynamics of DNA methylation across mammals remain poorly explored,limiting our understanding of epigenomic evolution in mammals and the evolutionary impacts of conserved and lineage-specific DNA ***,we generated and gathered comparative epigenomic data from 13 mammalian species,including two marsupial species,to demonstrate that DNA methylation plays critical roles in several aspects of gene evolution and species trait *** found that the species-specific DNA methylation of promoters and noncoding elements correlates with species-specific traits such as body patterning,indicating that DNA methylation might help establish or maintain interspecies differences in gene regulation that shape *** a broader view,we investigated the evolutionary histories of 88 known imprinting control regions across mammals to identify their evolutionary *** analyzing the features of known and newly identified potential imprints in all studied mammals,we found that genomic imprinting may function in embryonic development through the binding of specific transcription *** findings show that DNA methylation and the complex interaction between the genome and epigenome have a significant impact on mammalian evolution,suggesting that evolutionary epigenomics should be incorporated to develop a unified evolutionary theory.

关键词： imprinting evolution mammals

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