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Phenotypic diversity in Ethiopian durum wheat(Triticum turgidum ***)landraces

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The Crop Journal 2015年第3期3卷 190-199页

作者： Dejene K.Mengistu Afeworki Y.Kiros Mario E.Pè Department of Dryland Crop and Horticultural Sciences Mekelle University P.O.Box 231 Mekelle Ethiopia Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna (SSSUP) Pizza Martiri Liberà 33 – 56127 Pisa Italy

The phenotypic diversity of 274 Ethiopian durum wheat accessions was analyzed, taking their geographic origins into account. The aim was to assess the extent and patterns of agronomically important phenotypic variation across districts of origin and altitude classes for major qualitative traits using diversity index and multivariate methods. Eight qualitative and three quantitative traits were scored for 2740 plants and analyzed for diversity. The Shannon–Weaver diversity(H′) index was used to estimate phenotypic diversity. The estimated H′ ranged from monomorphic for glume hairiness to highly polymorphic for other traits. The highest(0.86) H′ was obtained for seed degree of shriveling, possibly indicating the differential responses of the genotypes to water deficit during later growth stages. With respect to district of origin, the highest(0.72) and lowest(0.44) H′ values were obtained for the Bale and SNNP districts, respectively. With respect to altitude, the highest(0.76) and lowest(0.62) H′ values were recorded for altitudes 1600–2000and > 3000 m above sea levels, respectively. Principal components analysis explained substantial variation contributed by district of origin and altitude range. Genotypes were clustered into three groups by districts of origin and altitude class, with relatively strong bootstrap values of 57 and 62 for the former and latter, respectively. It could be concluded that Ethiopian durum wheat landraces are very diverse both within and among districts of origin and altitude classes. This wealth of genetic diversity should be exploited for wheat improvement of yield and for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, particularly terminal drought.

关键词： Phenotypic diversity Diversity index landraces Districts of origin Altitude Ethiopia

On-farm Conservation of landraces of Rice (Oryza Sativa L.) through Cultivation in the Kumaun Region of Indian Central Himalaya

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Journal of Mountain Science 2007年第4期4卷 354-360页

作者： R. K. Agnihotri L. M. S. Palni G. B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development Kosi - Katarmal Almora 263 643 Uttaranchal India State Biotechnology Programme government of Uttaranchal Biotech Bhavan P. O. Haldi U. S. Nagar 263 146 Uttaranchal India

The Himalayan region is a known hot spot of crop diversity. Traditional varieties (usually called primitive cultivars or landraces), having withstood the rigors of time (including harsh climatic conditions as well as attacks of insects, pests and diseases), can still be found in crop fields in rural parts of Indian Central Himalaya (ICH). These landraces harbor many desired traits from which, for example, varieties that are tolerant/resistant to abiotic/biotic stresses could be developed. In addition to the above benefits, landraces provide a basis for food security and a more varied and interesting diet. Some landraces are also known to be of medicinal value. These, along with some lesser known hill crops, are often referred to by different names such as under exploited crops, crops for marginal lands, poor person crops, and neglected mountain crops. The Himalayan region continues to be a reservoir of a large number of landraces and cultivars whose economic and ecological potential is yet to be fully understood and/or exploited. Indians have had a history of rice cultivation since ancient times. Farmers, including tribals inhabiting the IHR, still cultivate a plethora of landraces of rice and thus directly contribute towardson-farm conservation of valuable germplasm and help in the preservation of crop diversity. The present paper looks at the on-farm conservation of rice germplasm, which is still practised in the Kumaun region of ICH.

关键词： Germplasm Himalaya landraces on-farm conservation rice

Field evaluation of durum wheat landraces for prevailing abiotic and biotic stresses in highland rainfed regions of Iran

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The Crop Journal 2015年第5期3卷 423-433页

作者： Reza Mohammadi Behzad Sadeghzadeh Hasan Ahmadi Nowzar Bahrami Ahmed Amri Dryland Agricultural Research Institute (DARI) Center of Agricultural Research and Natural Resources International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA)

Biotic and abiotic stresses are major limiting factors for high crop productivity worldwide. A landrace collection consisting of 380 durum wheat(Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) entries originating in several countries along with four check varieties were evaluated for biotic stresses:yellow rust(Puccinia striiformis Westendorf f. sp. tritici) and wheat stem sawfly(WSS) Cephus cinctus Norton(Hymenoptera: Cephidae), and abiotic stresses: cold and drought. The main objectives were to(i) quantify phenotypic diversity and identify variation in the durum wheat landraces for the different stresses and(ii) characterize the agronomic profiles of landraces in reaction to the stresses. Significant changes in reactions of landraces to stresses were *** resistant to each stress were identified and agronomically *** reduction due to the stresses varied from 11.4%(yellow rust) to 21.6%(cold stress) for 1000-kernel weight(TKW) and from 19.9(yellow rust) to 91.9%(cold stress) for grain yield. landraces from Asia and Europe showed enhanced genetic potential for both grain yield and cold tolerance under highland rainfed conditions of Iran. The findings showed that TKW and yield productivity could be used to assess the response of durum wheat landraces to different stresses. In conclusion, landraces showed high levels of resistance to both biotic and abiotic stresses, and selected landraces can serve in durum wheat breeding for adaptation to cold and drought-prone environments.

关键词： Durum wheat landraces Biotic and abiotic stresses

Screening landraces for Additional Sources of Field Resistance to Cassava Mosaic Disease and Green Mite for Integration into the Cassava Improvement Program

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Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2008年第3期50卷 311-318页

作者： Adebola Raji Oluseyi Ladeinde Alfred Dixon Root and Tuber Program International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) Ibadan Nigeria Department of Plant Breeding and Seed Technology University of Agriculture Abeokuta Nigeria

Twelve cassava landraces were evaluated for sources of resistance genes to diseases and pests of major economic importance in Africa. The objective was to assess their levels of field resistance to mosaic disease （ACMD）, bacterial blight （CBB）, anthracnose （CAD）, and green mite （CGM）, compared to TMS30572, an elite cultivar widely adopted in Africa. Considerable genotypic variation was observed among cultivars for resistance to ACMD and CGM but not for CBB and CAD. The lowest mean incidence of 12% and severity of 1.8 on a scale of 1-5 for ACMD was recorded for Atu, a landrace with farmer acceptable qualities. In comparison, the improved cultivar, TMS 30572, had a mean disease incidence of 72% and a severity score of 2.8. Another landrace, MS-20 had the lowest CGM damage score （2.1） while TMS 30572 emerged as one of the susceptible cultivars with a damage score of 3. Additional sources of resistance to ACMD and CGM that may possibly be better than the popular improved cultivar, TMS 30572, were identified in this study. These could serve as novel sources of additional genes to complement existing resources for elite cassava breeding in Africa.

关键词： anthracnose bacterial blight green mite landraces mosaic disease resistance

Vegetative Compatibility and Virulence Diversity of Verticillium dahliae from Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) Plantations in Turkey and Evaluation of Okra landraces for Resistance to V. dahliae

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Phyton-International Journal of Experimental Botany 2020年第2期89卷 303-314页

作者： Fatih M.Tok Sibel Dervis Halit Yetisir Hatay Mustafa Kemal University Department of Plant ProtectionFaculty of AgricultureAntakyaHatay31034Turkey Mardin Artuklu University Vocational School of KızıltepeDepartment of Plant and Animal ProductionMardin47000Turkey Erciyes University Department of HorticultureFaculty of AgricultureKayseri38225Turkey

Forty-four *** isolates were collected from symptomatic vascular tissues of okra plants each from a different field in eight provinces located in the eastern Mediterranean and western Anatolia regions of Turkey during ***-nonutilizing(nit)mutants of *** from okra were used to determine heterokaryosis and genetic relatedness among *** isolates from okra plants were grouped into two vegetative compatibility groups(VCGs)(1 and 2)and three subgroups as 1A(13.6%,6/44),2A(20.5%,9/44)and 2B(65.9%,29/44)according to international *** tests were performed on a susceptible local okra(***)landrace in greenhouse *** isolates from VCG1A and VCG2B induced defoliation(D)and partial defoliation(PD)symptoms,*** isolates from VCG2A gave rise to typical leaf chlorosis symptoms without *** obtained data showed that the virulence level of *** isolates from okra was related to their VCG *** okra landraces from diverse geographical origins were screened for resistance to VCG2B and VCG1A of *** results indicated that all landraces were more susceptible to highly virulent VCG1A-D pathotype displaying D or PD symptoms depending on their susceptibility levels with a mean disease severity index of 3.52 than to less virulent VCG2B-PD pathotype of *** displaying PD and ND symptoms with a mean disease severity index of *** differences were observed among the landraces;however,none of them exhibited a level of *** landraces;Çorum,Hatay Has and Sanlıurfa displayed the lowest level of susceptibility or little tolerance to both D and PD ***2B of PD was prevailing in the surveyed areas and VCG1A of D was the most virulent of the VCGs *** of resistant genotypes to Turkish okra germplasm from different sources and breeding new resistant okra cultivars are critical for the sustainability of okra production.

关键词： landraces Malvaceae nit mutants pathotypes VCGs defoliating wilt

Characterization of Seed Storage Proteins in Eight Bambara Groundnut landraces in Burkina Faso

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Agricultural Sciences 2023年第9期14卷 1268-1276页

作者： Assita Traoré-Barro Emmanuel A. M. Thiombiano Karidiatou Gnankambary Mounyratou Rabo Orokia Coulibaly Salimata Traoré Oumar Traoré Laboratoire National de Biosécurité Agence Nationale de Biosécurité Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Chimie Appliquée Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Laboratoire de Génétique et amélioration des plantes (LAGAMEP) Institut de l’Environnement et Recherches Agricoles Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Laboratoire de protection et défense des cultures (LAPRODEC) Institut de l’Environnement et Recherches Agricoles Ouagadougou Burkina Faso

The Bambara groundnut Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc. is a drought-resistant indigenous African grain legume with significant nutritional and agronomic potential. This study aimed to characterize the seed storage proteins of eight Bambara groundnut landraces. Seeds of Bambara groundnut landraces were collected from local markets in Burkina Faso, and total soluble protein as well as protein fractions were extracted. Crude protein content was determined by the Kjeldahl method, and soluble proteins were quantified using Bradford dye binding assay. The average crude protein content of the seeds was found to be 18.46%, with variations ranging from 17.69% to 19.17% among the different landraces. Most of the protein content was soluble, constituting approximately 87.04% of the total crude protein. Albumin fraction was the most dominant, representing about 95.42% of the total soluble proteins. The globulin, prolamin and glutelin fractions accounted for 1.82%, 0.13% and 1.17% of the soluble proteins, respectively. The findings provide valuable insights into the protein composition of Bambara groundnut landraces and contribute to our understanding of its nutritional potential, laying the groundwork for further research on crop improvement and sustainable agriculture practices.

关键词： Bambara Groundnut landraces Protein Protein Fractions

The Effects of Low Phosphorus Stress on Morphological and Physiological Characteristics of Maize (Zea mays L.) landraces

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2007年第5期6卷 559-566页

作者： YAO Qi-lun1, 2, YANG Ke-cheng1, PAN Guang-tang1 and RONG Ting-zhao1 1 Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University,Yaan 625014, P.R.China 2 Department of Life Science, Changjiang Normal College, Fuling 408003, P.R.China Maize Research Institute Sichuan Agricultural University Yaan 625014 P.R. China Department of Life Science Changjiang Normal College Fuling 408003 P.R. China

A field trial was conducted to investigate main morphological and physiological changes of different maize landraces to low-P stress at the stage of seedling. P-deficiency significantly decreased root volume, total leaf area, and plant dry weight, but greatly increased density of root hairs and root top ratio. In addition, P-deficiency induced the significant enhancement of phosphorus utilization efficiency and the amount of proline, malondialdehye (MDA), acid phosphatase (APase), peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), but the significant reduction of P uptake and soluable protein content. Since P-deficiency had smaller effects on the P-tolerant maize landraces DP-44, DP-32 and DP-33 as compared with P-sensitive landraces DP-29 and DP-24, it was demonstrated that differences of tolerance to P-deficiency existed among different maize landraces. The results based on the correlation analysis showed that the economic yield of maize landraces had relationships with their morphological and physiological characteristics under P-deficiency.

关键词： maize landraces P-deficiency low-P stress morphology physiology

Genetic Diversity in a Collection of Chinese Sorghum landraces Assessed by Microsatellites

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2012年第12期3卷 1722-1729页

作者： Gloria Burow Cleve D. Franks Zhanguo Xin John J. Burke Dupont Pioneer 2260 CR60 Plainview USA Plant Stress and Germplasm Development Unit Cropping Systems Research Laboratory USDA-ARS Lubbock USA

Genetic diversity was characterized in a collection of 159 sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) landraces gathered from the colder region (primarily the northeastern region) of China. A set of 41 microsatellites or simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers distributed throughout the 10 chromosomes of sorghum was utilized in the analysis. Majority (40 out of 41 SSRs, 98%) of the SSR markers were polymorphic and highly informative with polymorphism information content (PIC) value ranging from 0.05 to 0.92. An estimation of genetic similarity coefficients (GSC, with values ranging from 0.42 to 0.96) revealed a range of variability in this collection of sorghum landraces. Eight clusters of accessions were identified at a cut off at 0.50 GSC and these groupings were supported by the analysis of subpopulations using Structure. This study provides evidence that Chinese landraces of sorghum exhibit moderate genetic diversity and results from cluster analysis may well aid in identification of diverse accessions that can serve as parental lines for efficient utilization and application of these germplasm into sorghum breeding programs.

关键词： Sorghum Germplasm landraces Kaoliangs Simple Sequence Repeats Diversity

Molecular Characterization Using Microsatellites of Bambara Nut (<i>Vigna subterranea</i>[L] Verdcourt) landraces Cultivated in Burkina Faso

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Agricultural Sciences 2021年第10期12卷 1119-1128页

作者： Diane Judicaëlle Kambou Hervé Nandkangre Adjima Ouoba Abdou Kader Congo N’Golo Moussa Konate Wend-Pagnangdé Marie Serge Félicien Zida Nerbéwendé Sawadogo Mahamadou Sawadogo Mahama Ouedraogo Université Joseph KI-ZERBO UFR-SVT Ecole Doctorale Sciences et Technologies Laboratoire Biosciences Equipe Génétique et Amélioration des Plantes Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Institut de l’Environnement et de Recherches Agricoles (INERA) Département de Productions Végétales Laboratoire de Génétique et de Biotechnologies Végétales Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Centre Universitaire de Tenkodogo/Université Thomas SANKARA Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Centre Universitaire de Ziniaré Université Joseph KI-ZERBO Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Université Norbert ZONGO UFR ST (Sciences et Technologies) Koudougou Burkina Faso

Voandzou is a seed legume cultivated in Burkina Faso with significant nutritional potential. The objective of this study was to assess the genetic diversity of Bambara nut cultivated in Burkina Faso using microsatellite markers. For the study, fifteen SSRs markers were used for molecular characterization of 90 Bambara nut landraces from three agro-climatic zones of Burkina Faso. All markers were 100% polymorphic with an average value of 4.81 for effective alleles. The polymorphism information content (PIC) ranged from 0.654 to 0.867 with a mean of 0.775. Dendrogram classified the accessions in four mixed groups independently of the three agro-climatic zones. This distribution is consistent with the results on the agro-morphological characterization of the same landraces. This information was served as a basic model for breeding and conservation programs of V. subterranea in Burkina Faso.

关键词： Bambara Nut landraces Genetics Diversity SSR Markers