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Liver or kidney:Who has the oar in the gluconeogenesis boat and when?

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World Journal of Diabetes 2023年第7期14卷 1049-1056页

作者： Biswajit Sahoo Medha Srivastava Arpit Katiyar Carolyn Ecelbarger Swasti Tiwari Department of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical SciencesLucknow 226014India Department of Medicine Georgetown UniversityWashingtonDC 20057United States

Gluconeogenesis is an endogenous process of glucose production from noncarbohydrate carbon substrates.Both the liver and kidneys express the key enzymes necessary for endogenous glucose production and its export into circulation.We would be remiss to add that more recently gluconeogenesis has been described in the small intestine,especially under high-protein,lowcarbohydrate diets.The contribution of the liver glucose release,the net glucose flux,towards systemic glucose is already well known.The liver is,in most instances,the primary bulk contributor due to the sheer size of the organ(on average,over 1 kg).The contribution of the kidney(at just over 100 g each)to endogenous glucose production is often under-appreciated,especially on a weight basis.Glucose is released from the liver through the process of glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis.Renal glucose release is almost exclusively due to gluconeogenesis,which occurs in only a fraction of the cells in that organ(proximal tubule cells).Thus,the efficiency of glucose production from other carbon sources may be superior in the kidney relative to the liver or at least on the level.In both these tissues,gluconeogenesis regulation is under tight hormonal control and depends on the availability of substrates.Liver and renal gluconeogenesis are differentially regulated under various pathological conditions.The impact of one source vs the other changes,based on post-prandial state,acid-base balance,hormonal status,and other less understood factors.Which organ has the oar(is more influential)in driving systemic glucose homeostasis is still inconclusive and likely changes with the daily rhythms of life.We reviewed the literature on the differences in gluconeogenesis regulation between the kidneys and the liver to gain an insight into who drives the systemic glucose levels under various physiological and pathological conditions.

关键词： Gluconeogenesis in the kidney and liver Diabetes hormonal regulation Metabolic acidosis Insulin resistance Net glucose metabolism

Exploitation of tolerance to drought stress in carrot(Daucus carota L.):an overview

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Stress Biology 2023年第1期3卷 598-609页

作者： Muhammad Daniyal Junaid Zahide Neslihan Ozturk Ali Fuat Gokce Department of Agricultural Genetic Engineering Ayhan Sahenk Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and TechnologiesNigde Omer Halisdemir UniversityNigdeTurkiye Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics Faculty of Agricultural SciencesUniversity of The PunjabLahorePakistan

Drought stress is a significant environmental factor that adversely affects the growth and development of car-rot(Daucus carota L.),resulting in reduced crop yields and quality.Drought stress induces a range of physiological and biochemical changes in carrots,including reduced germination,hindered cell elongation,wilting,and disrupted photosynthetic efficiency,ultimately leading to stunted growth and decreased root development.Recent research has focused on understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying carrot’s response to drought stress,identifying key genes and transcription factors involved in drought tolerance.Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses have provided insights into the regulatory networks and signaling pathways involved in drought stress adaptation.Among biochemical processes,water scarcity alters carrot antioxidant levels,osmolytes,and hormones.This review provides an overview of the effects of drought stress on carrots and highlights recent advances in drought stress-related studies on this crop.Some recent advances in understanding the effects of drought stress on carrots and developing strategies for drought stress mitigation are crucial for ensuring sustainable carrot production in the face of changing climate conditions.However,understanding the mechanisms underlying the plant’s response to drought stress is essential for developing strategies to improve its tolerance to water scarcity and ensure food security in regions affected by drought.

关键词： Carrots Drought hormonal regulation miRNAs Metabolites Quality

Cell Wall, Cytoskeleton, and Cell Expansion in Higher Plants

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Molecular Plant 2014年第4期7卷 586-600页

作者： Logan Bashline Lei Lei Shundai Li Ying Gu Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Pennsylvania State University University Park PA 16802 USA

To accommodate two seemingly contradictory biological roles in plant physiology, providing both the rigid structural support of plant cells and the adjustable elasticity needed for cell expansion, the composition of the plant cell wall has evolved to become an intricate network of cellulosic, hemicellulosic, and pectic polysaccharides and protein. Due to its complexity, many aspects of the cell wall influence plant cell expansion, and many new and insightful observations and technologies are forthcoming. The biosynthesis of cell wall polymers and the roles of the variety of proteins involved in polysaccharide synthesis continue to be characterized. The interactions within the cell wall polymer network and the modification of these interactions provide insight into how the plant cell wall provides its dual function. The complex cell wall architecture is controlled and organized in part by the dynamic intracellular cytoskeleton and by diverse trafficking pathways of the cell wall polymers and cell wall-related machinery. Meanwhile, the cell wall is continually influenced by hormonal and integrity sensing stimuli that are perceived by the cell. These many processes cooperate to construct, maintain, and manipulate the intricate plant cell wall--an essential structure for the sustaining of the plant stature, growth, and life.

关键词： cell wall cellulose hemicellulose pectin biosynthesis cellulose synthase microtubules actin cytoskeleton trafficking hormonal regulation cell wall integrity sensing.

Plasma Membrane H^＋-ATPase regulation in the Center of Plant Physiology

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Molecular Plant 2016年第3期9卷 323-337页

作者： Janus Falhof Jesper Torbol Pedersen Anja Thoe Fuglsang Michael Palmgren Department of Plant and Environmental Science Center for Membrane Pumps in Ceils and Disease-- PUMPKIN Danish National Research Foundation University of Copenhagen 1871 Frederiksberg Denmark

The plasma membrane （PM） H^＋-ATPase is an important ion pump in the plant cell membrane. By extruding protons from the cell and generating a membrane potential, this pump energizes the PM, which is a prerequisite for growth. Modification of the autoinhibitory terminal domains activates PM H^＋-ATPase activity, and on this basis it has been hypothesized that these regulatory termini are targets for physiological factors that activate or inhibit proton pumping. In this review, we focus on the posttranslational regulation of the PM H＋-ATPase and place regulation of the pump in an evolutionary and physiological context. The emerging picture is that multiple signals regulating plant growth interfere with the posttranslational regulation of the PM H^＋-ATPase.

关键词： blue light pathogens hormonal regulation protein phosphorylation/dephosphorylation proton pump stomata

Arabidopsis Protein Phosphatase 2C ABI1 Interacts with Type I ACC Synthases and Is Involved in the regulation of Ozone-Induced Ethylene Biosynthesis

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Molecular Plant 2014年第6期7卷 960-976页

作者： Agnieszka Ludwikow Agata Ciesla Anna Kasprowicz-Malusk Filip Mitula Malgorzata Tajdel lukasz Gaigarnski Piotr A. Ziolkowski Piotr Kubiak Arleta Malecka Aneta Piechalak Marta Szabat Alicja Gorska Maciej Dabrowskia Izabela Ibragimow Jan Sadowski Department of Biotechnology Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Faculty of Biology Adam Mickiewicz University inPoznan Umultowska 89 61-614 Poznan Poland Institute of Plant Genetics Polish Academy of Science Strzeszynska 34 60-479 Poznan Poland Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Faculty of Biology Adam MickiewiczUniversity in Poznan Umultowska 89 61-614 Poznan Poland Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology University of Life Sciences Wojska Polskiego 48 60-627 Poznan Poland Department of Biochemistry Institute of Molecular Bioloqy and Biotechnology Faculty of Bioloqy Adam Mickiewicz University inPoznan Umultowska 89 61-614 Poznan Poland

Ethylene plays a crucial role in various biological processes and therefore its biosynthesis is strictly regu- lated by multiple mechanisms. Posttranslational regulation, which is pivotal in controlling ethylene biosynthesis, impacts 1-aminocyclopropane 1-carboxylate synthase （ACS） protein stability via the complex interplay of specific factors. Here, we show that the Arabidopsis thaliana protein phosphatase type 2C, ABI1, a negative regulator of abscisic acid signaling, is involved in the regulation of ethylene biosynthesis under oxidative stress conditions. We found that ABI1 interacts with ACS6 and dephosphorylates its C-terminal fragment, a target of the stress-responsive mitogen-activated protein kinase, MPK6. In addition, ABI1 controls MPK6 activity directly and by this means also affects the ACS6 phosphorylation level. Consistently with this, ozone-induced ethylene production was significantly higher in an ABI1 knockout strain （abiltd） than in wild-type plants. Importantly, an increase in stress-induced ethylene production in the abiltd mutant was compen- sated by a higher ascorbate redox state and elevated antioxidant activities. Overall, the results of this study provide evi- dence that ABI1 restricts ethylene synthesis by affecting the activity of ACS6. The ABI1 contribution to stress phenotype underpins its role in the interplay between the abscisic acid （ABA） and ethylene signaling pathways.

关键词： hormonal regulation protein phosphorylation/dephosphorylation signal transduction Arabidopsis.

Is ABP1 an Auxin Receptor Yet？

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Molecular Plant 2011年第4期4卷 635-640页

作者： Jing-Hua Shi Zhen-Biao Yang Center for Plant Cell Biology Department of Botany and Plant Sciences University of California Riverside CA 92521 USA

AUXIN BINDING PROTEIN 1 （ABP1） has long been proposed as an auxin receptor to regulate cell expansion. The embryo lethality of ABP1-null mutants demonstrates its fundamental role in plant development, but also hinders investigation of its involvement in post-embryonic processes and its mode of action. By taking advantage of weak alleles and inducible systems, several recent studies have revealed a role for ABP1 in organ development, cell polarization, and shape formation. In addition to its role in the regulation of auxin-induced gene expression, ABP1 has now been shown to modulate non-transcriptional auxin responses. ABP1 is required for activating two antagonizing ROP GTPase signaling pathways involved in cytoskeletal reorganization and cell shape formation, and participates in the regulation of clathrinmediated endocytosis to subsequently affect PIN protein distribution. These exciting discoveries provide indisputable evidence for the auxin-induced signaling pathways that are downstream of ABP1 function, and suggest intriguing mechanisms for ABPl-mediated polar cell expansion and spatial coordination in response to auxin.

关键词： hormonal regulation hormone biology receptors signal transduction cell signaling.

Dynamics of Strigolactone Function and Shoot Branching Responses in Pisum sativum

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Molecular Plant 2013年第1期6卷 128-140页

作者： Elizabeth A. Dun Alexandre de Saint Germain Catherine Rameau Christine A. Beveridge The University of Queensland School of Biological Sciences St Lucia QLD 4072 Australia Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin INRA UMR1318 INRA-AgroParisTech F-78000 Versailles France

Strigolactones （SLs）, or their metabolites, were recently identified as endogenous inhibitors of shoot branch- ing. However, certain key features and dynamics of SL action remained to be physiologically characterized. Here we show that successive direct application of SL to axillary buds at every node along the stem can fully inhibit branching. The SL inhibition of early outgrowth did not require inhibitory signals from other growing buds or the shoot tip. In add- ition to this very early or initial suppression of outgrowth, we also found SL to be effective, up to a point, at moderating the continuing growth of axillary branches. The effectiveness of SL at affecting bud and branch growth correlated with the ability of SL to regulate expression of PsBRC1. PsBRC1 is a transcription factor that is expressed strongly in axillary buds and is required for SL inhibition of shoot branching. Consistent with a dynamic role of the hormone, SL inhibition of bud growth did not prevent buds from later responding to a decapitation treatment, even though SL treatment immediately after decapitation inhibits the outgrowth response. Also, as expected from the hypothesized branching control network in plants, treatment of exogenous SL caused feedback down-regulation of SL biosynthesis genes within 2 h. Altogether, these results reveal new insights into the dynamics of SL function and support the premise that SLs or SL-derived metabolites function dynamically as a shoot branching hormone and that they act directly in axillary buds.

关键词： hormonal regulation dormancy shoot branching.

Metabolomic, Transcriptional, hormonal, and Signaling Cross-Talk in Superroot2

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Molecular Plant 2010年第1期3卷 192-211页

作者： Marc Morant Claus Ekstrom Peter Ulvskov Charlotte Kristensen Mats Rudemo Carl Erik Olsen Jorgen Hansen Kirsten Jorgensena Bodil Jorgensen Birger Lindberg Moilera Soren Bak Plant Biochemistry Laboratory Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology University of Copenhagen 40 Thorvaldsensvej DK-1871 FrederiksbergC Copenhagen Denmark Center for Molecular Plant Physiology University of Copenhagen. DK-1871 Frederiksberg C Copenhagen Denmark Department of Natural Sciences University of Copenhagen DK-1871 Frederiksberg C Copenhagen Denmark VKR research centre 'Pro-Active Plants' Plant Biochemistry Laboratory Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology University of Copenhagen DK-1871 Frederiksberg C Copenhagen Denmark Evolva A/S Bulowsvej 25 DK-1870 Frederiksberg C Copenhagen Denmark Center for Applied Bioinformatics at LIFE University of Copenhagen 40 Thorvaldsensvej DK-1871 Frederiksberg C Copenhagen Denmark

Auxin homeostasis is pivotal for normal plant growth and development. The superroot2 （sur2） mutant was initially isolated in a forward genetic screen for auxin overproducers, and SUR2 was suggested to control auxin conju- gation and thereby regulate auxin homeostasis. However, the phenotype was not uniform and could not be described as a pure high auxin phenotype, indicating that knockout of CYP83B1 has multiple effects. Subsequently, SUR2 was identified as CYP83B1, a cytochrome P450 positioned at the metabolic branch point between auxin and indole glucosinolate metabolism. To investigate concomitant global alterations triggered by knockout of CYP83B1 and the countermeasures chosen by the mutant to cope with hormonal and metabolic imbalances, 10-day-old mutant seedlings were characterized with respect to their transcriptome and metabolome profiles. Here, we report a global analysis of the sur2 mutant by the use of a combined transcriptomic and metabolomic approach revealing pronounced effects on several metabolic grids including the intersection between secondary metabolism, cell wall turnover, hormone metabolism, and stress responses. Metabolic and transcriptional cross-talks in sur2 were found to be regulated by complex interactions between both positively and negatively acting transcription factors. The complex phenotype of sur2 may thus not only be assigned to elevated levels of auxin, but also to ethylene and abscisic acid responses as well as drought responses in the absence of a water deficiency. The delicate balance between these signals explains why minute changes in growth conditions may result in the non-uniform phenotype. The large phenotypic variation observed between and within the different surveys may be reconciled by the complex and intricate hormonal balances in sur2 seedlings decoded in this study.

关键词： Abiotic/environmental stress hormonal regulation metabolomics secondary metabolism/natural products transcriptome analysis development.

Patterns and Timing in Expression of Early Auxin-Induced Genes Imply Involvement of Phospholipases A （pPLAs） in the regulation of Auxin Responses

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Molecular Plant 2013年第5期6卷 1473-1486页

作者： Corinna Labusch Maria Shishova Yunus Effendi Maoyin Li Xuemin Wang Gunther RE. Scherera Leibniz Universit&t Hannover Institut for Zierpflanzenbau und Geh61zwissenschaften Abt. Molekulare Ertragsphysiologie Herrenhauser Str. 2 D-30419 Hannover Germany Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry State University of St. Petersburg Universitetskaya em. 7/9 St. Petersburg 199034 Russia Department of Biology University of Missouri St Louis MO 63121 USA Donald Danforth Plant Science Center St Louis MO 63132 USA

While it is known that patatin-related phospholipase A （pPLA） activity is rapidly activated within 3min by auxin, hardly anything is known about how this signal influences downstream responses like transcription of early auxin-induced genes or other physiological responses. We screened mutants with T-DNA insertions in members of the pPLA gene family for molecular and physiological phenotypes related to auxin. Only one in nine Arabidopsis thaliana ppla knockdown mutants displayed an obvious constitutive auxin-related phenotype. Compared to wild-type, ppla-IIlδ mutant seedlings had decreased main root lengths and increased lateral root numbers. We tested auxin-induced gene expression as a molecular readout for primary molecular auxin responses in nine ppla mutants and found delayed up- regulation of auxin-responsive gene exRression in all of themL Thirty minutes after auxin treatment, up-regulation of up to 40% of auxin-induced genes was delayed in mutant seedlings. We observed only a few cases with hypersensitive auxin-induced gene expression in ppla mutants. While, in three ppla mutants, which were investigated in detail, rapid up- regulation （as early as 10 min after auxin stimulus） of auxin-regulated genes was impaired, late transcriptional responses were wild-type-like. This regulatory or dynamic phenotype was consistently observed in different ppla mutants with delayed up-regulation that frequently affected the same genes. This defect was not affected by pPLA transcript levels which remained constant. This indicates aposttranslational mechanism as a functional link of pPLAs to auxin signaling. The need for a receptor triggering an auxin response without employing transcription regulation is discussed.

关键词： hormonal regulation hormone biology signal transduction.