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Metabolomic evidence of independent biotransformation pathways for terpenes in two specialist mammalian herbivores (genus Neotoma)

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Integrative Zoology 2024年第1期19卷 143-155页

作者： Katharina SCHRAMM Michele SKOPEC Denise DEARING Department of Biology University of UtahSalt Lake CityUtahUSA Department of Zoology Weber State UniversityOgdenUtahUSA

herbivory is common in mammals,yet our understanding of detoxification processes used by mammals to biotrans-form plant secondary compounds(PSCs)is limited.Specialist herbivores are thought to have evolved detoxifica-tion mechanisms that rely more heavily on energetically cheap Phase I biotransformation reactions to process high levels of PSCs in their diets.We explored this hypothesis by comparing the urinary metabolite patterns of two spe-cialist herbivores(genus Neotoma).Neotoma stephensi is an obligate specialist on one-seeded juniper(Juniperus monosperma).Neotoma lepida is a generalist forager across its range,yet populations in the Great Basin specialize on Utah juniper(J.osteosperma).While both juniper species have high levels of terpenes,the terpene profiles and quantities differ between the two.Individuals from both woodrat species were fed diets of each juniper in a cross-over design.Urine,collected over a 24-h period,was extracted and analyzed in an untargeted metabolomics approach using both GC-MS and HPLC-MS/MS.The obligate specialist N.stephensi excreted a unique pattern of Phase I metabolites when fed its native juniper,while N.lepida excreted a unique pattern of Phase II metabolites when fed its native juniper.Both woodrat species utilized the Phase II metabolic pathway of glucuronidation more heavily when consuming the more chemically diverse J.osteosperma,and N.stephensi utilized less glucuronida-tion than N.lepida when consuming J.monosperma.These results are consistent with the hypothesis that obligate specialists may have evolved unique and efficient biotransformation mechanisms for dealing with PSCs in their diet.

关键词： dietary specialization herbivory juniper metabolomics Neotoma

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Grazing Pressure and Plant Functional Types in Puna Highlands,Northwestern Argentina

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Phyton-International Journal of Experimental Botany 2024年第5期93卷 1067-1080页

作者： Quiroga Mendiola Mariana Tálamo Andrés IPAF NOA—INTA(National Institute for Agricultural Technology) Posta de HornillosJujuy4622Argentina Facultad de Ciencias Naturales Universidad Nacional de SaltaSalta4400Argentina Instituto de Bio y Geociencias del NOA(IBIGEO) UNSa-CONICET.Laboratorio de Ecología Aplicada a la Conservación(LEAC)Facultad de Ciencias NaturalesUniversidad Nacional de SaltaSalta4400Argentina Maestría en Gestión Ambiental Escuela de NegociosUniversidad Católica de Salta(UCASAL)Salta4400Argentina

The Puna grasslands support grazing systems that produce meat and wool in multi-species herds,especially from llama(Lama glama)and sheep.However,it is yet unknown whether grazing pressure can modify grassland structure and Plant Functional Types diversity and cover in Puna grasslands.We analyzed the relationship between grazing pressure and Plant Functional Types by comparing transects located near stockyards(high grazing pressure)and far from them(low pressure)and by evaluating the relationship between the Plant Functional Types cover to a Grazing Pressure Index(GPI).This index incorporates the heterogeneity of traditional pastoral management.At two ecological sites(Ciénego and Tolar),we sampled paired transects(near-far).Plots near and far from corrals were similar in all the variables measured except for plots in Tolar,which tend to have higher total cover,possibly due to fecal fertilization near stockyards.Furthermore,we recorded an increase in total cover and grass cover at higher GPI in Ciénego,while in Tolar we found lower values of total cover and herbaceous dicotyledonous cover at intermediate intensities of GPI.The only negative relationship found was the cover of clonal and non-clonal shrubs,possibly explained by the greater use of these shrubs as firewood near stockyards.In summary,our study does not show important changes in Plant Functional Types as a function of grazing pressure in the studied grasslands probably because grazing pressure is diluted or diminished when livestock rotates in different areas and grazing durations vary.Finally,the long grazing history with which the Puna has evolved could also contribute to the co-structuration between native vegetation and livestock farming.

关键词： Natural grasslands Puna herbivory ecological perturbation

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Gas Exchange Rates of Texas Persimmon (Diospyros texana) in Central Texas Woodlands

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2024年第5期15卷 329-348页

作者： Matthew B. Grunstra Oscar W. Van Auken Department of Integrative Biology University of Texas at San Antonio San Antonio TX USA

Diospyros texana (Texas persimmon) is a secondary species in most Juniperus ashei/Quercus fusiformis woodlands in central Texas. It has high density, but plants are mostly in the community understory. Light response curves at ambient and elevated levels of CO2 and temperature were measured for D. texana. The Anet (photosynthetic rate) increased significantly as both light level and CO2 levels increased but not temperature. The Amax (maximum photosynthetic rate) of D. texana in full sun at elevated levels of CO2 was increased for all treatments. Stomatal conductance increased with levels of CO2 but only if the interaction was removed from the model. Intercellular levels of CO2 increased with both temperature and CO2 treatments as did water use efficiency (WUE). Furthermore, light saturation (Lsat) increased with CO2 treatments and light compensation (Lcp) increased with temperature. The dark respiration (Rd) increased with both temperature and CO2 treatments. Markov population models suggested D. texana populations would remain ecologically similar in the future. However, sub-canopy light levels and herbivory should be considered when examining population projections. For example, Juniperus ashei juveniles are not recruited into any canopy unless there are high light levels. herbivory reduces the success of Quercus juveniles from reaching the canopy. These factors do not seem to be a problem for D. texana juveniles which would allow them to reach the canopy without need of a high light gap and are not prevented by herbivory. Thus, Juniperus/Quercus woodlands will change in the future to woodlands with D. texana a more common species.

关键词： Replacement Dynamics Ecological Succession CO2 Concentrations Temperature Levels Photosynthetic Rates Drought Tolerance herbivory Species Replacement Encroachment Juniper

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herbivory of sympatric elk and cattle on Lincoln National Forest,south-central New Mexico

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Forest Ecosystems 2015年第4期2卷 314-326页

作者： Heather H.Halbritter Louis C.Bender Extension Animal Sciences and Natural Resources New Mexico State University

Background： Wildlife and livestock grazing are important products of forest ecosystems, but can be controversial. herbivory by North American elk and domestic cattle is a contentious management issue throughout western North America, often driving management proposals to decrease cattle and elk numbers based on perceived overutilization of forages. Such observations are often site level rather than landscape, and may confuse ecological sustainability with desired conditions. Methods： We used line transects to document vegetation composition, structure, and grazing and browsing utilization for 4 key habitat types： mountain meadows, aspen, thinned conifer, and burned conifer on Lincoln National Forest, New Mexico, USA. We documented relative habitat use of these types by elk, mule deer, and cattle and modeled relative use on residual grass biomass of mountain meadows and browse utilization of forested types. We determined diets and diet quality of elk and cattle to assess degree of competition. Results： Use of grasses in meadows was below management thresholds, and combined elk, cattle, and deer relative habitat use accounted for 〈 14 % of the variance in residual stubble height of Poa protensis, the most abundant grass. Palatable browse was limited in habitat types （〈 107 stems.ha^-1）, use was generally high, and elk presence was correlated with the majority of browsing. Elk and cattle diets did not significantly overlap （Schoener＇s index 0.54-0.57）; elk fed primarily on deciduous shrubs （34 %-55 % of annual diets） and cattle on grass （72 %-77 %）. Digestibility and crude protein levels of cattle diets and body condition of elk indicated high quality diets for cattle and marginal-good quality diets for elk. Conclusions： At observed stocking levels and densities, cattle and elk were not competing for forage based on diet similarity, nor were key habitat types being used beyond sustainable levels. Low browse availability indicates that opportunity exists to increase forage availability on Lincoln National Forest, and

关键词： Browsing Cattle Carrying capacity Elk Grazing herbivory Nutrition

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Mutation of the Arabidopsis Calmodulin-Like Protein CML37 Deregulates the Jasmonate Pathway and Enhances Susceptibility to herbivory

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Molecular Plant 2014年第12期7卷 1712-1726页

作者： Sandra S. Scholz Jyothilakshmi Vadassery Monika Heyer Michael Reichelt Kyle W. Bender Wayne A. Snedden Wilhelm Boland Axel Mithofer Department of Bioorganic Chemistry Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology Hans-Knoll-StraBe 8 07745 Jena Germany Department of Biochemistry Max Planck Institute for Chemica Eco ogy Hans-Knoll-StraBe 8 07745 Jena Germany Department of Plant Biology University of Illinois Urbana IL 61801 USA Department of Biology Queen's University Kingston Ontario Canada Canada K7L 3N6

Throughout their life, plants are challenged by various abiotic and biotic stress factors. Among those are attacks from herbivorous insects. The molecular mechanisms underlying the detection of herbivores and the subsequent signal transduction are not well understood. As a second messenger, fluxes in intracellular Ca2＋ levels play a key role in mediating stress response pathways. Ca2＋ signals are decoded by Ca2＋ sensor proteins such as calmodulin-like proteins （CMLs）. Here, we demonstrate that recombinant CML37 behaves like a Ca2＋ sensor in vitro and, in Arabidopsis, AtCML37 is induced by mechanical wounding as well as by infestation with larvae of the generalist lepidopteran herbivore Spodoptera littoralis. Loss of function of CML37 led to a better feeding performance of larvae suggesting that CML37 is a positive defense regulator. No herbivory-induced changes in secondary metabolites such as glucosinolates or flavonoids were detected in cml37 plants, although a significant reduction in the accumulation of jasmonates was observed, due to reduced expression of JAR1 mRNA and cellular enzyme activity. Consequently, the expression of jasmonate-responsive genes was reduced as well. Summarizing, our results suggest that the Ca2＋ sensor protein, CML37, functions as a positive regulator in Ca2＋ signaling during herbivory, connecting Ca2＋ and jasmonate signaling.

关键词： herbivory oral secretion jasmonates cytosolic calcium calmodulin-like proteins.

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Silencing NOA1 Elevates herbivory-Induced Jasmonic Acid Accumulation and Compromises Most of the Carbon-Based Defense Metabolites in Nicotiana attenuata

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Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2011年第8期53卷 619-631页

作者： Hendrik Wünsche Ian T. Baldwin Department of Molecular Ecology Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology

Nitric oxide-associated protein 1 （NOA1） is involved in various abiotic stress responses and is required for plant resistance to pathogen infections. However, the role of NOA1 in plant-herbivore interactions has not been explored. We created NOA1-silenced Nicotiana attenuata plants （irNaNOA1）. Compared with wild-type （WT） plants, irNaNOA1 plants had highly decreased photosynthesis rates. We further examined various traits important for plant defense against its specialist herbivore Manduca sexta by treating WT and irNaNOA1 plants with mechanical wounding and M. sexta oral secretions （OS）. NOA1-silenced plants showed elevated levels of herbivory-induced jasmonic acid （JA）, but decreased JA-isoleucine conjugate （JA-Ile） levels. The decreased JA-Ile levels did not result from compromised JAR （jasmonic acid resistant） activity in irNOA1 plants. Moreover, nitrogen-rich defensive compounds, nicotine and trypsin proteinase inhibitors, did not differ between WT and irNaNOA1 plants. In contrast, concentrations of most carbon-based defensive compounds were lower in these plants than in WT plants, although the levels of chlorogenic acid were not changed. Therefore, silencing NOA1 alters the allocation of carbon resources within the phenylpropanoid pathway. These data suggest the involvement of NOA1 in N. attenuata’s defense against M. sexta attack, and highlight its role in photosynthesis, and biosynthesis of jasmonates and secondary metabolites.

关键词： NOA1 defense herbivory nitric oxide-associated protein 1 secondary metabolites.

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Predicting intensity of white-tailed deer herbivory in the Central Appalachian Mountains

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Journal of Forestry Research 2018年第3期29卷 830-839页

作者： Andrew B.Kniowski W.Mark Ford Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation Virginia Tech U.S. Geological Survey Virginia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit Virginia Tech

In eastern North America, white-tailed deer(Odocoileus virginianus) can have profound influences on forest biodiversity and forest successional processes.Moderate to high deer populations in the central Appalachians have resulted in lower forest biodiversity.Legacy effects in some areas persist even following deer population reductions or declines. This has prompted managers to consider deer population management goals in light of policies designed to support conservation of biodiversity and forest regeneration while continuing to support ample recreational hunting opportunities. However,despite known relationships between herbivory intensity and biodiversity impact, little information exists on the predictability of herbivory intensity across the varied and spatially diverse habitat conditions of the central Appalachians. We examined the predictability of browsing rates across central Appalachian landscapes at four environmental scales: vegetative community characteristics, physical environment, habitat configuration, and local human and deer population demographics. In an information-theoretic approach, we found that a model fitting the number of stems browsed relative to local vegetation characteristics received most(62%) of the overall support of all tested models assessing herbivory impact. Our data suggest that deer herbivory responded most predictably to differences in vegetation quantity and type. No other spatial factors or demographic factors consistently affected browsing intensity. Because herbivory, vegetation communities, and productivity vary spatially, we suggest that effective broad-scale herbivory impact assessment should include spatially-balanced vegetation monitoring that accounts for regional differences in deer forage preference.Effective monitoring is necessary to avoid biodiversity impacts and deleterious changes in vegetation community composition that are difficult to reverse and/or may not be detected using traditional deer-density based management goals.

关键词： Biodiversity Central Appalachian Mountains herbivory Odocoileus virginianus Predicting browsing intensity White-tailed deer

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Different headspace profiles in wild crucifer species in response to Plutella xylostella herbivory and exogenous jasmonic acid application

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Insect Science 2010年第1期17卷 29-37页

作者： Peng-Jun Zhang Jin-Ping Shu Marcel Dicke Shu-Sheng Liu Institute of Insect Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou China Laboratory of Entomology Wageningen University Wageningen The Netherlands

Although exogenous treatment of plants withjasmonic acid （JA） may result in induced responses similar to plant defences induced by herbivory, few studies have compared the details of insect herbivory and JA-mimicked responses. We compared volatiles of two crucifer species, Cardamine impatiens and Lepidium virginicum, in response to Plutella xylostella larval feeding and exogenous application of JA, over the entire period of time when induced changes were detectable. Significant differences in the composition and timing of volatiles occurred between herbivory and JA treatments in both plants. The quantity ofnitrile and isothiocyanate released in response to herbivory was significantly larger than that upon JA treatment. In each of the two plant species, most volatile components were emitted immediately upon larval feeding and their quantity dropped rapidly once feeding ceased. In contrast, the emission of volatiles in response to JA treatment lasted for a longer period of time, and the maximum emission rate was recorded 2 and 3 days after JA treatment in L. virginicum and C. impatiens respectively. These findings are discussed in the context of signal-transduction pathways and mechanisms involved in induced emissions of plant volatiles, as well as induced defences mediated by plant volatiles.

关键词： Brassicaceae herbivory induced response jasmonic acid Plutella xylostella volatile emission

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The origin of herbivory on land： Initial patterns of plant tissue consumption by arthropods

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Insect Science 2007年第4期14卷 259-275页

作者： CONRAD LABANDEIRA DepartmentofPaleobiology NationalMuseumofNaturalHistorySmithsonianInstitutionWashingtonDCandDepartmentofEntomologyUniversityofMarylandCollegeParkMarylandUSA

The early fossil record of terrestrial arthropod herbivory consists of two pulses. The first pulse was concentrated during the latest Silurian to Early Devonian （417 to 403 Ma）, and consists of the earliest evidence for consumption of sporangia and stems （and limited fungivore borings）. Herbivorization of most of these tissues was rapid, representing 0 to 20 million-year （m.y.） lags from the earliest occurrences of these organs in the fossil record to their initial consumption （Phase 1）. For approximately the next 75 m.y., there was a second, more histologically varied origination and expansion of roots, leaves, wood and seeds, whose earliest evidence for herbivorization occurred from the Middle-Late Mississippian boundary to the Middle Pennsylvanian （327 to 309 Ma）. The appearance of this second herbivory pulse during the later Paleozoic （Phase 2） is accompanied by major lags of 98 to 54 m.y. between times of appearance of each of the four organ and tissue types and their subsequent herbivory. Both pulses provide a context for three emerging questions. First is an explanation for the contrast between the near instantaneous consumption of plant tissues during Phase 1, versus the exceptionally long lags between the earliest occurrences of plant tissues and their subsequent herbivorization during Phase 2. Second is the identity of arthropod herbivores for both phases. Third is the cause behind the overwhelming targeting of seed-fern plant hosts during Phase 2. Regardless of the answers to these questions, the trace fossil record of plant-arthropod associations provides primary ecological data that remain unaddressed by the body-fossil record alone.

关键词： herbivory ecological lag Devonian Carboniferous arthropod plant-insectinteractions wood boring seed predation folivory fecal pellet response tissue sporangia,roots stems

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Invading from the garden？ A comparison of leaf herbivory for exotic and native plants in natural and ornamental settings

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Insect Science 2012年第6期19卷 677-682页

作者： Stephen F. Matter Jessica R.Brzyski Christopher J. Harrison Sara Hyams Clement Loo Jessica Loomis Hannah R. Lubbers Leeann Seastrum Trevor I. Stamper Adam M. Stein Richard Stokes Brandy S. Wilkerson Department of Biological Sciences University of Cincinnati Cincinnati USA

The enemies release hypothesis proposes that exotic species can become in- vasive by escaping from predators and parasites in their novel environment. Agrawal et al. （Enemy release？ An experiment with congeneric plant pairs and diverse above- and below-ground enemies. Ecology, 86, 2979-2989） proposed that areas or times in which damage to introduced species is low provide opportunities for the invasion of native habitat. We tested whether ornamental settings may provide areas with low levels of herbivory for trees and shrubs, potentially facilitating invasion success. First, we compared levels of leaf herbivory among native and exotic species in ornamental and natural settings in Cincinnati, Ohio, United States. In the second study, we compared levels of herbivory for invasive and noninvasive exotic species between natural and ornamental settings. We found lower levels of leaf damage for exotic species than for native species; however, we found no differences in the amount of leaf damage suffered in ornamental or natural settings. Our results do not provide any evidence that ornamental settings afford additional release from herbivory for exotic plant species.

关键词： enemies release hypothesis forest herbivory host plant suburban urban

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